Can anatomic level of injury on MRI predict neurological level in acute cervical spinal cord injury?

References

• Waters RL, Yakura JS, Adkins RH, Sie I. Recovery following complete paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992;73:784–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters RL, Adkins RH, Yakura JS, Sie I. Motor and sensory recovery following complete tetraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993;74:242–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditunno JF, Stover SL, Freed MM, Ahn JH. Motor recovery of the upper extremities in traumatic quadriplegia: A multicenter study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1992;73:431–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns AS, Lee BS, Ditunno JF Jr, Tessler A. Patient selection for clinical trials: The reliability of the early spinal cord injury examination. J Neurotrauma 2003;20:477–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard FM, Reynolds GG, Fountain S, Wilmot C, Hamilton R. Neurological prognosis after traumatic quadriplegia. Three-year experience of California regional spinal cord injury care system. J Neurosur 1979;50:611–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leypold BG, Flanders AE, Burns AS. The early evolution of spinal cord lesions on MR imaging following traumatic spinal cord injury. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29:1012–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters RL, Adkins RH, Sie IH, Yakura JS. Motor recovery following spinal cord injury associated with cervical spondylosis: a collaborative study. Spinal Cord 1996;34:711–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankel HL, Hancock DO, Hyslop G, et al. The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. I. Paraplegia 1969;7:179–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waters RL, Adkins RH, Yakura JS. Definition of complete spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1991;29:573–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crozier KS, Graziani V, Ditunno JF Jr., Herbison GJ. Spinal cord injury: prognosis for ambulation based on sensory examination in patients who are initially motor complete. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991;72:119–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foo D, Subrahmanyan TS, Rossier AB. Post-traumatic acute anterior spinal cord syndrome. Paraplegia 1981;19:201–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waters RL, Adkins RH, Yakura JS, Sie I. Motor and sensory recovery following incomplete tetraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994;75:306–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katoh S, el Masry WS. Motor recovery of patients presenting with motor paralysis and sensory sparing following cervical spinal cord injuries. Paraplegia 1995;33:506–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine. Outcomes following traumatic spinal cord injury: Clinical practice guidelines for health-care professionals. J Spinal Cord Med 2000;23:289–316.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oleson CV, Burns AS, Ditunno JF, Geisler FH, Coleman WP. Prognostic value of pinprick preservation in motor complete, sensory incomplete spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:988–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metz GA, Curt A, van de Meent H, et al. Validation of the weight-drop contusion model in rats: A comparative study of human spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2000;17:1–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanders AE, Spettell CM, Tartaglino LM, Friedman DP, Herbison GJ. Forecasting motor recovery after cervical spinal cord injury: Value of MR imaging. Radiology 1996;201:649–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marciello MA, Flanders AE, Herbison GJ, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging related to neurologic outcome in cervical spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993;74:940–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer DM, Flanders AE, Osterholm JL, Northrup BE. Prognostic significance of magnetic resonance imaging in the acute phase of cervical spine injury. J Neurosurg 1992;76:218–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulkarni MV, Bondurant FJ, Rose SL, Narayana PA.1.5 tesla magnetic resonance imaging of acute spinal trauma. Radiographics 1988;8:1059–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hackney DB, Finkelstein SD, Hand CM, Markowitz RS, Black P. Postmortem magnetic resonance imaging of experimental spinal cord injury: magnetic resonance findings versus in vivo functional deficit. Neurosurgery 1994;35:1104–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirshblum SC, Burns SP, Biering-Sorensen F, et al. International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (revised 2011). J Spinal Cord Med 2011;34:535–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanders AE, Tartaglino LM, Friedman DP, et al. Application of fast spin-echo MRI imaging in acute cervical spine injury. Radiology 1992;185:220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers JL, Well AD, Lorch RF Jr. Research Design and Statistical Analysis. New York: Routledge, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986;1:307–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlan JC, Fehlings MG, Massicotte EM, et al. A quantitative and reproducible method to assess cord compression and canal stenosis after cervical spine trauma: A study of interrater and intrarater reliability. Spine 2007;32:2083–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyanji F, Furlan JC, Aarabi B, Arnold PM, Fehlings MJ. Acute cervical traumatic spinal cord injury: MR imaging findings correlated with neurologic outcome–prospective study with 100 consecutive patients. Radiology 2007;243:820–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepard MJ, Bracken MB. Magnetic resonance imaging and neurological recovery in acute spinal cord injury: Observations from the National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. Spinal Cord 1999;37:833–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita Y, Takahashi M, Matsuno Y, et al. Acute spinal cord injury: Magnetic resonance imaging correlated with myelopathy. Br J Radiol 1991;64:201–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreoli C, Colaiacomo MC, Rojas Beccaglia M, et al. MRI in the acute phase of spinal cord traumatic lesions: Relationship between MRI findings and neurological outcome. Radiol Med 2005;110:636–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ishida Y, Tominaga T. Predictors of neurologic recovery in acute central cervical cord injury with only upper extremity impairment. Spine 2002;27:1652–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boldin C, Raith J, Fankhauser F, et al. Predicting neurologic recovery in cervical spinal cord injury with postoperative MR imaging. Spine 2006;31:554–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanders AE, Spettell CM, Friedman DP, Marino RJ, Herbison GJ. The relationship between the functional abilities of patients with cervical spinal cord injury and the severity of damage revealed by MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:926–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aarabi B, Alexander M, Mirvis SE, et al. Predictors of outcome in acute traumatic central cord syndrome due to spinal stenosis. J Neurosurg Spine 2011;14:122–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song J, Mizuno J, Inoue T, Nakagawa H. Clinical evaluation of traumatic central cord syndrome: Emphasis on clinical significance of prevertebral hyperintensity, cord compression, and intramedullary high-signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging. Surg Neurol 2006;65:117–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Selden NR, Quint DJ, Patel N, d’Arcy HS, Papadopoulos SM. Emergency magnetic resonance imaging of cervical spinal cord injuries: Clinical correlation and prognosis. Neurosurgery 1999;44:785–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto M, Ishikawa M, Ishii K, et al. Usefulness of neurological examination for diagnosis of the affected level in patients with cervical compressive myelopathy: Prospective comparative study with radiological evaluation. J Neurosurg Spine 2005;2:535–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samdani AF, Fayssoux RS, Asghar J, et al. Chronic spinal cord injury in the pediatric population: Does magnetic resonance imaging correlate with the international standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury examination? Spine 2009;34: 74–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulsebosch CE. Recent advances in pathophysiology and treatment of spinal cord injury. Adv Physiol Educ 2002;26: 238–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tator CH, Fehlings MG. Review of the secondary injury theory of acute spinal cord trauma with emphasis on vascular mechanisms. J Neurosurg 1991;75:15–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar