493
Views
38
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

A comprehensive analysis of intracranial chordoma and survival: a systematic review

, , , , &
Pages 446-453 | Received 23 Apr 2009, Accepted 02 Dec 2010, Published online: 12 Jul 2011

References

  • Borba LA, Al-Mefty O, Mrak RE, Suen J. Cranial chordomas in children and adolescents. J Neurosurg 1996;84(4):584–91.
  • Coffin CM, Swanson PE, Wick MR, Dehner LP. Chordoma in childhood and adolescence. A clinicopathologic analysis of 12 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1993;117(9):927–33.
  • Krayenbuhl H, Yasagil MG. Cranial chordomas. Progr Neurol Surg 1975;6:380–434.
  • Matsumoto J, Towbin RB, Ball WS Jr. Cranial chordomas in infancy and childhood. A report of two cases and review of the literature. Pediatr Radiol 1989;20(1–2):28–32.
  • Nolte K. Malignant intracranial chordoma and sarcoma of the clivus in infancy. Pediatr Radiol 1979;8(1):1–6.
  • Sibley RK, Day DL, Dehner LP, Trueworthy RC. Metastasizing chordoma in early childhood: a pathological and immunohistochemical study with review of the literature. Pediatr Pathol 1987;7(3):287–301.
  • Wold LE, Laws ER Jr. Cranial chordomas in children and young adults. J Neurosurg 1983;59(6):1043–7.
  • Berven S, Zurakowski D, Mankin HJ, Gebhardt MC, Springfield DS, Hornicek FJ. Clinical outcome in chordoma: utility of flow cytometry in DNA determination. Spine 2002;27(4):374–9.
  • Naka T, Fukuda T, Chuman H, et al. Proliferative activities in conventional chordoma: a clinicopathologic, DNA flow cytometric, and immunohistochemical analysis of 17 specimens with special reference to anaplastic chordoma showing a diffuse proliferation and nuclear atypia. Hum Pathol 1996;27(4):381–8.
  • Allen KL, Kerr WA. Chordomas of the clivus and the cervical spine. S Afr Med J 1968;42(43):1165–74.
  • Alonso WA, Black P, Connor GH, Uematsu S. Transoral transpalatal approach for resection of clival chordoma. Laryngoscope 1971;81(10):1626–31.
  • Alvarado R, Gomez J, Morale SG, Davis CP. Neck pain: common complaint, uncommon diagnosis – symptomatic clival chordoma. South Med J 2004;97(1):83–6.
  • Amendola BE, Amendola MA, Oliver E, McClatchey KD. Chordoma: role of radiation therapy. Radiology 1986;158(3):839–43.
  • Arnautovic KI, Al-Mefty O. Surgical seeding of chordomas. Neurosurg Focus 2001;10(3):E7.
  • Arnold H, Herrmann HD. Skull base chordoma with cavernous sinus involvement. Partial or radical tumour-removal? Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1986;83(1–2):31–7.
  • Asano S, Kawahara N, Kirino T. Intradural spinal seeding of a clival chordoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2003;145(7):599–603; discussion 603.
  • Auger M, Raney B, Callender D, Eifel P, Ordonez NG. Metastatic intracranial chordoma in a child with massive pulmonary tumor emboli. Pediatr Pathol 1994;14(5):763–70.
  • Bartal AD, Heilbronn YD. Transcervical removal of a clivus chordoma in a 2-year-old child. Reversal of quadriplegia and bulbar paralysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1970;23(2):127–33.
  • Berryhill BH, Armstrong BW. Extracranial presentation of craniocervical chordoma. Laryngoscope 1984;94(8):1063–5.
  • Blevins NH, Jackler RK, Kaplan MJ, Gutin PH. Combined transpetrosal-subtemporal craniotomy for clival tumors with extension into the posterior fossa. Laryngoscope 1995;105(9 Pt 1):975–82.
  • Bowyer J, Natha S, Marsh I, Foy P. Visual complications of proton beam therapy for clival chordoma. Eye 2003;17(3):318–23.
