Role of fibrinogen in cerebrovascular dysfunction after traumatic brain injury

References

• Maas A, Roozenbeek B, Manley G. Clinical trials in traumatic brain injury: Past experience and current developments. Neurotherapeutics 2010;7:115–126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shlosberg D, Benifla M, Kaufer D, Friedman A. Blood-brain barrier breakdown as a therapeutic target in traumatic brain injury. Nature Reviews Neurology 2010;6:393–403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins BT, Davis TP. The Blood-Brain Barrier/Neurovascular Unit in health and disease. Pharmacological Reviews 2005;57:173–185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zlokovic BV, Griffin JH. Cytoprotective protein C pathways and implications for stroke and neurological disorders. Trends in Neurosciences 2011;34:198–209
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Degos V, Lescot T, Icke C, Le Manach Y, Fero K, Sanchez P, Hadiji B, Zouaoui A, Boch A-L, Abdennour L, et al. Computed tomography–estimated specific gravity at hospital admission predicts 6-month outcome in mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. Anesthesia & Analgesia 2012;114:1026–1033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andriessen TMJC, Jacobs B, Vos PE. Clinical characteristics and pathophysiological mechanisms of focal and diffuse traumatic brain injury. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 2010;14:2381–2392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unterberg AW, Stover J, Kress B, Kiening KL. Edema and brain trauma. Neuroscience 2004;129:1019–1027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber JD, Egleton RD, Davis TP. Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions in the blood–brain barrier. Trends in Neurosciences 2001;24:719–725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muradashvili N, Qipshidze N, Munjal C, Givvimani S, Benton RL, Roberts AM, Tyagi SC, Lominadze D. Fibrinogen-induced increased pial venular permeability in mice. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2012;32:150–163
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lominadze D, Tsakadze N, Sen U, Falcone JC, D'Souza SE. Fibrinogen- and fragment D-induced vascular constriction. American Journal of Physiology 2005;288:H1257–H1264
   Google Scholar
• Sen U, Tyagi N, Patibandla PK, Dean WL, Tyagi SC, Roberts AM, Lominadze D. Fibrinogen-induced endothelin-1 production from endothelial cells. AJP – Cell Physiology 2009;296:C840–C847
   Google Scholar
• Tyagi N, Roberts AM, Dean WL, Tyagi SC, Lominadze D. Fibrinogen induces endothelial cell permeability. Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry 2008;307:13–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patibandla PK, Tyagi N, Dean WL, Tyagi SC, Roberts AM, Lominadze D. Fibrinogen induces alterations of endothelial cell tight junction proteins. Journal of Cellular Physiology 2009;221:195–203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muradashvili N, Tyagi N, Tyagi R, Munjal C, Lominadze D. Fibrinogen alters mouse brain endothelial cell layer integrity affecting vascular endothelial cadherin. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2011;413:509–514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig W. Fibrin(ogen) in cardiovascular disease: An update. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2003;89:601–609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patibandla PK, Tyagi N, Tyagi SC, Dean WL, Roberts AM, Lominadze D. An elevated fibrinogen increases matrix metalloproteinases activity in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. The FASEB Journal 2009;23:592.10
   Google Scholar
• Davalos D, Akassoglou K. Fibrinogen as a key regulator of inflammation in disease. Seminars In Immunopathology 2012;34:43–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Almeida V, Silva-Herdade A, Calado A, Rosário H, Saldanha C. Fibrinogen modulates leukocyte recruitment in vivo during the acute inflammatory response. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation 2012; [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Komarova Y, Malik AB. Regulation of endothelial permeability via paracellular and transcellular transport pathways. Annual Review of Physiology 2010;72:463–493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieswandt B, Kleinschnitz C, Stoll G. Ischaemic stroke: A thrombo-inflammatory disease? The Journal of Physiology 2011;589:4115–4123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzales C, Pedrazzini T. Progenitor cell therapy for heart disease. Experimental Cell Research 2009;315:3077–3085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savoia C, Schiffrin EL. Inflammation in hypertension. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 2006;15:152--158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang TJ, Gona P, Larson MG, Levy D, Benjamin EJ, Tofler GH, Jacques PF, Meigs JB, Rifai N, Selhub J, et al. Multiple biomarkers and the risk of incident hypertension. Hypertension 2007;49:432–438
