Tumors of the Endocrine/Neuroendocrine System: An Overview

References

• Gould V E. The neuroendocrine cell system: its tumors, hyperplasias, and dysplasias. Principles and Practice of Surgical Pathology. 2nd ed., S G Silverberg. Churchill Livingstone, New York 1990; 1981–1995
   Google Scholar
• Greider M H, Bencosme S A, Lechago J. The human pancreatic islet cells and their tumors. I. The normal pancreatic islets. Lab Invest. 1970; 22: 344–354
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gould V E, Linnoila R L, Memoli V A, Warren W H. Neuroendocrine components of the bronchopulmonary tract: hyperplasias, dysplasias, and neoplasms. Lab Invest. 1983; 49: 519–537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauweryns J M, Goddeeris P. Neuroepithelial bodies in the human child and adult lung. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1975; 111: 469–476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobbins W O, III, Austin L L. Electron microscope definition of intestinal endocrine cells: immunogold localization and review. Ultrastruct Pathol. 1991; 15: 15–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewin K J. The endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract. I. The normal endocrine cells and their hyperplasias. Pathol Annu. 1986; 21: 1–27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solcia E, Capella C, Buffa R, et al. The diffuse endocrine-paracrine system of the gut in health and disease: ultra-structural features. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1981; 70 (suppl): 25–36
   Google Scholar
• Bloom F E. Neuropeptides. Sci Am. 1981; 245: 148–168
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kings J S. Chemical synapses in the mammalian central nervous system: an introduction. J Electron Microsc Tech. 1988; 10: 205–210
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glenner G G, Grimley P M. Tumors of the extra-adrenal paraganglion system (including chemoreceptors). Atlas of Tumor Pathology, H I Firminger. 2nd ser, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 1974; 13–86, fasc 9.
   Google Scholar
• Yokoyama M, Takayasu M. An electron microscopic study of the human adrenal medulla and pheochromocytoma. Urol Int. 1969; 24: 73–95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeLellis R A, Dayal Y, Wolfe H J. Carcinoid tumors. Changing concepts and new perspectives. Am J Surg Pathol. 1984; 8: 295–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creutzfeldt W, Arnold R, Creutzfeldt C, Track N S. Pathomorphology, biochemical, and diagnostic aspects of gastrinomas (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome). Hum Pathol. 1975; 6: 47–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammar S, Gould V E. Neuroendocrine neoplasms. Pathology of Human neoplasms. An Atlas of Diagnostic Electron Microscopy and Immunohistochemistry, H A Azar. Raven, New York 1988; 333–404
   Google Scholar
• Payne C M, Nagle R B, Borduin V. An ultrastructural cyto-chemical stain specific for neuroendocrine neoplasms. Lab Invest. 1984; 51: 350–365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason D L, Pedraza M A, Boblett J P, Koelewyn C, Doslu F A, Marsh R A. Identification of polypeptide hormones in tumors by immunoelectron microscopy. Lab Med. 1988; 19: 568–573
   Google Scholar
• Pearse A GE. The diffuse neuroendocrine system: falsification and verification of a concept. Cellular Basis of Chemical Messengers in the Digestive System, M I Grossman, M A Brazier, J Lechago. Academic Press, New York 1981; 13–19
   Google Scholar
• Belloni A S, Mazzocchi G, Mantero F, Nussdorfer G G. The human adrenal cortex: ultrastructure and base-line morphometric data. J Submicrosc Cytol. 1987; 19: 657–668
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horvath E. Electron microscopy of endocrine tumors. Tumor Diagnosis by Electron Microscopy, J Russo, S C Sommers. Field & Wood, Philadelphia 1988; 2: 99–121
   Google Scholar
• Lack E E, Travis W D, Dertel J E. Adrenal cortical neoplasms. Pathology of the Adrenal Glands, E E Lack. Churchill Livingstone, New York 1990; 115–171
   Google Scholar
• Cinti S, Balercia G, Zingaretti M C, Amati S, Dsculati F. The normal human parathyroid gland. A histochemical and ultrastructural study with particular references to follicular structures. J Submicrosc Cytol. 1983; 15: 661–679
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thiele J, Kurner J, Fischer R. Ultrastructural morphometry on human parathyroid tissue. Morphological and functional implications. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. 1988; 20: 491–500