  • Brooks LJ, Afshani E, Hidalgo C, Fisher J. Clivus chorodoma with pulmonary metastases appearing as failure to thrive. Am J Dis Child 1981;135(8):713–5.
  • Canalis RF, Black K, Martin N, Becker D. Extended retrolabyrinthine transtentorial approach to petroclival lesions. Laryngoscope 1991;101(1 Pt 1):6–13.
  • Chang SD, Martin DP, Lee E, Adler JR Jr. Stereotactic radiosurgery and hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for residual or recurrent cranial base and cervical chordomas. Neurosurg Focus 2001;10(3):E5.
  • Cloward RB, Passarelli P. Removal of giant clival chordoma by an anterior cervical approach. Surg Neurol 1979;11(2):129–34.
  • Cocke EW Jr., Robertson JH, Robertson JT, Crook JP Jr. The extended maxillotomy and subtotal maxillectomy for excision of skull base tumors. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990;116(1):92–104.
  • Couldwell WT, Stillerman CB, Rice D, et al. Malignant clival chordoma with postoperative cutaneous metastases. Skull Base Surg 1996;6(1):61–6.
  • Crockard A, Macaulay E, Plowman PN. Stereotactic radiosurgery. VI. Posterior displacement of the brainstem facilitates safer high dose radiosurgery for clival chordoma. Br J Neurosurg 1999;13(1):65–70.
  • Cummings BJ, Hodson DI, Bush RS. Chordoma: the results of megavoltage radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1983;9(5):633–42.
  • Danziger J, Allen KL, Bloch S. Intracranial chordomas. Clin Radiol 1974;25(3):309–16.
  • De Grood MP, Moffie D. Cranial chordoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1964;11653–62.
  • Debus J, Schulz-Ertner D, Schad L, et al. Wannenmacher M. Stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy for chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;47(3):591–6.
  • Delgado TE, Garrido E, Harwick RD. Labiomandibular, transoral approach to chordomas in the clivus and upper cervical spine. Neurosurgery 1981;8(6):675–9.
  • DeMonte F, Diaz E Jr., Callender D, Suk I. Transmandibular, circumglossal, retropharyngeal approach for chordomas of the clivus and upper cervical spine. Technical note. Neurosurg Focus 2001;10(3):E10.
  • Diaz-Gonzalez FJ, Padron A, Foncea AM, Garcia de Sola R, Naval L, Rubio P. A new transfacial approach for lesions of the clivus and parapharyngeal space: the partial segmented Le Fort I osteotomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;103(3):955–9.
  • Doglietto F, Sabatino G, Pallini R. Clivus chordoma associated with a pontine arachnoid cyst. Lancet Oncol 2005;6(7):536.
  • Eisemann ML. Sphenooccipital chordoma presenting as a nasopharyngeal mass. A case report. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1980;89(3 Pt 1):271–5.
  • Erbengi A, Tekkok IH, Acikgoz B. Posterior fossa chordomas – with special reference to transoral surgery. Neurosurg Rev 1991;14(1):23–8.
  • Fichardt T, de Villiers PC. Chordoma. S Afr Med J 1974;48(10):383–91.
  • Firooznia H, Pinto RS, Lin JP, Baruch HH, Zausner J. Chordoma: radiologic evaluation of 20 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1976;127(5):797–805.
  • Fisch U. Infratemporal fossa approach to tumours of the temporal bone and base of the skull. J Laryngol Otol 1978;92(11):949–67.
  • Fischbein NJ, Kaplan MJ, Holliday RA, Dillon WP. Recurrence of clival chordoma along the surgical pathway. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21(3):578–83.
  • Fournier H, Mercier P. A limited anterior petrosectomy with preoperative embolization of the inferior petrosal sinus for ventral brainstem tumor removal. Surg Neurol 2000;54(1):10–17; discussion 17–18.
  • Frank G, Sciarretta V, Calbucci F, Farneti G, Mazzatenta D, Pasquini E. The endoscopic transnasal transsphenoidal approach for the treatment of cranial base chordomas and chondrosarcomas. Neurosurgery 2006;59(1 Suppl 1):ONS50–7; discussion ONS50-.
  • Freeman J. Cranial chordoma. Arch Otolaryngol 1950;51(2):237–44, illustration.
  • Frempong-Boadu AK, Faunce WA, Fessler RG. Endoscopically assisted transoral-transpharyngeal approach to the craniovertebral junction. Neurosurgery 2002;51(5 Suppl): S60–6.
  • Gates GA, Sertl GO, Grubb RL, Wippold FJ 2nd. Closure of clival cerebrospinal fluid fistula with biocompatible osteoconductive polymer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994;120(4):459–61.
  • Gherardi G, Marveggio C, Cola C, Redaelli G. Decisive role of immunocytochemistry in aspiration cytology of chordoma of the clivus: a case report with review of the literature. J Laryngol Otol 1994;108(5):426–30.
  • Goel A. Chordoma and chondrosarcoma: relationship to the internal carotid artery. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1995;133(1–2):30–5.
  • Goel A. Middle fossa sub-Gasserian ganglion approach to clivus chordomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1995;136(3–4):212–6.
  • Goel A, Nadkarni TD, Kirtane MV. Clival chordoma in an infant. J Postgrad Med 1996;42(2):51–3.
  • Gonzalez-Martinez JA, Guthikonda M, Vellutini E, et al. Intradural invasion of chordoma: two case reports. Skull Base 2002;12(3):155–61.
  • Guiot G, Rougerie J, Bouche J. The rhinoseptal route for the removal of clivus chordomas. Johns Hopkins Med J 1968;122(6):329–35.
  • Handa J, Suzuki F, Nioka H, Koyama T. Clivus chordoma in childhood. Surg Neurol 1987;28(1):58–62.
  • Hara T, Kawahara N, Tsuboi K, Shibahara J, Ushiku T, Kirino T. Sarcomatous transformation of clival chordoma after charged-particle radiotherapy. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 2006;105(1):136–41.
  • Harbour JW, Lawton MT, Criscuolo GR, Holliday MJ, Mattox DE, Long DM. Clivus chordoma: a report of 12 recent cases and review of the literature. Skull Base Surg 1991;1(4):200–6.
  • Haridas A, Ansari S, Afshar F. Chordoma presenting as pseudoprolactinoma. Br J Neurosurg 2003;17(3):260–2.
  • Harsh GR 4th, Sekhar LN. The subtemporal, transcavernous, anterior transpetrosal approach to the upper brain stem and clivus. J Neurosurg 1992;77(5):709–17.
  • Harwick RD, Miller AS. Craniocervical chordomas. Am J Surg 1979;138(4):512–6.
  • Jho HD, Carrau RL, McLaughlin MR, Somaza SC. Endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of a large chordoma in the posterior fossa. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1997;139(4):343–7; discussion 347–8.
  • Kaneko Y, Sato Y, Iwaki T, Shin RW, Tateishi J, Fukui M. Chordoma in early childhood: a clinicopathological study. Neurosurgery 1991;29(3):442–6.
  • Keohane SG, Pye IF. Intracranial chordoma with a novel symptom. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57(4):503–4.
  • Kinoshita T, Okudera T, Shimosegawa E, et al. Chordoma with postoperative subcutaneous implantation and meningeal dissemination: MRI. Neuroradiology 2001;43(9):763–6.
  • Kitai R, Yoshida K, Kubota T, et al. Clival chordoma manifesting as nasal bleeding. A case report. Neuroradiology 2005;47(5):368–71.
  • Kline LB, Glaser JS. Bilateral abducens nerve palsies from clivus chordoma. Ann Ophthalmol 1981;13(6):705–7.
  • Kombogiorgas D, St George EJ, Chapman S, English M, Solanki GA. Infantile clivus chordoma without clivus involvement: case report and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst 2006;22(10):1369–74.
  • Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, Flickinger JC. The role of radiosurgery in the management of chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the cranial base. Neurosurgery 1991;29(1):38–45; discussion 45–6.
  • Kontozoglou T, Qizilbash AH, Sianos J, Stead R. Chordoma: cytologic and immunocytochemical study of four cases. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2(1):55–61.
