Release of VEGF and FGF in the extracellular space following severe subarachnoidal haemorrhage or traumatic head injury in humans

References

• Stoll G, Jander S, Schroeter M. Detrimental and beneficial effects of injury-induced inflammation and cytokine expression in the nervous system. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002;513:87–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morganti-Kossman MC, Rancan M, Stahel PF, Kossman T. Inflammatory response in acute traumatic brain injury: a double-edged sword. Curr Opin Crit Care 2002;8(2):101–105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kriz J. Inflammation in ischemic brain injury: timing is important. Crit Rev Neurobiol 2006;18(1–2):145–157.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mellergard P, Aneman O, Sjögren F, Pettersson P, Hillman J. Changes in extracellular concentrations of some cytokines, chemokines, and neurotrophic factors after insertion of intracerebral microdialysis catheters in neurosurgical patients. Neurosurgery 2008;62(1):151–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellander BM, Cantais E, Enblad P, Hutchinson P, Nordstrom CH, Robertson C, et al Consensus meeting on microdialysis in neurointensive care. Inten Care Med 2004;30(12):2166–2169.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hillered L, Persson L, Nilsson P, Ronne-Engstrom E, Enblad P. Continuous monitoring of cerebral metabolism in traumatic brain injury: a focus on cerebral microdialysis. Curr Opin Crit Care 2006;12(2):112–118.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ao X, Stenken JA. Microdialysis sampling of cytokines. Methods 2006;38(4):331–341.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hillman J, Åneman O, Persson M, Andersson C, Dabrosin C, Mellergård P. Variations in the response of interleukins in neurosurgical intensive care patients monitored using intracerebral microdialysis. J Neurosurg 2007;106(5):820–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alzheimer C, Werner S. Fibroblast growth factors and neuroprotection. Adv Exp Med 2002;513:335–351.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ornitz DM, Itoh N. Fibroblast growth factors. Genome Biol 2001;2:3.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzales AM, Berry M, Maher PA, Logan A, Baird A. A comprehensive analysis of the distribution of FGF-2 and FGFR1 in the rat brain. Brain Res 1995;701:201–226.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monfils MH, Driscoll I, Vandenberg PM, Thomas NJ, Danka D, Kleim JA, et al Basic fibroblast growth factor stimulates functional recovery after neonatal lesions of motor cortex in rats. Neuroscience 2005;134:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malek AM, Connors S, Robertson RL, Folkman J, Scott RM. Elevation of cerebrospinal fluid levels of basic fibroblast growth factor in moyamoya and central nervous system disorders. Pediatr Neurosurg 1997;27:182–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peles E, Lidar Z, Simon AJ, Grossman R, Nass DZR. Angiogenic factors in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with astrocytic brain tumors. Neurosurgery 2004;55:562–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson A, Larsson A, Nygren I, Blennow KH. A. Increased serum and cerebrospinal fluid FGF-2 levels in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroreport 2003;14:1867–1869.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenberg DA, Jin K. From angiogenesis to neuropathology. Nature 2005;438:954–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krum JM, Mani N, Rosenstein JM. Roles of the endogenous VEGF receptors flt-1 and flk-1 in astroglial and vascular remodeling after brain injury. Exp Neurol 2008;212(1):108–117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lafuente JV, Argandoña EG, B. M. VEGFR-2 expression in brain injury: its distribution related to brain-blood barrier markers. J Neurol Transm 2006;113(4):487–496.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kusaka G, Ishikawa M, Nanda A, Granger DN, Zhang JH. Signaling pathways for early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004;24:916–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croll SD, Goodman JH, Scharfman HE. Vascular endothelial growth factor in seizures: a double-edged sword. Adv Exp Med Biol 2004;548:57–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin KL, Mao XO, DA. G. Vascular endothelial growth factor: direct neuroprotective effect in in vitro ischemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97(18):10242–10247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Góra-Kupilas K, Jośko J. The neuroprotective function of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Folia Neuropathol 2005;43(1):31–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shore PM, Jackson EK, Wisniewski SR, Clark RS, Adelson PD, Kochanek PM. Vascular endothelial growth factor is increased in cerebrospinal fluid after traumatic brain injury in infants and children. Neurosurgery 2004;54:605–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki R, Fukai N, Nagashijma G, Asai JI, Itokawa H, Nagai M, et al Very early expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in brain oedema tissue associated with brain contusion. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2003;86:277–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holmin S, Hojeberg B. In situ detection of intracerebral cytokine expression after human brain contusion. Neurosci Lett 2004;369(2):108–114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sturnegk P, Mellergård P, Yonas H, Theodorsson A, Hillman J. Potential use of quantitative bedside CBF monitoring (Xe-CT) for decision making in neurosurgical intensive care. Brit J Neurosurg 2007;21(4):332–339.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asgeirsson B, Grande P, Nordstrom C. A new therapy of post-trauma brain oedema based on haemodynamic principles for brain volume regulation. Intens Care Med 1994;20(4):260–267.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grande P, Asgeirsson B, Nordstrom C. Volume-targeted therapy of increased intracranial pressure: the Lund concept unifies surgical and non-surgical treatments. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002;46(8):929–941.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hillman J, Åneman O, Anderson C, Sjögren F, Säberg C, Mellergård P. A microdialysis technique for routine measurement of macromolecules in the injured human brain. Neurosurgery 2005;56(6):1264–1268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulwyler M, McHugh T. Flow microshere immunoassay for the quantitative and simultaneous detection of multiple soluble analytes. Meth Cell Biol 1990;33:613–629.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kemeny D. Titration of antibodies. J Immunol Meth 1992;150:57–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minami M, Katayama T, M S. Brain cytokines and chemokines: roles in ischemic injury and pain. J Pharmacol Sci 2006;100:461–470.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang J, Upadhyay UM, Tamargo RJ. Inflammation in stroke and focal cerebral ischemia. Surg Neurol 2006;66(3):232–245.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan R, Kreipke CW, Roberts G, Bagchi M, JA. R. Neovascularization following traumatic brain injury: possible evidence for both angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Neurol Res 2007;29(4):375–381.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skold MK, Risling M, Holmin S. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 activity in experimental brain contusions aggravates injury outcome and leads to early increased neuronal and glial degeneration. Eur J Neurosci 2006;23:21–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waelgaard L, Pharo A, Tønnessen TI, Mollnes TE. Microdialysis for monitoring inflammation: efficient recovery of cytokines and anaphylotoxins provided optimal catheter pore size and fluid velocity conditions. Scand J Immunol 2006;64(3):345–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmy A, Carpenter KL, Skepper JN, Kirkpatrick PJ, Pickard JD, Hutchinson PJ. Microdialysis of cytokines: Methodological considerations, scanning electron microscopy, and determination of relative recovery. J Neurotrauma 2009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grothe C, Nikkhah G. The role of basic fibroblast growth factor in peripheral nerve regeneration. Anat Embryol (Berl) 2001;204(3):171–177.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weickert CSKD, Saunders RC, Herman MM, Horlick RA, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM. Basic fibroblast growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in the human hippocampal formation. Neuroscience 2005;131:219–233.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sköld MK, Kanje M. Vascular endothelial growth factor in central nervous system injuries — A vascular growth factor getting nervous? Curr Neurovasc Res 2008;5(4):246–259.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang ZG, Chopp M. Neurorestorative therapies for stroke: underlying mechanisms and translation to the clinic. Lancet Neurol 2009;8(5):491–500.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar