Debate – does a reversible penumbra exist in intracerebral haemorrhage?

References

• van Asch CJ, Luitse MJ, Rinkel GJ, van der Tweel I, Algra A, Klijn CJ. Incidence, case fatality, and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and ethnic origin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 2010;9(2):167–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi AI, Mendelow AD, Hanley DF. Intracerebral haemorrhage. Lancet 2009;373:1632–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott J, Smith M. The acute management of intracerebral haemorrhage: a clinical review. Anesth Analg 2010;110(5): 1419–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelow AD. Mechanisms of ischemic brain damage with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1993;24(suppl 1):I115–7.
   Google Scholar
• Kingman TA, Mendelow AD, Graham DI, Teasdale GM. Experimental intracerebral mass: time-related effects on local cerebral blood-flow. J Neurosurg 1987;67:732–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nehls DG, Mendelow AD, Graham DI, Teasdale GM, McCulloch J. Experimental intracerebral haemorrhage: early removal of a spontaneous mass lesion improves late outcome. Neurosurgery 1990;27:675–82.
   Google Scholar
• Herweh C, Juttler E, Schellinger PD, Klotz E, Jenetzky E, Orakcioglu B, Sartor K, Schramm P. Evidence against a perihemorrhagic penumbra provided by perfusion computer tomography. Stroke 2007;38:2941–2947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herweh C, Juttler E, Schellinger PD, Klotz E, Schramm P. Perfusion CT in hyperacute cerebral haemorrhage within 3 hours after symptom onset: is there an early perihemorrhagic penumbra? J Neuroimaging 2010;20(4):350–3.
   Google Scholar
• Schellinger PD, Fiebach JB, Hoffman K, Stroke MRI in intracerebral haemorrhage: is there a perihaemorrhagic penumbra? Stroke 2003;34:1674–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orakcioglu B, Becker K, Sakowitz OW, MRI of the Perhemorrhagic zone in a Rat ICH model: effect of hematoma evacuation. Neurocrit Care 2008;8:448–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer SA, Lignelli A, Fink ME, Perilesional blood flow and edema formation in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: a SPECT study. Stroke 1998;29:1791–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tayal AH, Gupta R, Yonas H, Quantitative perihematomal blood flow in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage predicts in-hospital functional outcome. Stroke 2007;38:319–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi AI, Wilson DA, Hanley DF, Traystman RJ. No evidence for an ischemic penumbra in massive experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 1999;52(2):266–72.
   Google Scholar
• Pascual AM, Lopez-Mut JV, Benllock V, Chamarro R, Soler J, Lainez MJA. Perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in acute intracerebral hemorrhage at baseline and during the 1st and 2nd week: a longitudinal study. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007;23:6–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faindardi E, Borrelli M, Saletti A, CT perfusion mapping of hemodynamic disturbances associated to acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Neuroradiology 2008; 50:729–40.
   Google Scholar
• Zazulia AR, Diringer MN, Videen TO, Hypoperfusion without ischemia surrounding acute intracerebral hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001;21:804–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim-Han JS, Kopp SJ, Dugan LL, Diringer MN. Perihematomal mitochondrial dysfunction after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2006;37:2457–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vespa P, Bergsneider M, Hattori N, Metabolic crisis without brain ischemia is common after traumatic brain injury: a combined microdialysis and positron emission tomography study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005;25:763–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zazulia AR, Videen TO, Powers WJ. Transient focal increase in perihematomal glucose metabolism after acute human intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 2009;40:1638–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vespa P, O'Phelan K, Mirabelli J, Acute seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage: a factor in progressive midline shift and outcome. Neurology 2003;60:1441–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claassen J, Jette N, Chum F, Electrographic seizures and periodic discharges after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2007;69:1356–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabricius M, Fuhr S, Bhatia R, Cortical spreading depression and peri-infarct depolarization in acutely injured human cerebral cortex. Brain 2006;129:778–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson OG, Polito A, Saveland H, Understedt U, Nordstrom CH. Are primary supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhages surrounded by a biochemical penumbra? A microdialysis study. Neurosurgery 2006;59(3):521–8.
   Google Scholar
• Davis SM, Broderick J, Hennerici M, Hematoma growth is a determinant of mortality and poor outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2006;66(8):1175–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers WJ, Zazulia AR, Videen TO, Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow surround acute (6 to 22 hours) intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2001;10:18–24.
   Google Scholar