  • Koshiyama H, Sakamoto M, Fujiwara K, Kim YC, Teraura T, Koh T. Chondroid chordoma presenting with hypopituitarism. Intern Med 1992;31(12):1366–9.
  • Krishnan S, Foote RL, Brown PD, Pollock BE, Link MJ, Garces YI. Radiosurgery for cranial base chordomas and chondrosarcomas. Neurosurgery 2005;56(4):777–84; discussion 777–.
  • Kumar PP, Good RR, Skultety FM, Leibrock LG. Local control of recurrent clival and sacral chordoma after interstitial irradiation with iodine-125: new techniques for treatment of recurrent or unresectable chordomas. Neurosurgery 1988;22(3):479–83.
  • Kyoshima K, Oikawa S, Kanaji M, et al. Repeat operations in the management of clival chordomas: palliative surgery. J Clin Neurosci 2003;10(5):571–8.
  • Lalwani AK, Kaplan MJ, Gutin PH. The transsphenoethmoid approach to the sphenoid sinus and clivus. Neurosurgery 1992;31(6):1008–14; discussion 1014.
  • Larson TC 3rd, Houser OW, Laws ER Jr. Imaging of cranial chordomas. Mayo Clin Proc 1987;62(10):886–93.
  • Leproux F, de Toffol B, Aesch B, Cotty P. MRI of cranial chordomas: the value of gadolinium. Neuroradiology 1993;35(7):543–5.
  • Levi AD, Kucharczyk W, Lang AP, Schutz H. Clival chordoma presenting with acute brain stem hemorrhage. Can J Neurol Sci 1991;18(4):515–8.
  • Lountzis NI, Hogarty MD, Kim HJ, Junkins-Hopkins JM. Cutaneous metastatic chordoma with concomitant tuberous sclerosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55(2 Suppl):S6–10.
  • Lovely TJ, Buchheit WA. Syringomyelia as a postoperative sequela of the resection of a chordoma of the clivus: case report. Neurosurgery 1991;28(3):431–3.
  • Lowery RD. A case report: maxillotomy for removal of a clival chordoma. J Neurosci Nurs 1999;31(5):303–8.
  • Maira G, Pallini R, Anile C, et al. Surgical treatment of clival chordomas: the transsphenoidal approach revisited. J Neurosurg 1996;85(5):784–92.
  • Masui K, Kawai S, Yonezawa T, Fujimoto K, Nishi N. Intradural retroclival chordoma without bone involvement – case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2006;46(11):552–5.
  • Matsuoka S, Yokota A, Yasukouchi H, et al. Clival chordoma associated with pathological laughter. Case report. J Neurosurg 1993;79(3):428–33.
  • Mekari-Sabbagh ON, DaCunha RP. Crossed eyes in a six-year-old girl. Surv Ophthalmol 2001;45(4):331–4.
  • Moriki T, Takahashi T, Wada M, Ueda S, Ichien M, Miyazaki E. Chondroid chordoma: fine-needle aspiration cytology with histopathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of two cases. Diagn Cytopathol 1999;21(5):335–9.
  • Morrill KW, Foster J, Haid RW. The Le Fort I osteotomy as an approach to the midcranial base for tumor resection: case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1993;51(1):82–4.
  • Nagib MG, Wisiol ES, Simonton SC, Levinson RM. Transoral labiomandibular approach to basiocciput chordomas in childhood. Childs Nerv Syst 1990;6(3):126–30.
  • Nakau R, Kamiyama H, Kazumata K, Andou M. Subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with clival chordoma – case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2003;43(12):605–7.
  • Niida H, Tanaka R, Tamura T, Takeuchi S. Clival chordoma in early childhood without bone involvement. Childs Nerv Syst 1994;10(8):533–5.
  • Nishigaya K, Kaneko M, Ohashi Y, Nukui H. Intradural retroclival chordoma without bone involvement: no tumor regrowth 5 years after operation. Case report. J Neurosurg 1998;88(4):764–8.
  • Oexle K, Dammann O, Bechmann B, Vortmeyer AO, Probst EN. Intracranial chordoma in a neonate. Eur J Pediatr 1992;151(5):336–8.
