Intractable singultus: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge

References

• Samuels L. Hiccup. A ten year review of anatomy, etiology and treatment. Can Med Assoc J 1952; 67: 315–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander J. The surgery of pulmonary tuberculosis. Febiger & Lea, Philadelphia 1925
   Google Scholar
• Kelley W O. Phrenic nerve paralysis. Special consideration of the accessory phrenic nerve. J Thorac Surg 1950; 19: 923–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lachman E. Anatomia animata: visceral reflexes. J. Oklahoma State Med Assoc 1978; 71: 41–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salem M R, Baraka A, Rattenborg C C, Holaday D A. Treatment of hiccups by pharyngeal stimulation in anesthetized and conscious subjects. JAMA 1967; 202: 126–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenow E C. Thrombosis of the cerebellar and vertebral arteries associated with intermittent hiccup. Observations in a fatal case. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1927; 18: 348–56
   Google Scholar
• McFarling D A, Susac J O. Hoquet diabolique: intractable hiccups as a manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1979; 29: 797–801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laing T J, Morariu M A, Malik G M, Patel S C. Intractable hiccups and a posterior fossa arteriovenous malformation: a case report. Henry Ford Hosp Med J 1981; 29: 145–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Efrati P. Obstinate hiccup as a prodromal symptom in thoracic herpes zoster; prompt cure after injection of largactil. Neurology 1956; 6: 601–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsky M S. Chronic hiccups. Am Family Physician 1986; 34: 173–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souadjian J V, Cain J C. Intractable hiccup. Etiological factors in 220 cases. Postgrad Med 1968; 43: 72–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeWitt P A, Barton N W, Posner J B. Hiccup with dexamethasone therapy. Am Neurol 1982; 12: 405–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratto O, Briscoe W A, Morton J W, Comroe J H., Jr. Anoxemia secondary to polycythemia and polycythemia secondary to anoxemia. Am J Med 1955; 19: 958–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kevorkian M, Motte G, Kevorkian J P, Welti J J. Hiccup and electroventricular stimulation with a pervenous electrode. Pace 1982; 5: 440–1
   Google Scholar
• Eliraz A, Wishnitzer R, Mashiah A. Hiccup as a complication of displaced cardiac pacemaker electrode. Harefuah (Israel) 1981; 100: 359, in Hebrew
   Google Scholar
• Rosenow E C. Etiology and serum treatment of persistent epidemic and postoperative hiccup. J Lab Clin Med 1942; 28: 277
   Google Scholar
• Villey R, Bazin C, Coutot S. Encephalite localisée au tronc cerebral et d'étiologie indeterminée. 6 observations. La Nouvelle Presse Medicale 1977; 6: 2065–8, (in French)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fischer A Q, McLean W T., Jr. Intractable hiccups as presenting symptom of brainstem tumor in children. Child's Brain 1982; 9: 60–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kozik M, Owsianowska L. Persistent hiccoughs as the predominant system with a rumor of the medulla oblongata. J Neurol 1976; 212: 91–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stotka V L, Barcay S J, Bell H S, Clare F B. Intractable hiccough as the primary manifestation of brain stem tumor. Am J Med 1962; 32: 313–15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fodstad H, Ljunggren B, Nilsson S. Diabolic hiccups. Yearbook of the South Swedish Medical Historical Society 1991; 28: 117–25
   Google Scholar
• Fodstad H. Dysostosis mandibulo-facialis (Treacher Collins' eller Franceschetti's Syndrom) i Lappland. Forskning och Praktik 1971; 1: 9–12, in Swedish
   Google Scholar
• Gigot A F, Flynn P D. Treatment of hiccups. JAMA 1952; 150: 760–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey H. Persistent hiccup. Practitioner 1943; 150: 173–7
   Google Scholar
• Felemovicius J, Hababe J. Hipo persistente: causas, diagnostico y Tratamiento. Gaceta medica de Mexico 1990; 126: 55–61, in Spanish
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kummer G, Ashoff J C. Was hilft beim Schulckauf?. Med Welt 1982; 56: 359–60 , (in German), Bd 33, Heft 10
   Google Scholar
• Smith B E. The significance and treatment of obstinate hiccup. Practitioner 1938; 140: 166–71
   Google Scholar
• Davis J N. An experimental study of hiccup. Brain 1970; 93: 851–72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller F C, Gonzales F, Mueller E, McCart D. Fetal hiccups: an associated fetal heart rate pattern. Obstet Gynecol 1983; 62: 253–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouillette R T, Thach B T, Abu-Osba Y K, Wilson S L. Hiccups in infants: characteristics and effect on ventilation. J Pediatr 1980; 96: 219–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innocenti M. II fenomeno del singhiozzo come mani-festazione istaminergica della cavia. Arch Fisiol 1950; 50: 74–93, in Italian
