988
Views
48
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Acute management of acquired brain injury part II: An evidence-based review of pharmacological interventions

, , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 706-721 | Received 22 Jul 2009, Accepted 08 Feb 2010, Published online: 07 Apr 2010

References

  • Zasler ND, Katz DI, Zafonte RD. Brain injury medicine. Demos Medical Publishing, New York 2007
  • Teasell R, Bayona N, Marshall S, Cullen N, Bayley M, Chundamala J, Villamere J, Mackie D, Rees L, Hartridge C, et al. A systematic review of the rehabilitation of moderate to severe acquired brain injuries. Brain Injury 2007; 21: 107–112
  • Fleminger S, Greenwood RJ, Oliver DL. Pharmacological management for agitation and aggression in people with acquired brain injury. Cochrane Database System Reviews 2006; 4: CD003299
  • ERABI group. Evidence-based review of moderate to severe acquired brain injury. Accessed October 2008 October. Available online at: www.abiebr.com
  • Moseley AM, Herbert RD, Sherrington C, Maher CG. Evidence for physiotherapy practice: A survey of the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2002; 48: 43–49
  • Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1998; 52: 377–384
  • Adembri C, Venturi L, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE. Neuroprotective effects of propofol in acute cerebral injury. CNS Drug Review 2007; 13: 333–351
  • Kelly DF, Goodale DB, Williams J, Herr DL, Chappell ET, Rosner MJ, Jacobson J, Levy ML, Croce MA, Maniker AH, et al. Propofol in the treatment of moderate and severe head injury: A randomized, prospective double-blinded pilot trial. Journal of Neurosurgery 1999; 90: 1042–1052
  • Farling PA, Johnston JR, Coppel DL. Propofol infusion for sedation of patients with head injury in intensive care. A preliminary report. Anaesthesia 1989; 44: 222–226
  • Stewart L, Bullock R, Rafferty C, Fitch W, Teasdale GM. Propofol sedation in severe head injury fails to control high ICP, but reduces brain metabolism. Acta Neurochirgica Supplementum (Wien) 1994; 60: 544–546
  • Corbett SM, Moore J, Rebuck JA, Rogers FB, Greene CM. Survival of propofol infusion syndrome in a head-injured patient. Critical Care Medicine 2006; 34: 2479–2483
  • Sabsovich I, Rehman Z, Yunen J, Coritsidis G. Propofol infusion syndrome: A case of increasing morbidity with traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Critical Care 2007; 16: 82–85
  • Cremer OL, Moons KG, Bouman EA, Kruijswijk JE, de Smet AM, Kalkman CJ. Long-term propofol infusion and cardiac failure in adult head-injured patients. Lancet 2001; 357: 117–118
  • Otterspoor LC, Kalkman CJ, Cremer OL. Update on the propofol infusion syndrome in ICU management of patients with head injury. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 2008; 21: 544–551
  • Roberts I. Barbiturates for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database System Reviews 2000; 2: CD000033
  • Brain Injury Special Interest Group of the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Practice parameter: Antiepileptic drug treatment of posttraumatic seizures. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1998; 79: 594–597
  • Rea GL, Rockswold GL. Barbiturate therapy in uncontrolled intracranial hypertension. Neurosurgery 1983; 12: 401–404
  • Rockoff MA, Marshall LF, Shapiro HM. High-dose barbiturate therapy in humans: A clinical review of 60 patients. Annals of Neurology 1979; 6: 194–199
  • Marshall LF, Smith RW, Shapiro HM. The outcome with aggressive treatment in severe head injuries. Part II: Acute and chronic barbiturate administration in the management of head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1979; 50: 26–30