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Habener J F, Rosenblatt M, Potts J T. Parathyroid hormone: biochemical aspects of biosynthesis, secretion, action and metabolism. Physiol Rev. 1984; 64: 958–1053
   Google Scholar
• Castleman B, Roth S I. Tumors of the parathyroid glands. Atlas of Tumor Pathology, W H Hartmann, W R Cowan. 2nd ser, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 1978; 1–82, fasc 14
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson O. Studies on the ultrastructure of the human parathyroid glands in various pathological conditions. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand Sect A. 1977; 263(suppl): 1–88
   Google Scholar
• Szakacs J E, Bryant M. Ultrastructure of parathyroid adenomas. Ann Clin Lab Set. 1980; 10: 13–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kovacs K, Horvath E. The pituitary gland. Principles and Practice of Surgical Pathology. 2nd ed., S G Silverberg. Churchill Livingstone, New York 1990; 1857–1882
   Google Scholar
• Gershon M D, Nunez E A. The thyroid gland. Cell and Tissue Biology. A Textbook of Histology 6th ed, L Weiss. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore 1988; 1009–1020
   Google Scholar
• Rosai J. Thyroid gland. Ackerman's Surgical Pathology. 7th ed., J Rosai. Mosby, ST Louis, MO 1989; 391–447
   Google Scholar
• Sobrinho-Simoes M A, Nesland J M, Holm R, Johannessen J V. Transmission electron microscopy and immuno-histochemistry in the diagnosis of thyroid tumors. Ultra-struct Pathol. 1985; 9: 255–275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damjanov I, Katz S M, Jewett M AS. Leydig cell tumors of the testis. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1979; 9: 157–163
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merkow L P, Slifkin M, Acevedo H F, Pardo M, Greenberg W V. Ultrastructure of an interstitial (hilar) cell tumor of the ovary. Obstet Gynecol. 1979; 37: 845–859
   Google Scholar
• Schnoy N. Ultrastructure of a virilizing ovarian Leydig-cell-tumor. Hilar cell tumor. Virchows Arch A. 1982; 39: 17–27
   Google Scholar
• Sohval A R, Churg J, Gabrilove J L, Freiberg E K, Katz N. Ultrastructure of feminizing testicular Leydig cell tumors. Ultrastruct Pathol. 1982; 3: 335–345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin H K, Okagaki T, Richart R M. Classification of fibroma and thecoma of the ovary. An ultrastructural study. Cancer 1971; 27: 438–446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaffney E F, Majmudar B, Hewan-Lowe K. Ultrastructure and immunohistochemical localization of estradiol in three thecomas. Hum Pathol. 1984; 15: 153–160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genton C Y. Some observations on the fine structure of human granulosa cell tumors. Virchows Arch A. 1980; 387: 353–369
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacAulay M A, Weliky I, Schulz R A. Ultrastructure of a biosynthetically active granulosa cell tumor. Lab Invest. 1967; 17: 562–570
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garcia-Bunuel R, Brandes D. Luteoma of pregnancy: ultrastructural features. Hum Pathol. 1976; 7: 205–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillim S W, Christensen A K, McLennan C E. Fine structure of the human menstrual corpus luteum at its stage of maximum secretory activity. Am J Anat. 1969; 126: 409–428
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holm R, Farrants G W, Nesland J M, Sobrinho-Simoes M, Jorgensen O G, Johannessen J V. Ultrastructural and electron immunohistochemical features of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Virchows Arch A. 1989; 414: 375–384
   Google Scholar
• Like A A. The ultrastructure of the secretory cells of the islets of Langerhans in man. Lab Invest. 1967; 16: 937–951
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bordi C, Tardini A. Electron microscopy of islet cell tumors. Progress in Surgical Pathology, C M Fenoglio, M Wolff. Masson, New York 1980; 1: 135–155
   Google Scholar
• Heitz P U. Pancreatic endocrine tumours. Pancreatic Pathology, G Kloppel, P U Heitz. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1984; 206–232
   Google Scholar
• Larsson L Z. Endocrine pancreatic tumors. Hum Pathol. 1978; 9: 401–416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welbourn R B, Wood S M, Polak J M, Bloom S R. Pancreatic endocrine tumours. Gut Hormones 2nd ed., S R Bloom, J M Polak. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1981; 547–554
   Google Scholar
• Berger G, Berger F, Dutrieux N, Guillaud H, Vauzelle J L. Electron microscope localization of insulin-like immuno-reactivity of conventionally processed human insulinomas. Virchows Arch A. 1988; 412: 443–450
