Transdermal delivery of low molecular weight heparin loaded in flexible liposomes with bioavailability enhancement: comparison with ethosomes

References

• Betz G, Nowbakht P, Imboden R, Imanidis G. Heparin penetration into and permeation through human skin from aqueous and liposomal formulations in vitro. Int J Pharm 2001; 228: 147–59
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Canales JF, Ferguson JJ. Low-molecular-weight heparins: mechanisms, trials, and role in contemporary interventional medicine. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2008; 8: 15–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cevc G, Schatzlein A, Richardsen H. Ultradeformable lipid vesicles can penetrate the skin and other semi-permeable barriers unfragmented. Evidence from double label CLSM experiments and direct size measurements. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002; 1564: 21–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chattaraj SC, Swarbrick J, Kanfer I. A simple diffusion cell to monitor drug release from semi-solid dosage forms. Int J Pharm 1995; 120: 119–24
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayan N, Touitou E. Carriers for skin delivery of trihexyphenidyl HCl: Ethosomes vs. liposomes. Biomaterials 2000; 21: 1879–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubey V, Mishra D, Nahar M, Jain NK. Elastic liposomes mediated transdermal delivery of an anti-jet lag agent: preparation, characterization and in vitro human skin transport study. Curr Drug Deliv 2008; 5: 199–206
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dubey V, Mishra D, Nahar M, Jain V, Jain NK, Enhanced transdermal delivery of an anti-HIV agent via ethanolic liposomes. Nanomedicine, (2010); in press
   Google Scholar
• El Maghraby GM, Barry BW, Williams AC. Liposomes and skin: From drug delivery to model membranes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2008; 34: 203–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Maghraby GMM, Williams AC, Barry BW. Skin delivery of oestradiol from deformable and traditional liposomes: mechanistic studies. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999; 51: 1123–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsayed MMA, Abdallah OY, Naggar VF, Khalafallah NM. Lipid vesicles for skin delivery of drugs: Reviewing three decades of research. Int J Pharm 2007; 332: 1–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillet A, Grammenos A, Compere P, Evrard B, Piel G. Development of a new topical system: drug-in-cyclodextrin-in-deformable liposome. Int J Pharm 2009; 380: 174–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godin B, Touitou E. Mechanism of bacitracin permeation enhancement through the skin and cellular membranes from an ethosomal carrier. J Control Rel 2004; 94: 365–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grafe F, Wohlrab W, Neubert RH, Brandsch M. Transport of biotin in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120: 428–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirsh J, Warkentin TE, Shaughnessy SG, Anand SS, Halperin JL, Raschke R, Granger C, Ohman EM, Dalen JE. Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin; mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing, monitoring, efficiency, and safety. Chest 2001; 119: 64 S–94 S
   Google Scholar
• Honeywell-Nguyen PL, Bouwstra JA. Vesicles as a tool for transdermal and dermal delivery. Drug Discovery Today 2005; 2: 67–74
   Google Scholar
• Jain S, Tiwary AK, Sapra B, Jain NK. Formulation and evaluation of ethosomes for transdermal delivery of lamivudine. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007; 8: E1–E9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang MJ, Kim CK, Kim MY, Hwang TS, Kang SY, Kim WK, Ko JJ, Oh YK. Skin permeation, biodistribution, and expression of topically applied plasmid DNA. J Gene Med 2004; 6: 1238–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim A, Lee EH, Choi SH, Kim CK. In vitro and in vivo transfection efficiency of a novel ultradeformable cationic liposome. Biomaterials 2004; 25: 305–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitragotri S, Kost J. Transdermal delivery of heparin and low-molecular weight heparin using low-frequency ultrasound. Pharm Res 2001; 18: 1151–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pease CKS, White IR, Basketter DA. Skin as a route of exposure to protein allergens. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002; 27: 296–300
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rao Y, Zheng F, Zhang X, Gao J, Liang W. In vitro percutaneous permeation and skin accumulation of finasteride using vesicular ethosomal carriers. AAPS PharmSciTech 2008; 9: 860–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer H, Lademann J. The role of follicular penetration. A differential view. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 2001; 14: 23–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Song YK, Kim CK. Topical delivery of low-molecular-weight heparin with surface-charged flexible liposomes. Biomaterials 2006; 27: 271–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sznitowska M, Janicki S, Williams AC. Intracellular or intercellular localization of the polar pathway of penetration across stratum corneum. J Pharm Sci 1998; 87: 1109–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touitou E, Dayan N, Bergelson L, Godin B, Eliaz M. Ethosomes – novel vesicular carriers for enhanced delivery: characterization and skin penetration properties. J Control Rel 2000; 65: 403–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Merwe D, Riviere JE. Comparative studies on the effects of water, ethanol and water/ethanol mixtures on chemical partitioning into porcine stratum corneum and silastic membrane. Toxicol in Vitro 2005; 19: 69–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlachou MD, Rekkas DM, Dallas PP, Choulis NH. Development and in vitro evaluation of griseofulvin gels using Franz diffusion cells. Int J Pharm 1992; 82: 47–52
   Google Scholar
• Wagner H, Kostka KH, Lehr CM, Schaefer UF. Interrelation of permeation and penetration parameters obtained from in vitro experiments with human skin and skin equivalents. J Control Rel 2001; 75: 283–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wempe M, Lightner J, Wempe M, Rice P. Investigating idebenone and idebenone linoleate in Franz diffusion cells and in cultured mouse melanoma cells. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009; 60: AB36
   Google Scholar