  • Llompart-Pou JA, Perez-Barcena J, Raurich JM, Burguera B, Ayestaran JI, Abadal JM, et al. Effect of barbiturate coma on adrenal response in patients with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Endocrinology Investigations 2007; 30: 393–398
  • Stover JF, Stocker R. Barbiturate coma may promote reversible bone marrow suppression in patients with severe isolated traumatic brain injury. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1998; 54: 529–534
  • Eisenberg HM, Frankowski RF, Contant CF, Marshall LF, Walker MD. High-dose barbiturate control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1988; 69: 15–23
  • Ward JD, Becker DP, Miller JD, Choi SC, Marmarou A, Wood C, Newlon PG, Keenan R. Failure of prophylactic barbiturate coma in the treatment of severe head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1985; 62: 383–388
  • Schwartz ML, Tator CH, Rowed DW, Reid SR, Meguro K, Andrews DF. The University of Toronto head injury treatment study: A prospective, randomized comparison of pentobarbital and mannitol. Canadian Journal of Neurological Science 1984; 11: 434–440
  • Perez-Barcena J, Barcelo B, Homar J, Abadal JM, Molina FJ, de la Pena A, Sahuquillo J, Ibanez J. [Comparison of the effectiveness of pentobarbital and thiopental in patients with refractory intracranial hypertension. Preliminary report of 20 patients]. Neurocirugia 2005; 16: 5–12
  • Nordby HK, Nesbakken R. The effect of high dose barbiturate decompression after severe head injury. A controlled clinical trial. Acta Neurochirgica (Wien) 1984; 72: 157–166
  • Schalen W, Messeter K, Nordstrom CH. Complications and side effects during thiopentone therapy in patients with severe head injuries. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 1992; 36: 369–377
  • Metz C, Gobel L, Gruber M, Hoerauf KH, Taeger K. Pharmacokinetics of human cerebral opioid extraction: A comparative study on sufentanil, fentanyl, and alfentanil in a patient after severe head injury. Anesthesiology 2000; 92: 1559–1567
  • de Nadal M, Munar F, Poca MA, Sahuquillo J, Garnacho A, Rossello J. Cerebral hemodynamic effects of morphine and fentanyl in patients with severe head injury: Absence of correlation to cerebral autoregulation. Anesthesiology 2000; 92: 11–19
  • Werner C, Kochs E, Bause H, Hoffman WE, Schulte am EJ. Effects of sufentanil on cerebral hemodynamics and intracranial pressure in patients with brain injury. Anesthesiology 1995; 83: 721–726
  • Marx W, Shah N, Long C, Arbit E, Galicich J, Mascott C, Mallya K, Bedford R. Sufentanil, alfentanil, and fentanyl: Impact on cerebrospinal fluid pressure in patients with brain tumors. Journal of Neurosurgery and Anesthesiology 1989; 1: 3–7
  • Bunegin L, Albin MS, Ernst PS, Garcia C. Cerebrovascular responses to sufentanil citrate (SC) in primates with and without intracranial hypertension. Journal of Neurosurgery and Anesthesiology 1989; 1: 138–139
  • Albanese J, Viviand X, Potie F, Rey M, Alliez B, Martin C. Sufentanil, fentanyl, and alfentanil in head trauma patients: A study on cerebral hemodynamics. Critical Care Medicine 1999; 27: 407–411
  • Albanese J, Durbec O, Viviand X, Potie F, Alliez B, Martin C. Sufentanil increases intracranial pressure in patients with head trauma. Anesthesiology 1993; 79: 493–497
  • Sperry RJ, Bailey PL, Reichman MV, Peterson JC, Petersen PB, Pace NL. Fentanyl and sufentanil increase intracranial pressure in head trauma patients. Anesthesiology 1992; 77: 416–420
  • de Nadal M, Munar F, Poca MA, Sahuquillo J, Garnacho A, Rossello J. Cerebral hemodynamic effects of morphine and fentanyl in patients with severe head injury: Absence of correlation to cerebral autoregulation. Anesthesiology 2000; 92: 11–19