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donath MY, Shoelson SE. Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nature Reviews Immunology 2011;11:98–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietropaolo M, Barinas-Mitchell E, Kuller LH. The heterogeneity of diabetes. Diabetes 2007;56:1189–1197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross R. Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1999;340:115–126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cederberg D, Siesjö P. What has inflammation to do with traumatic brain injury? Child's Nervous System 2010;26:221–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziebell J, Morganti-Kossmann M. Involvement of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Neurotherapeutics 2010;7:22–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abou-Raya A, Abou-Raya S. Inflammation: A pivotal link between autoimmune diseases and atherosclerosis. Autoimmunity Reviews 2006;5:331–337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galli SJ, Tsai M, Piliponsky AM. The development of allergic inflammation. Nature 2008;454:445–454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broderick L, Tourangeau LM, Kavanaugh A, Wasserman SI. Biologic modulators in allergic and autoinflammatory diseases. Current Opinion in Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2011;11:355–360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savoia C, Sada L, Zezza L, Pucci L, Lauri FM, Befani A, Alonzo A, Volpe M. Vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in experimental hypertension. International Journal of Hypertension 2011;2011:281240--281247
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Curry F-RE, Noll T. Spotlight on microvascular permeability. Cardiovascular Research 2010;87:195–197
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehta D, Malik AB. Signaling mechanisms regulating endothelial permeability. Physiological Reviews 2006;86:279–367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lominadze D, Dean WL, Tyagi SC, Roberts AM. Mechanisms of fibrinogen-induced microvascular dysfunction during cardiovascular disease. Acta Physiologica 2010;198:1–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel CC, Curry FE. Microvascular permeability. Physiological Reviews 1999;79:703–761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laroche M, Kutcher ME, Huang MC, Cohen MJ, Manley GT. Coagulopathy after traumatic brain injury. Neurosurgery 2012;70:1334–1345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport R. Pathogenesis of acute traumatic coagulopathy. Transfusion 2013;53:23S–27S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maegele M. Coagulopathy after traumatic brain injury: Incidence, pathogenesis, and treatment options. Transfusion 2013;53:28S–37S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brohi K, Cohen MJ, Ganter MT, Schultz MJ, Levi M, Mackersie RC, Pittet J-F. Acute coagulopathy of trauma: Hypoperfusion induces systemic anticoagulation and hyperfibrinolysis. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery 2008;64:1211–1217; discussion 1217
   Google Scholar
• Hoyt DB. A clinical review of bleeding dilemmas in trauma. Seminars in Hematology 2004;41:40–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez PA, Lobato RD, Ortega JM, Cruz JDL. Mild head injury: Differences in prognosis among patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13 to 15 and analysis of factors associated with abnormal CT findings. British Journal of Neurosurgery 1996;10:453–460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danesh J, Lewington S, Thompson SG, Lowe GD, Collins R, Kostis JB, Wilson AC, Folsom AR, Wu K, Benderly M, et al. Plasma fibrinogen level and the risk of major cardiovascular diseases and nonvascular mortality: An individual participant meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association 2005;294:1799–1809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhabra G, Rangarajan K, Subramanian A, Agrawal D, Sharma S, Mukhopadhayay AK. Hypofibrinogenemia in isolated traumatic brain injury in Indian patients. Neurology India 2010;58:756–757