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ooi A, Katsuta S, Nakawishi I, et al. Electron microscopic and immunoelectron microscopic demonstration of pancreatic polypeptide cells in glucagonoma: colocalization of pancreatic peptide and glucagon in single secretory granules. Ultrastruct Pathol. 1989; 13: 15–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feyrter F. Zur Pathologie des argyrophilen Helle-Zellen Organes im Brochialbau des Menschen. Virchows Arch A. 1954; 325: 723–732
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewin K J, Ulich T, Yank K, Layfield L. The endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Tumors. Part II. Pathol Annu. 1986; 21: 181–215
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solcia E, Polak J M, Larsson L L, Buchan A MJ, Capella C. Update on Laussane classification of endocrine cells. Gut Hormones. 2nd ed., S R Bloom, J M Polak. Churchill Livingstone, London 1981; 96–100
   Google Scholar
• Williams E D, Sandler M. The classification of carcinoid tumors. Lancet 1963; 1: 238–239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonato M, Cerati M, Pugani A, et al. Differential diagnostic patterns of lung neuroendocrine tumours. A clinico-pathological and immunohistochemical study of 122 cases. Virchows Arch A. 1992; 420: 201–211
   Google Scholar
• Erlandson R A. Carcinoid and atypical carcinoid (well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma) of the lung. Ultrastruct Pathol. 1989; 13: 333–339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond M E, Sause W T. Large cell neuroendocrine tumors of the lung. Clinical significance and histopathologic definition. Cancer 1985; 56: 1624–1629
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heenan P J, Cole J M, Spagnolo D V. Primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma (Merkel cell tumor). An ad-nexal neoplasm. Am J Dermatopathol. 1990; 12: 7–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sibley R K, Dehner L P, Rosai J. Primary neuroendocrine (Merkel cell?) carcinoma of the skin. I. A clinicopathologic and ultrastructural study of 43 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1985; 9: 95–108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markesbery W R, Haugh R M, Young A B. Ultrastructure of pineal parenchymal neoplasms. Acta Neuropathol. 1981; 55: 143–149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubinstein L J. Cytogenesis and differentiation of pineal neoplasms. Hum Pathol. 1981; 12: 441–448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triche T J. Neuroblastoma and other childhood neural tumors: a review. Pediatr Pathol. 1990; 10: 175–193
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Triche T J, Askin F B. Neuroblastoma and the differential diagnosis of small-, round-, blue-cell tumors. Hum Pathol. 1983; 14: 569–595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molenaar W M, Baker D L, Pleasure D, Lee V MY, Trojanowski J Q. The neuroendocrine and neural profiles of neuroblastomas, ganglioneuroblastomas, and ganglioneuromas. Am J Pathol. 1990; 136: 375–382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durham J C. Olfactory neuroblastoma. Ear Nose Throat J. 1989; 68: 185–204
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Figarella-Branger D, Pellisier J F, Daumas-Duport C, et al. Central neurocytoma. Critical evaluation of a small-cell neuronal tumor. Am J Surg Pathol. 1992; 16: 97–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota T, Hayashi M, Kawano H, et al. Central neurocytoma: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Acta Neuropathol. 1991; 81: 418–427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrera G A, Pinto de Moraes H, Grizzle W E, Han S G. Malignant small bowel neoplasms of enteric plexus derivation (plexosarcoma). Light and electron microscopic study confirming the origin of the neoplasm. Dig Dis Sci. 1984; 27: 275–284
   Google Scholar
• Herrera G A, Cerezo L, Jones J E, et al. Gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumors. “Plexosarcomas”. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1989; 113: 846–853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauwers G, Erlandson R A, Casper E S, Brennan M F, Woodruff J M. Gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumors. A clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and ultra-structural study of 12 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 1993; 17: 887–897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medeiros L J, Wolf B C, Balogh K, Federman M. Adrenal pheochromocytoma: a clinicopathologic review of 60 cases. Hum Pathol. 1985; 16: 580–589