  • Engelhard K, Reeker W, Kochs E, Werner C. Effect of remifentanil on intracranial pressure and cerebral blood flow velocity in patients with head trauma. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2004; 48: 396–399
  • Lauer KK, Connolly LA, Schmeling WT. Opioid sedation does not alter intracranial pressure in head injured patients. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia 1997; 44: 929–933
  • Scholz J, Bause H, Schulz M, Klotz U, Krishna DR, Pohl S, Schulte AM, Esch J. Pharmacokinetics and effects on intracranial pressure of sufentanil in head trauma patients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1994; 38: 369–372
  • Karabinis A, Mandragos K, Stergiopoulos S, Komnos A, Soukup J, Speelberg B, Kirkham AJ. Safety and efficacy of analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil versus standard hypnotic-based regimens in intensive care unit patients with brain injuries: A randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN50308308]. Critical Care 2004; 8: R268–R280
  • McCollam JS, O’Neil MG, Norcross ED, Byrne TK, Reeves ST. Continuous infusions of lorazepam, midazolam, and propofol for sedation of the critically ill surgery trauma patient: A prospective, randomized comparison. Critical Care Medicine 1999; 27: 2454–2458
  • McClelland M, Woster P, Sweasey T, Hoff JT. Continuous midazolam/atracurium infusions for the management of increased intracranial pressure. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 1995; 27: 96–101
  • Davis DP, Kimbro TA, Vilke GM. The use of midazolam for prehospital rapid-sequence intubation may be associated with a dose-related increase in hypotension. Prehospital Emergency Care 2001; 5: 163–168
  • Sanchez-Izquierdo-Riera JA, Caballero-Cubedo RE, Perez-Vela JL, Ambros-Checa A, Cantalapiedra-Santiago JA, ted-Lopez E. Propofol versus midazolam: Safety and efficacy for sedating the severe trauma patient. Anesthesia and Analgesia 1998; 86: 1219–1224
  • Papazian L, Albanese J, Thirion X, Perrin G, Durbec O, Martin C. Effect of bolus doses of midazolam on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with severe head injury. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1993; 71: 267–271
  • Wakai A, Roberts I, Schierhout G. Mannitol for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database System Reviews 2005; 4: CD001049
  • Battison C, Andrews PJ, Graham C, Petty T. Randomized, controlled trial on the effect of a 20% mannitol solution and a 7.5% saline/6% dextran solution on increased intracranial pressure after brain injury. Critical Care Medicine 2005; 33: 196–202
  • Doyle JA, Davis DP, Hoyt DB. The use of hypertonic saline in the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Journal of Trauma 2001; 50: 367–383
  • Task force of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Joint Section in Neurotrauma and Critical Care. Guidelines for the management of severe head injury. Brain Trauma Foundation. 1995. Available online at: http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3794&nbr=003020&string=3020
  • Cruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K, Facco E. Successful use of the new high-dose mannitol treatment in patients with Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 3 and bilateral abnormal pupillary widening: A randomized trial. Journal of Neurosurgery 2004; 100: 376–383
  • Cruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K. Improving clinical outcomes from acute subdural hematomas with the emergency preoperative administration of high doses of mannitol: A randomized trial. Neurosurgery 2001; 49: 864–871
  • Cruz J, Minoja G, Okuchi K. Major clinical and physiological benefits of early high doses of mannitol for intraparenchymal temporal lobe hemorrhages with abnormal pupillary widening: A randomized trial. Neurosurgery 2002; 51: 628–637