  • Ogi H, Kiryu H, Hori Y, Fukui M. Cutaneous metastasis of CNS chordoma. Am J Dermatopathol 1995;17(6):599–602.
  • Oikawa S, Kyoshima K, Goto T, et al. Histological study on local invasiveness of clival chordoma. Case report of autopsy. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2001;143(10):1065–9.
  • Oppenheim JS, Rosenblum BR, Sacher M, Wolfe D, Wallace S, Rothman AS. Intracranial chordoma in a preadolescent. Case report. Surg Neurol 1991;35(3):230–3.
  • Perzin KH, Pushparaj N. Nonepithelial tumors of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. A clinicopathologic study. XIV: Chordomas. Cancer 1986;57(4):784–96.
  • Plaut HF, Blatt ES. Chordoma of the clivus. A report of four cases. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1967;100(3): 639–49.
  • Plese JP, Borges JM, Nudelman M, Lefevre AB, Sallum J. Unusual subarachnoid metastasis of an intracranial chordoma in infancy. Childs Brain 1978;4(4):251–6.
  • Plotkin M, Amthauer H, Eisenacher J, et al. Value of 123I-IMT SPECT for diagnosis of recurrent non-astrocytic intracranial tumours. Neuroradiology 2005;47(1):18–26.
  • Poskitt KJ, Sargent MA, Norman MG, Fink AM, Stringer DA. Pediatric case of the day. Chordoma of the clivus. Radiographics 1995;15(6):1507–9.
  • Rabadan A, Conesa H. Transmaxillary-transnasal approach to the anterior clivus: a microsurgical anatomical model. Neurosurgery 1992;30(4):473–81; discussion 482.
  • Raffel C, Wright DC, Gutin PH, Wilson CB. Cranial chordomas: clinical presentation and results of operative and radiation therapy in twenty-six patients. Neurosurgery 1985;17(5):703–10.
  • Sassin JF, Chutorian AM. Intracranial chordoma in children. Arch Neurol 1967;17(1):89–93.
  • Schonegger K, Gelpi E, Prayer D, et al. Recurrent and metastatic clivus chordoma: systemic palliative therapy retards disease progression. Anticancer Drugs 2005;16(10):1139–43.
  • Seifert V, Laszig R. Transoral transpalatal removal of a giant premesencephalic clivus chordoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1991;112(3–4):141–6.
  • Sekhar LN, Nanda A, Sen CN, Snyderman CN, Janecka IP. The extended frontal approach to tumors of the anterior, middle, and posterior skull base. J Neurosurg 1992;76(2):198–206.
  • Sekhar LN, Pranatartiharan R, Chanda A, Wright DC. Chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base: results and complications of surgical management. Neurosurg Focus 2001;10(3):E2.
  • Sen C, Triana A. Cranial chordomas: results of radical excision. Neurosurg Focus 2001;10(3):E3.
  • Sen CN, Sekhar LN, Schramm VL, Janecka IP. Chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the cranial base: an 8-year experience. Neurosurgery 1989;25(6):931–40; discussion 940–1.
  • Smink KW, Hekster RE, Bots GT. Clivus chordoma with distinct vascularity demonstrated by angiography. Neuroradiology 1977;13(5):273–7.
  • Soo MY. Chordoma: review of clinicoradiological features and factors affecting survival. Australas Radiol 2001;45(4):427–34.
  • Stevenson GC, Stoney RJ, Perkins RK, Adams JE. A transcervical transclival approach to the ventral surface of the brain stem for removal of a clivus chordoma. J Neurosurg 1966;24(2):544–51.
  • Stuer C, Schramm J, Schaller C. Skull base chordomas: management and results. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2006;46(3):118–24; discussion 124–5.
  • Swearingen B, Joseph M, Cheney M, Ojemann RG. A modified transfacial approach to the clivus. Neurosurgery 1995;36(1):101–4; discussion 104–105.
  • Takahashi T, Asai T, Isayama Y, Tamaki N, Matsumoto S. Chordoma. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1983;3(4):251–7.