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whalen R K, Althausen A F, Daniels G H. Extraadrenal pheochromocytoma. J Urol. 1992; 147: 1–10, Review
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kliewer K E, Cochran A J. A review of the histology, ultra-structure, immunohistology, and molecular biology of extra-adrenal paragangliomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1989; 113: 1209–1218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown W J, Barajas L, Waisman J, DeQuattro V. Ultra-structural and biochemical correlates of adrenal and extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma. Cancer 1972; 29: 744–759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grignon D J, Ro J Y, Mackay B, et al. Paraganglioma of the urinary bladder: immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and DNA flow cytometric studies. Hum Pathol. 1991; 22: 1162–1169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chejfec G, Capella C, Socia E, Wellington J, Gould V E. Amphicrine cells, dysplasias, and neoplasias. Cancer 1985; 56: 2683–2690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borajas L. Juxtaglomerular apparatus and the renin-an-giotension system. Lab Invest. 1986; 54: 361–364, Editorial
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dennis R L, McDougal S, Glick A D, MacDonell R C, Jr. Juxtaglomerular cell tumor of the kidney. J Urol. 1985; 134: 334–338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCallum D K, Conn J W, Baker B L. Ultrastructure of a renin-secreting juxtaglomerular cell tumor of the kidney. Invest Urol. 1973; 11: 65–74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheithauer B W. Surgical pathology of the pituitary: the adenomas. Pathol Annu. 1984; 19((1)/(2))269–329; 317–374
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herrera G A. Ultrastructural immunolabeling: a general overview of techniques and applications. Ultrastruct Pathol. 1992; 16: 37–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulk W P, Taylor G M. An immunocolloid method for the electron microscope. Immunochemistry 1971; 8: 1081–1083
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Varndell I M, Tapia F J, De Mey J, Rush R A, Bloom S R, Polak J M. Electron immunocytochemical localization of enkephalin-like material in catecholamine-containing cells of the cartoid body, the adrenal medulla, and in pheochromocytomas of man and other mammals. J His-tochem Cytochem. 1982; 30: 682–690
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roth J. The preparation of protein A-gold complexes with 3 nm and 15 nm gold particles and their use in labelling multiple antigens on ultrathin sections. His-tochem J. 1982; 14: 791–801
   Google Scholar
• Bendayan M, Stephens H. Double labelling cytochemistry applying the protein A-gold technique. Immunolabelling for Electron Microscopy, J M Polak, I M Varndell. Elsevier Science, New York 1984; 143–154
   Google Scholar
• Slot J W, Geuze H J. Gold markers for single and double immunolabelling of ultrathin cryosections. Immunolabelling for Electron Microscopy, J M Polak, I M Varndell. Elsevier Science;, New York 1984; 129–142
   Google Scholar
• Varndell I M, Polak J M. Double immunostaining procedures: techniques and applications, J M Polak, J M Varndell. Immunolabelling for Electron Microscopy, New York 1984; 155–177
   Google Scholar
• Tapia F J, Varndell I M, Probert L, De Mey J, Polak J M. Double immunogold staining method for the simultaneous ultrastructural localization of regulatory peptides. J Histochem Cytochem. 1983; 31: 977–981
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendayan M. Double immunocytochemical labeling applying the protein A-gold technique. J Histochem Cytochem. 1982; 30: 81–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang B L, Larsson L L. Simultaneous demonstration of multiple antigens by indirect immunofluorescence of immunogold staining. Histochemistry 1985; 83: 47–56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larsson L L. Simultaneous ultrastructural demonstration of multiple peptides in endocrine cells by a novel immunocytochemical method. Nature (London) 1979; 282: 743–746
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van den Pol A N. Colloidal gold and biotin-avidin conjugates as ultrastructural markers for neural antigens. Q J Exp Physiol. 1984; 69: 1–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holm R, Nesland J M, Attramadal A, Johannessen J V. Double-staining methods at the ultrastructural level applying colloidal gold conjugates. Ultrastruct Pathol. 1988; 12: 279–290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce J G. Eli Lilly lecture: the subunits of pituitary thyrotropin–their relationship to other glycoprotein hormones. Endocrinology 1971; 89: 1331–1344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaitukaitis J L, Ross G T. Subunits of human glycoprotein hormones. Their immunological and biological behaviour. IsrJMed Sci. 1974; 10: 1280–1287