  • Sorani MD, Morabito D, Rosenthal G, Giacomini KM, Manley GT. Characterizing the dose–response relationship between mannitol and intracranial pressure in traumatic brain injury patients using a high-frequency physiological data collection system. Journal of Neurotrauma 2008; 25: 291–298
  • Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, Connell Hammond FF, Harris OA, Hartl R, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. XI. Anesthetics, analgesics, and sedatives. Journal of Neurotrauma 2007; 24(Suppl 1)S71–S76
  • Smith HP, Kelly DL, Jr, McWhorter JM, Armstrong D, Johnson R, Transou C, Howard G. Comparison of mannitol regimens in patients with severe head injury undergoing intracranial monitoring. Journal of Neurosurgery 1986; 65: 820–824
  • Hartl R, Bardt TF, Kiening KL, Sarrafzadeh AS, Schneider GH, Unterberg AW. Mannitol decreases ICP but does not improve brain-tissue pO2 in severely head-injured patients with intracranial hypertension. Acta Neurochirgica Supplementum 1997; 70: 40–42
  • Vialet R, Albanese J, Thomachot L, Antonini F, Bourgouin A, Alliez B, Martin C. Isovolume hypertonic solutes (sodium chloride or mannitol) in the treatment of refractory posttraumatic intracranial hypertension: 2 mL/kg 7.5% saline is more effective than 2 mL/kg 20% mannitol. Critical Care Medicine 2003; 31: 1683–1687
  • Ware ML, Nemani VM, Meeker M, Lee C, Morabito DJ, Manley GT. Effects of 23.4% sodium chloride solution in reducing intracranial pressure in patients with traumatic brain injury: A preliminary study. Neurosurgery 2005; 57: 727–736
  • Francony G, Fauvage B, Falcon D, Canet C, Dilou H, Lavagne P, Jacquot C, Payen JF. Equimolar doses of mannitol and hypertonic saline in the treatment of increased intracranial pressure. Critical Care Medicine 2008; 36: 795–800
  • Sayre MR, Daily SW, Stern SA, Storer DL, van Loveren HR, Hurst JM. Out-of-hospital administration of mannitol to head-injured patients does not change systolic blood pressure. Acadamy of Emergency Medicine 1996; 3: 840–848
  • Horn P, Munch E, Vajkoczy P, Herrmann P, Quintel M, Schilling L, Schmiedek P, Schurer L. Hypertonic saline solution for control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with exhausted response to mannitol and barbiturates. Neurology Research 1999; 21: 758–764
  • Khanna S, Davis D, Peterson B, Fisher B, Tung H, O’Quigley J, Deutsch R. Use of hypertonic saline in the treatment of severe refractory posttraumatic intracranial hypertension in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Critical Care Medicine 2000; 28: 1144–1151
  • Suarez JI. Hypertonic saline for cerebral edema and elevated intracranial pressure. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 2004; 71(Suppl 1)S9–S13
  • Shackford SR, Bourguignon PR, Wald SL, Rogers FB, Osler TM, Clark DE. Hypertonic saline resuscitation of patients with head injury: A prospective, randomized clinical trial. Journal of Trauma 1998; 44: 50–8
  • Myburgh J, Cooper DJ, Finfer S, Bellomo R, Norton R, Bishop N, Kai Lo S. Saline or albumin for fluid resuscitation in patients with traumatic brain injury. New England Journal of Medicine 2007; 357: 874–884
  • Cooper DJ, Myles PS, McDermott FT, Murray LJ, Laidlaw J, Cooper G, Tremayne AB, Bernard SS, Ponsford J. Prehospital hypertonic saline resuscitation of patients with hypotension and severe traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 2004; 291: 1350–1357
  • Simma B, Burger R, Falk M, Sacher P, Fanconi S. A prospective, randomized, and controlled study of fluid management in children with severe head injury: Lactated Ringer's solution versus hypertonic saline. Critical Care Medicine 1998; 26: 1265–1270