  • Takami T, Ohata K, Goto T, Tsuyuguchi N, Nishio A, Hara M. Surgical management of petroclival chordomas: report of eight cases. Skull Base 2006;16(2):85–94.
  • Tamaki N, Nagashima T, Ehara K, Motooka Y, Barua KK. Surgical approaches and strategies for skull base chordomas. Neurosurg Focus 2001;10(3):E9.
  • Tashiro T, Fukuda T, Inoue Y, et al. Intradural chordoma: case report and review of the literature. Neuroradiology 1994;36(4):313–5.
  • Tewfik HH, McGinnis WL, Nordstrom DG, Latourette HB. Chordoma: evaluation of clinical behavior and treatment modalities. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1977;2(9–10):959–62.
  • Tomlinson FH, Scheithauer BW, Forsythe PA, Unni KK, Meyer FB. Sarcomatous transformation in cranial chordoma. Neurosurgery 1992;31(1):13–8.
  • Tzortzidis F, Elahi F, Wright D, Natarajan SK, Sekhar LN. Patient outcome at long-term follow-up after aggressive microsurgical resection of cranial base chordomas. Neurosurgery 2006;59(2):230–7; discussion 230–7.
  • Uggowitzer MM, Kugler C, Groell R, et al. Drop metastases in a patient with a chondroid chordoma of the clivus. Neuroradiology 1999;41(7):504–7.
  • Volpe NJ, Liebsch NJ, Munzenrider JE, Lessell S. Neuro-ophthalmologic findings in chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the skull base. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;115(1):97–104.
  • Warakaulle DR, Anslow P. A unique presentation of retroclival chordoma. J Postgrad Med 2002;48(4):285–7.
  • Wenig BL, Sciubba JJ, Goldstein MN, Abramson AL. Chondroid chordoma of the skull base: a better prognosis based on histologic criteria. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1985;93(4):559–63.
  • Williams WG, Lo LJ, Chen YR. The Le Fort I-palatal split approach for skull base tumors: efficacy, complications, and outcome. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;102(7):2310–19.
  • Yadav YR, Kak VK, Khosla VK, Khandelwal N, Radotra BD. Cranial chordoma in the first decade. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1992;94(3):241–6.
  • Yoshii Y, Tsunoda T, Hyodo A, et al. Proton radiation therapy for clivus chordoma – case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1993;33(3):173–6.
  • Zorlu F, Gurkaynak M, Yildiz F, Oge K, Atahan IL. Conventional external radiotherapy in the management of clivus chordomas with overt residual disease. Neurol Sci 2000;21(4):203–7.
  • Heffelfinger MJ, Dahlin DC, MacCarty CS, Beabout JW. Chordomas and cartilaginous tumors at the skull base. Cancer 1973;32(2):410–20.
  • Mitchell A, Scheithauer BW, Unni KK, Forsyth PJ, Wold LE, McGivney DJ. Chordoma and chondroid neoplasms of the spheno-occiput. An immunohistochemical study of 41 cases with prognostic and nosologic implications. Cancer 1993;72(10):2943–9.
  • Forsyth PA, Cascino TL, Shaw EG, et al. Intracranial chordomas: a clinicopathological and prognostic study of 51 cases. J Neurosurg 1993;78(5):741–7.
  • Colli BO, Al-Mefty O. Chordomas of the skull base: follow-up review and prognostic factors. Neurosurg Focus 2001;10(3):E1.
  • Menezes AH, Gantz BJ, Traynelis VC, McCulloch TM. Cranial base chordomas. Clin Neurosurg 1997;44491–509.
  • Lanzino G, Sekhar LN, Hirsch WL, Sen CN, Pomonis S, Snyderman CH. Chordomas and chondrosarcomas involving the cavernous sinus: review of surgical treatment and outcome in 31 patients. Surg Neurol 1993;40(5):359–71.
  • Kamrin RP, Potanos JN, Pool JL. An evaluation of the diagnosis and treatment of chordoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1964;27157–65.
  • Rich TA, Schiller A, Suit HD, Mankin HJ. Clinical and pathologic review of 48 cases of chordoma. Cancer 1985;56(1):182–7.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.