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giudice L C, Pierce J G. Glycoprotein hormones: some aspects of studies of secondary and tertiary structure. Structure and Function of the Gonadotropins, K W McKerns. Plenum, New York 1978; 81–110
   Google Scholar
• Saxena B B, Rathnam P. The structure and function of follicle-stimulating hormone. Structure and Function of the Gonadotropins, K W McKerns. Plenum, New York 1978; 183–212
   Google Scholar
• Alumets J. Neurohormonal Peptides in Gut Endocrine Cells and Related Tumors. An Immunocytochemical Study. Lund University, Lund, Sweden 1981, Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Holm R, Sobrinho-Simoes M, Nesland J M, Gould V E, Johannessen J V. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland: an immunocytochemical study. Ultrastruct Pathol. 1985; 8: 25–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holm R, Nesland J M, Attramadal A, Reinli S, Johannessen J V. Mixed growth hormone and prolactin cell adenomas of the pituitary gland. An immunoelectron microscopic study. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. 1989; 21: 339–350
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lukinius A, Wilander E, Eriksson B, Öberg K. A chromo-granin peptide is costored with insulin in the human pancreatic islet B-cell granules. Histochem J. 1992; 24: 679–684
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lukinius A, Wilander E, Westermark G T, Engstrøm U, Westermark P. Colocalization of islet amyloid polypeptide and insulin in the B-cell secretory granules of the human pancreatic islets. Diabetologia 1989; 32: 240–244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalina M, Lukinius A, Grimelius L. Ultrastructural localization of synaptophysin to the secretory granules of normal glucagon and insulin cells in human islets of Langer-hans. Ultrastruct Pathol. 1991; 15: 215–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obendorfer S. Karzinoide Tumoren des Dunndarms. Frankf Z Pathol. 1907; 1: 426–432
   Google Scholar
• Feyrter F, Hartmann G. Uber die Carcinoide Wuchsform des Carcinoma mammae, insbesondere das Carcinoma solidum (gelatinosum) mammae. Frankf Z Pathol. 1963; 73: 24–39
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lillie R D, Glennen G G. Histochemical reactions in carcinoid tumors of the human gastrointestinal tract. Am J Pathol. 1960; 36: 623–650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogler E. über das basilare Helle-Zellen-Organ der men-schlichen Brustdrüse. Klin Med. 1947; 2: 159–168
   Google Scholar
• Azzopardi J G, Muretto P, Goddeeris P, Eusebi V, Lau-Weryns J M. “Carcinoid” tumors of the breast: the morphological spectrum of argyrophil carcinomas. Histopathology 1982; 6: 549–569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimelius L. A silver nitrate stain for A2 cells of human pancreatic islets. Acta Soc Med Ups. 1968; 73: 243–270
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clayton F, Ordonez N G, Sibley R K, Hanssen G. Argyro-philic breast carcinomas. Evidence of lactational differentiation. Am J Surg Pathol. 1982; 6: 323–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimelius L, Wilander E. Silver stains in the study of endocrine cells of the gut and pancreas. Invest Cell Pathol. 1980; 3: 3–12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gu J, Polak J M, van Noorden S, Pearse A GE, Marangos P J, Azzopardi J G. Immunostaining of neuron-specific enolase as a diagnostic tool for Merkel cell tumors. Cancer 1983; 52: 1039–1043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmechel D, Marangos P J, Brightman M. Neuron-spe-citic enolase is a molecular marker for peripheral and central neuroendocrine cells. Nature (London) 1978; 276: 834–836
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheppard M N, Corrin B, Bennett M H, Marangos P J, Bloom S R, Polak J M. Immunocytochemical localization of neuron specific enolase in small cell carcinomas and carcinoid tumors of the lung. Histopathology 1984; 8: 171–181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesland J M, Memoli V A, Holm R, Gould V E, Johannessen J V. Breast carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation. Ultrastruct Pathol. 1985; 8: 225–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesland J M, Holm R, Johannessen J V. A study of different markers for neuroendocrine differentiation in breast carcinomas. Pathol Res Pract. 1986; 181: 524–530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesland J M, Holm R, Johannessen J V. Neuron specific enolase immunostaining for the diagnosis of breast carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation. Its usefulness and limitations. J Pathol. 1986; 148: 35–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler H. The composition of adrenal chromaffin granules: an assessment of controversial results. Neuro-science 1976; 1: 65–80