  • Lescot T, Degos V, Zouaoui A, Preteux F, Coriat P, Puybasset L. Opposed effects of hypertonic saline on contusions and noncontused brain tissue in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Critical Care Medicine 2006; 34: 3029–3033
  • Qureshi AI, Suarez JI, Bhardwaj A, Mirski M, Schnitzer MS, Hanley DF, Ulatowski JA. Use of hypertonic (3%) saline/acetate infusion in the treatment of cerebral edema: Effect on intracranial pressure and lateral displacement of the brain. Critical Care Medicine 1998; 26: 440–446
  • Schatzmann C, Heissler HE, Konig K, Klinge-Xhemajli P, Rickels E, Muhling M, Borschel M, Samii M. Treatment of elevated intracranial pressure by infusions of 10% saline in severely head injured patients. Acta Neurochirgica Supplementum 1998; 71: 31–33
  • Pascual JL, Maloney-Wilensky E, Reilly PM, Sicoutris C, Keutmann MK, Stein SC, LeRoux PD, Gracias VH. Resuscitation of hypotensive head-injured patients: Is hypertonic saline the answer?. American Surgery 2008; 74: 253–259
  • Alderson P, Roberts I. Corticosteroids for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database System Reviews 2005; 1: CD000196
  • Grumme T, Baethmann A, Kolodziejczyk D, Krimmer J, Fischer M, von Eisenhart RB, Rothe B, Pelka R, Bennefled H, Pollauer E. Treatment of patients with severe head injury by triamcinolone: A prospective, controlled multicenter clinical trial of 396 cases. Research in Experimental Medicine (Berlin) 1995; 195: 217–229
  • Cooper PR, Moody S, Clark WK, Kirkpatrick J, Maravilla K, Gould AL, Drane W. Dexamethasone and severe head injury. A prospective double-blind study. Journal of Neurosurgery 1979; 51: 307–316
  • Saul TG, Ducker TB, Salcman M, Carro E. Steroids in severe head injury: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Journal of Neurosurgery 1981; 54: 596–600
  • Giannotta SL, Weiss MH, Apuzzo ML, Martin E. High dose glucocorticoids in the management of severe head injury. Neurosurgery 1984; 15: 497–501
  • Dearden NM, Gibson JS, McDowall DG, Gibson RM, Cameron MM. Effect of high-dose dexamethasone on outcome from severe head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1986; 64: 81–88
  • Braakman R, Schouten HJ, Blaauw-van DM, Minderhoud JM. Megadose steroids in severe head injury. Results of a prospective double-blind clinical trial. Journal of Neurosurgery 1983; 58: 326–330
  • Kaktis JV, Pitts LH. Complications associated with use of megadose corticosteroids in head-injured adults. Journal of Neurosurgery Nursing 1980; 12: 166–171
  • Watson NF, Barber JK, Doherty MJ, Miller JW, Temkin NR. Does glucocorticoid administration prevent late seizures after head injury?. Epilepsia 2004; 45: 690–694
  • Stein DG. Progesterone exerts neuroprotective effects after brain injury. Brain Research Review 2008; 57: 386–397
  • Vagnerova K, Koerner IP, Hurn PD. Gender and the injured brain. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2008; 107: 201–214
  • Marmarou A, Nichols J, Burgess J, Newell D, Troha J, Burnham D, Pitts L. Effects of the bradykinin antagonist Bradycor (deltibant, CP-1027) in severe traumatic brain injury: Results of a multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. American Brain Injury Consortium Study Group. Journal of Neurotrauma 1999; 16: 431–444
  • Narotam PK, Rodell TC, Nadvi SS, Bhoola KD, Troha JM, Parbhoosingh R, van Dellen JR. Traumatic brain contusions: A clinical role for the kinin antagonist CP-0127. Acta Neurochirgica (Wien) 1998; 140: 793–802
  • Francel PC. Bradykinin and neuronal injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 1992; 9(Suppl 1)S27–S45
  • Hellal F, Pruneau D, Palmier B, Faye P, Croci N, Plotkine M, Marchand Verrecchiac. Detrimental role of bradykinin B2 receptor in a murine model of diffuse brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2003; 20: 841–851