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pahatouridis D, Alexiou G, Zigouris A, Mihos E, Drosos D, Voulgaris S. Coagulopathy in moderate head injury. The role of early administration of low molecular weight heparin. Brain Injury 2010;24:1189–1192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Wang J, Wu X, Xi C, Gai Y, Liu H, Yuan Q, Wang E, Gao L, Hu J, et al. Validating the incidence of coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with traumatic brain injury – analysis of 242 cases. British Journal of Neurosurgery 2011;25:363–368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst E, Resch KL. Fibrinogen as a cardiovascular risk factor: A meta-analysis and review of the literature. Annals of Internal Medicine 1993;118:956–963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodroofe M, Sarna G, Wadhwa M, Hayes G, Loughlin A, Tinker A, Cuzner M. Detection of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 in adult rat brain, following mechanical injury, by in vivo microdialysis: Evidence of a role for microglia in cytokine production. Journal of Neuroimmunology 1991;33:227–236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphries SE. Genetic regulation of fibrinogen. European Heart Journal 1995;16:16–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vasse M, Paysant J, Soria J, Collet JP, Vannier JP, Soria C. Regulation of fibrinogen biosynthesis by cytokines, consequences on the vascular risk. Haemostasis 1996;26:331–339
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross R. Mechanisms of disease – Atherosclerosis – An inflammatory disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1999;340:115–126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerlin B, Cooley BC, Isermann BH, Hernandez I, Sood R, Zogg M, Hendrickson SB, Mosesson MW, Lord S, Weiler H. Cause-effect relation between hyperfibrinogenemia and vascular disease. Current Opinion in Hematology 2004;103:1728–1734
   Google Scholar
• D'Erasmo E, Acca M, Celi FS, Medici F, Palmerini T, Pisani D. Plasma fibrinogen and platelet count in stroke. Journal of Medicine 1993;24:185–191
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• del Zoppo GJ, Levy DE, Wasiewski WW, Pancioli AM, Demchuk AM, Trammel J, Demaerschalk BM, Kaste M, Albers GW, Ringelstein EB. Hyperfibrinogenemia and functional outcome from acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2009;40:1687–1691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letcher RL, Chien S, Pickering TG, Sealey JE, Laragh JH. Direct relationship between blood pressure and blood viscosity in normal and hypertensive subjects. Role of fibrinogen and concentration. The American Journal of Medicine 1981;70:1195–1202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lominadze D, Joshua IG, Schuschke DA. Increased erythrocyte aggregation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. American Journal of Hypertension 1998;11:784–789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherian L, Robertson C, Contant CJ, Bryan RJ. Lateral cortical impact injury in rats: Cerebrovascular effects of varying depth of cortical deformation and impact velocity. Journal of Neurotrauma 1994;11:573–585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giri BK, Krishnappa IK, Bryan RM, Robertson C. Regional cerebral blood flow after cortical impact injury complicated by a secondary insult in rats. Stroke 2000;31:961–967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golding EM, Robertson CS, Fitch JCK, Goodman JC, Bryan RMJr. Segmental vascular resistance after mild controlled cortical impact injury in the rat. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow ad Metabolism 2003;23:210–218
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wei E, Hamm R, Baranova A, Povlishock J. The long-term microvascular and behavioral consequences of experimental traumatic brain injury after hypothermic intervention. Journal of Neurotrauma 2009;26:527–537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muradashvili N, Khundmiri S, Benton R, Lominadze D. Increased formation of functional caveolae due to increased content of fibrinogen. In Experimental Biology 2012; April 21–25; San Diego, CA. FASEB Journal 2012;26:862.3
   Google Scholar
• Muradashvili N, Tyagi R, Lominadze D. A dual-tracer method for differentiating transendothelial transport from paracellular leakage in vivo and in vitro. Frontiers in Physiology 2012;3:166–172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sahni A, Arévalo MT, Sahni SK, Simpson-Haidaris PJ. The VE-cadherin binding domain of fibrinogen induces endothelial barrier permeability and enhances transendothelial migration of malignant breast epithelial cells. International Journal of Cancer 2009;125:577–584
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rybarczyk BJ, Lawrence SO, Simpson-Haidaris PJ. Matrix-fibrinogen enhances wound closure by increasing both cell proliferation and migration. Blood 2003;102:4035–4043
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bazzoni G. Endothelial tight junctions: Permeable barriers of the vessel wall. Thrombosis & Haemostasis 2006;95:36–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simionescu M, Popov D, Sima A. Endothelial transcytosis in health and disease. Cell and Tissue Research 2009;335:27–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark TM, Hayes TK, Beyenbach KW. Dose-dependent effects of CRF-like diuretic peptide on transcellular and paracellular transport pathways. American Journal of Physiology Renal Physiology 1998;274:F834–F840