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Innocenti M. Modificazioni respiratorie e corrispon-denti alterazioni dei centri bulbari nello shock istamin-ico della cavia. Arch De Vecchi Anat Pat 1951; 16: 527–42, in Italian
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaada B. Somatormotor, autonomic and electrocortio-graphic responses to electrical stimulation “rhinence-phalic” and other structures in primates, cat and dog. Act Physiol Scand 1951; 24(suppl 83)285
   Google Scholar
• Narabayashi H. Stereotaxic operations for behavior disorders. Progr Neurol Surg 1973; 5: 122–40
   Google Scholar
• Bancaud J, Talairach J, Morel P, Bresson M. La come d'Amnion et le royau amygdalien: effects cliniques et electriques de leur stimulation chez l'homme. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1966; 115: 329–52, in French
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bondi N, Bettelli A. Trattamento del singhiozzo con agopuntura in soggetti anestetizzati ed in soggetti co-scienti. Minerva Medica 1981; 72: 2231–4, in Italian
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frankel F H. Scales measuring hypnotic responsivity: a clinical perspective. Am J Clin Hypn 1978–79; 21: 208–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saitto C, Gristina G, Cosmi E V. Treatment of hiccups by continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in anesthetized subjects. Anestheiology 1982; 57: 345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromage P R. The phrenic reflex in epidural analgesia. Can Anaesth Soc J 1958; 5: 29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnard F G. Treatment of severe singultus. Am J Surg 1949; 77: 230–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fodstad H, Blom S. Phrenic nerve stimulation (diaphragm pacing) in chronic singultus. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 1984; 27: 115–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glenn W WL. Hiccup (singultus). Thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 4th edn, W WL Glen. CT Appleton Century Crofts, East Norwalk 1983; 359–60
   Google Scholar
• Angle L W. Bilateral phrenicectomy in the treatment of persistent hiccoughs. Southern Med J 1932; 25: 1012–13
   Google Scholar
• Campbell M F. Malignant hiccup. With report of a case following transurethural prostatic resection and requiring bilateral phrenicectomy for cure. Am J Surg 1940; 48: 449–55
   Google Scholar
• Slemmer R F. Phrenic nerve traction for persistent hicough (singultus): a preliminary report. Arch Surg 1955; 71: 927–8
   Google Scholar
• Kroh F. Die temporare Ausschaltung des N. phrenicus. Deutsch Med Wochenschr 1921; 32: 925, in German
   Google Scholar
• Kroh F. Die Kunstliche, ein- und doppelseitige Lahmung des Zwerchfells. Münch med Wochenschr 1922; 22: 807–11, in German
   Google Scholar
• Lamphier T A. Methods of management of persistent hiccup (singultus). Maryland State Med J 1977; 26: 80–1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williamson B WA, Maclntyre I MC. Management of intractable hiccup. BMJ 1977; 2: 501–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scarnati R A. Intractable hiccup (singultus): report of a case. J Am Osteopat Assoc 1979; 79: 127–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs A E. Two cases of persistent hiccup treated with osphenadrine citrate. Practitioner 1963; 191: 646
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Espir M LE, Millac P. Treatment of paroxysmal disorders in multiple sclerosis with carbamazepine (Tegretol). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1970; 33: 528–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen J C, Sjölin S U. Aetiologi og terapi ved persisterende hikke. Nordisk Medicin 1986; 101: 300–3, in Danish
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dhalotra R. Baclofen therapy for intractable hiccoughs. J Clin Gastroenterol 1990; 12: 122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lance J W, Bassil G T. Familial intractable hiccup relieved by Baclofen. Lancet 1989; 8657: 276–7
   Google Scholar
• Yaqoob M, Prabhu P, Ahmad R. Baclofen for intractable hiccups. Lancet 1989; 8662: 562–3
   Google Scholar
• Burke A M, White A B, Brill N.. Baclofen for intractable hiccups. N Engl J Med 1988; 319–1354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas C, Lowenstein W, Falallah J P, Durand H. Traitement du hoquet rebelle par le baclofene. Presse Med 1991; 20: 658, in French
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andy O J. Post concussion syndrome: brain stem seizures, a case report. Clin Electroencephalogr 1989; 20: 24–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fodstad H, Ljunggren B. Baclofen and carbamazepine in supraspinal spasticity. J R Soc Med 1991; 84: 747–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo C W. Hiccup. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1932; 55: 700–8
   Google Scholar