  • Marmarou A, Guy M, Murphey L, Roy F, Layani L, Combal JP, Marquer C. A single dose, three-arm, placebo-controlled, phase I study of the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist Anatibant (LF16-0687Ms) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2005; 22: 1444–1455
  • Kulah A, Akar M, Baykut L. Dimethyl sulfoxide in the management of patient with brain swelling and increased intracranial pressure after severe closed head injury. Neurochirurgia (Stuttgart) 1990; 33: 177–180
  • Marshall LF, Camp PE, Bowers SA. Dimethyl sulfoxide for the treatment of intracranial hypertension: A preliminary trial. Neurosurgery 1984; 14: 659–663
  • Mechoulam R, Feigenbaum JJ, Lander N, Segal M, Jarbe TU, Hiltunen AJ, Consroe P. Enantiomeric cannabinoids: Stereospecificity of psychotropic activity. Experientia 1988; 44: 762–764
  • Feigenbaum JJ, Bergmann F, Richmond SA, Mechoulam R, Nadler V, Kloog Y, Sakolovsky M. Nonpsychotropic cannabinoid acts as a functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 1989; 86: 9584–9587
  • Eshhar N, Striem S, Kohen R, Tirosh O, Biegon A. Neuroprotective and antioxidant activities of HU-211, a novel NMDA receptor antagonist. European Journal of Pharmacology 1995; 283: 19–29
  • Shohami E, Novikov M, Bass R. Long-term effect of HU-211, a novel non-competitive NMDA antagonist, on motor and memory functions after closed head injury in the rat. Brain Research 1995; 674: 55–62
  • Knoller N, Levi L, Shoshan I, Reichenthal E, Razon N, Rappaport ZH, Biegon A. Dexanabinol (HU-211) in the treatment of severe closed head injury: A randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial. Critical Care Medicine 2002; 30: 548–554
  • Maas AI, Murray G, Henney H, III, Kassem N, Legrand V, Mangelus M, Muizelaar JP, Stocchetti N, Knoller N. Efficacy and safety of dexanabinol in severe traumatic brain injury: Results of a phase III randomised, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Lancet Neurology 2006; 5: 38–45
  • Fried RC, Dickerson RN, Guenter PA, Stein TP, Gennarelli TA, Dempsey DT, Buzby GP, Mullen JL. Barbiturate therapy reduces nitrogen excretion in acute head injury. Journal of Trauma 1989; 29: 1558–1564
  • Thorat JD, Wang EC, Lee KK, Seow WT, Ng I. Barbiturate therapy for patients with refractory intracranial hypertension following severe traumatic brain injury: Its effects on tissue oxygenation, brain temperature and autoregulation. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 2008; 15: 143–148
  • Schalen W, Sonesson B, Messeter K, Nordstrom G, Nordstrom CH. Clinical outcome and cognitive impairment in patients with severe head injuries treated with barbiturate coma. Acta Neurochirgica (Wien) 1992; 117: 153–159
  • Roberts I, Yates D, Sandercock P, Farrell B, Wasserberg J, Lomas G, Cottingham R, Svaboda P, Brayley N, Mazairac G, et al. Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days in 10008 adults with clinically significant head injury (MRC CRASH trial): Randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364: 1321–1328
  • Wright DW, Kellermann AL, Hertzberg VS, Clark PL, Frankel M, Goldstein FC, Salomone JP, Dent LL, Harris OA, Ander DS, et al. ProTECT: A randomized clinical trial of progesterone for acute traumatic brain injury. Annals of Emergency Medicine 2007; 49: 391–402
  • Xiao G, Wei J, Yan W, Wang W, Lu Z. Improved outcomes from the administration of progesterone for patients with acute severe traumatic brain injury: A randomized controlled trial. Critical Care 2008; 12: R61
  • Karaca M, Bilgin UY, Akar M, de la Torre JC. Dimethly sulphoxide lowers ICP after closed head trauma. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1991; 40: 113–114

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.