   Google Scholar
• Lowe GDO, Lee AJ, Rumley A, Price JF, Fowkes FGR. Blood viscosity and risk of cardiovascular events: The Edinburgh Artery Study. British Journal of Haematology 1997;96:168–173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies PF, Zilberberg J, Helmke BP. Spatial microstimuli in endothelial mechanosignaling. Circulation Research 2003;92:359–370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien S, Usami S, Taylor HM, Lundberg JL, Gregersen MI. Effects of hematocrit and plasma proteins on human blood rheology at low shear rates. Journal of Applied Physiology 1966;21:81–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shyy J-J, Chien S. Role of integrins in endothelial mechanosensing of shear stress. Circulation Research 2002;91:769–775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Languino LR, Plescia J, Duperrray A, Brian AA, Plow EF, Geltosky JE, Alteri DC. Fibrinogen mediates leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium through an ICAM-1-dependent pathway. Cell 1993;73:1423–1434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Springer TA. Adhesion receptors of the immune system. Nature 1990;346:425–434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plow EF, Haas TA, Zhang L, Loftus J, Smith JW. Ligand binding to integrins. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2000;275:21785–21788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luscinskas FW, Lawler J. Integrins as dynamic regulators of vascular function. The FASEB Journal 1994;8:929–938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altieri DC, Duperray A, Plescia J, Thornton GB, Languino LR. Structural recognition of a novel fibrinogen gamma chain sequence (117-133) by intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mediates leukocyte-endothelium interaction. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1995;270:696–699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suehiro K, Gailit J, Plow EF. Fibrinogen is a ligand for integrin alpha beta 5 beta1 on endothelial cells. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1997;272:5360–5366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harley SL, Sturge J, Powell JT. Regulation by fibrinogen and its products of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in human saphenous vein endothelial cells. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2000;20:652–658
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pluskota E, D'Souza SE. Fibrinogen interactions with ICAM-1 (CD54) regulate endothelial cell survival. European Journal of Biochemistry 2000;267:4693–4704
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen ZVI, Bonvento G, Lacombe P, Hamel E. Serotonin in the regulation of brain microcirculation. Progress in Neurobiology 1996;50:335–362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank PG, Woodman SE, Park DS, Lisanti MP. Caveolin, caveolae, and endothelial cell function. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2003;23:1161–1168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietzen DJ, Hastings WR, Lublin DM. Caveolin is palmitoylated on multiple cysteine residues. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1995;270:6838–6842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazzoni G, Dejana E. Endothelial cell-to-cell junctions: Molecular organization and role in vascular homeostasis. Physiological Reviews 2004;84:869–901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aberle H, Schwartz H, Kemler R. Cadherin-catenin complex: Protein interactions and their implications for cadherin function. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 1996;61:514–523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenbroucke E, Mehta D, Minshall R, Malik AB. Regulation of endothelial junctional permeability. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2008;1123:134–145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestweber D, Hahne M, Levinovitz A. The endothelial selectins: How are they regulated and what are their ligands? Progress in Applied Microcirculation 1995;21:1–6
   Google Scholar