   Google Scholar
• Huttner W, Gerdes H H, Rosa P. Chromogranin/secreto-granins–widespread constitutents of the secretory granule matrix in endocrine cells and neurons. Markers for Neural and Endocrine Cells, M Gratzl, K Langley. Weinheim (Germany), New York 1991; 93–131
   Google Scholar
• Johnston P A, Jahn R, Sudhof T. Transmembrane topography and evolutionary conservation of synaptophysin. J BiolChem. 1989; 264: 1268–1273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkmer S, Askensteen U, Nesland J M. Tumour pathology of the neuron-paraneuron system and its evolutionary background, with special attention to neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate and mammary carcinomas. Arch Histol Cytol. 1989; 52(suppl): 225–232
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Falkmer S, Emdlin S O. Insulin evolution. Structural Studies of Molecules of Biological Interest, G Dodson, J P Glusker, D Sayre. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1981; 420–440
   Google Scholar
• Pearse A GE. The cytochemistry and ultrastructure of polypeptide hormone producing cells of the APUD series and the embryologic, physiologic and pathologic implications of the concept. J Histochem Cytochem. 1969; 17: 303–313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Douarin N, Le Lievre C. Demonstration de I'origine neurale des cellules a calcitonine du corps ultimo bronchial chez I'embryon de poulet. C R Acad Sci Ser D. 1970; 270: 2857–2860
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pearse A GE, Polak J M. Neural crest origin of the endocrine polypeptide (APUD) cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. Gut. 1971; 12: 783–788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Douarin N, Teillet M A. The migration of neural crest cells to the wall of the digestive tract in ovarian embryo. J Embryo! Exp Morphol. 1973; 30: 31–48
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andrew A. Further evidence that enterochromaffin cells are not derived from the neural crest. J Embryol Exp Morphol. 1974; 31: 589–598
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pictet R L, Roll L B, Phelps P, Rutter W J. The neural crest and origin of the insulin-producing and other gastrointestinal hormone-producing cells. Science 1976; 191: 191–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polak J M, Pearse A GE, Le Liévre C, Fontaine J, Le Douarin N M. Immunocytochemical confirmation of the neural crest origin of avian calcitonin-producing cells. Histochemistry 1974; 40: 209–214
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pearse A GE. The diffuse neuroendocrine system and the APUD-concept: related “endocrine” peptides in brain, intestine, pituitary, placenta, and anuran cutaneous glands. Med Biol. 1977; 55: 115–125
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pearse A GE. Diffuse neuroendocrine system: peptides common to brain and intestine and their relationship to the APUD concept. Centrally Acting Peptides, J Hughes. University Park Press, Baltimore 1978; 49–57
   Google Scholar
• Pearse A GE. The APUD concept and its relationship to the neuropeptides. Brain Peptides. A New Endocrinology, A M Gotto, E J Peck, A E Boyd. Elsevier-North Holland Biomedical, Amsterdam 1979; 89–101
   Google Scholar
• Pearse A GE. The APUD cell concept and its implications in pathology. Pathol Annu. 1974; 9: 27–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tischler A S, Dichter M A, Biales B. Neural properties of cultured human endocrine tumor cells of proposed neural crest origin. Science 1976; 192: 902–904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould V E. Neuroendocrinomas and neuroendocrine carcinomas. APUD cell system neoplasms and their aberrant secretory activities. Pathol Annu. 1977; 12: 33–63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Lellis R A, Wolfe H J. The polypeptide hormone-producing neuroendocrine cells and their tumors: an immu-nohistochemical analysis. Med Arch Exp Pathol. 1981; 10: 190–220
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Temple W J, Sugarbaker E V, Ketcham A S. The APUD system and its apudomas. Int Adv Surg Oncol. 1981; 4: 255–276
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holm R, Sobrinho-Simoes M, Nesland J M, Sambade C, Johannessen J V. Medullary thyroid carcinoma with thy-roglobulin immunoreactivity. A special entity?. Lab Invest. 1987; 57: 258–268
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bussolati G, Gugliotta P, Sapino A, Eusebi V, Lloyd R V. Chromogranin-reactive endocrine cells in argyrophilic carcinomas (“carcinoids”) and normal tissue of the breast. Am J Pathol. 1985; 120: 186–192
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nesland J M, Lunde S, Holm R, Johannessen J V. Electron microscopy and immunostaining of the normal breast and its benign lesions. A search for neuroendocrine cells. Histol Histopathol. 1987; 2: 73–77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cuttitta F, Carney D N, Mulshine J, et al. Bombesin-like peptides can function as autocrine growth factors in human small-cell lung cancer. Nature (London) 1985; 316: 823–826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layton J E, Schanlon D B, Soveny C, Morstyn G. Effects of bombesin antagonists on the growth of small cell lung cancer cells in vitro. Cancer Res. 1988; 48: 4783–4789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrey M P, Patel K V, Tezapsidis N. Bombesin and glucocorticoids stimulate human breast cancer cells to produce endothelin, a paracrine mitogen for breast stromal cells. Cancer Res. 1992; 52: 1786–1790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoosein N M, Kiener P A, Curry R C, Rovati L C, McGilbra D K, Brattain M G. Antiproliferative effects of gastrin receptor antagonists and antibodies to gastrin on human colon carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res. 1988; 48: 7179–7183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison J D, Jones J A, Morris D L. The effect of the gastrin receptor antagonist proglumide on survival in gastric carcinoma. Cancer 1990; 66: 1449–1452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee D, Cullen K J, Paik S, et al. Insulin-like growth factor II mRNA expression in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1988; 48: 6691–6696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekonen F, Nyman T, Llvesmaki V, Partanen S. Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in human breast cancer tissue. Cancer Res. 1992; 52: 5204–5207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen N, Yee D, Lippman M E, Paik S, Cullen K J. Insulinlike growth factors in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1991; 18: 55–62
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myal Y, Shiu R PC, Bhaumick B, Bala M. Receptor binding and growth-promoting activity of insulin-like growth factors in human breast cancer cells (T-47D) in culture. Cancer Res. 1984; 44: 5486–5490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman J D, Harrison L C, Eckardt G S, Jack I. Enhanced insulin-receptor tyrosine kinase activity associated with chromosomal translocation (1;19) in a pre-B-cell leukemia line. Int J Cancer 1992; 50: 500–504
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foekens J A, Portengen H, Janssen M, Klijn J GM. Insulinlike growth factor-1 receptors and insulin-like growth factor-1-like activity in human primary breast cancer. Cancer 1989; 63: 2139–2147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrat J P, Bonneterre J, Beuscart R, Djiane J, Demalille A. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors in human breast cancer and their relation to estradiol and progesterone receptors. Cancer Res. 1988; 48: 6429–6433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S C, Chou C K, Wong F H, Chang C, Hu C. Overex-pression of epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-l receptors and autocrine stimulation in human esophageal carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 1991; 51: 1898–1903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berns E MJJ, Klijn J GM, van Staveren I L, Portengen H, Foekens J A. Sporadic amplification of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor gene in human breast tumors. Cancer Res. 1992; 52: 1036–1039
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foekens J A, Portengen H, vanPutten W LJ, et al. Prognostic value of receptors for insulin-like growth factor 1, somatostatin, and epidermal growth factor in human breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1989; 49: 7002–7009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietrzkowski Z, Wernicke D, Porcu P, Jameson B A, Baserga R. Inhibition of cellular proliferation by peptide analogues of insulin-like growth factor 1. Cancer Res. 1992; 52: 6447–6451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colletti R B, Roberts J D, Devlin J T, Copeland K C. Effect of tamoxifen on plasma insulin-like growth factor I in patients with breast cancer. Cancer Res. 1989; 49: 1882–1884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofield P N, Lee A, Hill D J, Cheetham J E, James D, Stewart C. Tumour suppression associated with expression of human insulin-like growth factor II. Br J Cancer 1991; 63: 687–692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson O, Wangberg B, Theodorsson E, Skottner A, Ahl-Man H. Presence of IGF-I in human midgut carcinoid tumours–an autocrine regulator of carcinoid tumour growth?. Int J Cancer 1992; 51: 195–203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Durrant L G, Watson S A, Hall A, Morris D L. Costimulation of gastrointestinal tumour cell growth by gastrin, transforming growth factor a and insulin-like growth factor-1. Br J Cancer 1991; 63: 67–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reubi J C, Waser B, Foekens J A, Klijn J GM, Lamberts S WJ, Laissue J. Somatostatin receptor incidence and distribution in breast cancer using receptor autoradiography: relationship to EGF receptors. Int J Cancer 1990; 46: 416–420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papotti M, Macri L, Bussolati G, Reubi J C. Correlative study on neuroendocrine differentiation and presence of somatostatin receptors in breast carcinomas. Int J Cancer 1989; 43: 365–369
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reubi J C, Horisberger U, Klijn J GM, Foekens J A. Somatostatin receptors in differentiated ovarian tumors. AmJPathol. 1991; 138: 1267–1272
   Google Scholar
• Liebow C, Reilly C, Serrano M, Schally A V. Somatostatin analogues inhibit growth of pancreatic cancer by stimulating tyrosine phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 2003–2007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reubi J C, Waser B, Sheppard M, Macaulay V. Somatostatin receptors are present in small-cell but not in non-small-cell primary lung carcinomas: relationship to EGF-receptors. Int J Cancer 1990; 45: 269–274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han B S, Henkelman M S, Foekens J A, Klijn J GM. Direct inhibitory effects of somatostatin (analogues) on the growth of human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 1937; 47: 1566–1570
   Google Scholar
• Qin Y, Schally A V, Willems G. Somatostatin analogue RC-160 inhibits the growth of transplanted colon cancer in rats. Int J Cancer 1991; 47: 765–770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson J, Cremin M, Murphy R F. Synthesis of somatostatin by breast cancer cells and their inhibition by exogenous somatostatin and Sandostatin. Br J Cancer 1989; 59: 739–742
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stolfi R, Parisi A M, Natoli C L, Acobelli S. Advanced breast cancer: response to somatostatin. Anticancer Res. 1990; 10: 203–204
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schally A V. Oncological applications of somatostatin analogues. Cancer Res. 1988; 48: 6977–6985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macaulay V M, Smith I E, Everard M J, Teale J D, Reubi J C, Millar J L. Experimental and clinical studies with somatostatin analogue octreotide in small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 1991; 64: 451–456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klijn J GM, Hoff A M, Planting A ST, et al. Treatment of patients with metastatic pancreatic and gastrointestinal tumours with the somatostatin analogue Sandostatin: a phase II study including endocrine effects. Br J Cancer 1990; 62: 627–630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manni A, Boucher A E, Demers L M, et al. Endocrine effects of combined somatostatin analog and bromocriptine therapy in women with advanced breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1989; 14: 289–298
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nesland J M, Ottestad L, Børresen A L, Tvedt K E, Heikkila R, Tveit K. The c-erbB-2 protein in primary and metastatic breast carcinomas. Ultrastruct Pathol. 1991; 15: 281–289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilleng R, Hagmar B M, Nesland J M. C-erbB-2 protein and neuroendocrine expression in intraductal carcinomas of the breast. Mod Pathol. 1992; 5: 41–47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nesland J M, Ottestad L, Heikilla R, Holm R, Tveit K, Børresen A. C-erbB-2 protein and neuroendocrine expression in breast carcinomas. Anticancer Res. 1991; 11: 161–168
   PubMedGoogle Scholar