• Ehringer WD, Yamany S, Steier K, Farag A, Roisen FJ, Dozier A, Miller FN. Quantitative image analysis of F-actin in endothelial cells. Microcirculation 1999;6:291–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trepat X, Grabulosa M, Buscemi L, Rico F, Farre R, Navajas D. Thrombin and histamine induce stiffening of alveolar epithelial cells. Journal of Applied Physiology 2005;98:1567–1574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestweber D. VE-Cadherin: The major endothelial adhesion molecule controlling cellular junctions and blood vessel formation. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2008;28:223–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin A, Thurston G. Mechanics of endothelial cell architecture and vascular permeability. Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 2001;29:247–278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stan R-V, Marion K, Palade GE. PV-1 is a component of the fenestral and stomatal diaphragms in fenestrated endothelia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1999;96:13203–13207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stan RV. Endothelial stomatal and fenestral diaphragms in normal vessels and angiogenesis. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 2007;11:621–643
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tse D, Stan RV. Morphological heterogeneity of endothelium. Seminars in Thrombosis & Hemostasis 2010;36:236–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sörensson J, Fierlbeck W, Heider T, Schwarz K, Park DS, Mundel P, Lisanti M, Ballermann BJ. Glomerular endothelial fenestrae in vivo are not formed from caveolae. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2002;13:2639–2647
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thorn H, Stenkula KG, Karlsson M, Örtegren U, Nystrom FH, Gustavsson J, Strålfors P. Cell surface orifices of caveolae and localization of caveolin to the necks of caveolae in adipocytes. Molecular Biology of the Cell 2003;14:3967–3976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai T, Wang H, Chen Y, Liu L, Gunning WT, Quintas LEM, Xie Z-J. Regulation of caveolin-1 membrane trafficking by the Na/K-ATPase. The Journal of Cell Biology 2008;182:1153–1169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu J, Bergaya S, Murata T, Alp IF, Bauer MP, Lin MI, Drab M, Kurzchalia TV, Stan RV, Sessa WC. Direct evidence for the role of caveolin-1 and caveolae in mechanotransduction and remodeling of blood vessels. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2006;116:1284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matveev S, Li X, Everson W, Smart EJ. The role of caveolae and caveolin in vesicle-dependent and vesicle-independent trafficking. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2001;49:237–250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hnasko R, McFarland M, Ben-Jonathan N. Distribution and characterization of plasmalemma vesicle protein-1 in rat endocrine glands. Journal of Endocrinology 2002;175:649–661
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carson-Walter E, Hampton J, Shue E, Geynisman D, Pillai P, Sathanoori R, Madden S, Hamilton R, Walter K. Plasmalemmal vesicle associated protein-1 is a novel marker implicated in brain tumor angiogenesis. Clinical Cancer Research 2005;11:7643–7650
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stan RV. Structure of caveolae. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 2005;1746:334–348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hnasko R, Lisanti MP. The biology of caveolae: Lessons from caveolin knockout mice and implications for human disease. Molecular Interventions 2003;3:445–464
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mozer A, Whittemore S, Benton R. Spinal microvascular expression of PV-1 is associated with inflammation, perivascular astrocyte loss, and diminished EC glucose transport potential in acute SCI. Current Neurovascular Research 2010;7:238–250
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shue E, Carson-Walter E, Liu Y, Winans B, Ali Z, Chen J, Walter K. Plasmalemmal vesicle associated protein-1 (PV-1) is a marker of blood-brain barrier disruption in rodent models. BMC Neuroscience 2008;9:29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernandez-Patron C, Zouki C, Whittal R, Chan JS, Davidge ST, Filep JG. Matrix metalloproteinases regulate neutrophil-endothelial cell adhesion through generation of endothelin-1[1-32]. The FASEB Journal 2001;15:2230–2240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosell A, Alvarez-Sabin J, Arenillas JF, Rovira A, Delgado P, Fernandez-Cadenas I, Penalba A, Molina CA, Montaner J. A matrix metalloproteinase protein array reveals a strong relation between MMP-9 and MMP-13 with diffusion-weighted image lesion increase in human stroke. Stroke 2005;36:1415–1420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosell A, Ortega-Aznar A, Alvarez-Sabin J, Fernandez-Cadenas I, Ribo M, Molina CA, Lo EH, Montaner J. Increased brain expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 after ischemic and hemorrhagic human stroke. Stroke 2006;37:1399–1406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen F, Ohashi N, Li W, Eckman C, Nguyen JH. Disruptions of occludin and claudin-5 in brain endothelial cells in vitro and in brains of mice with acute liver failure. Hepatology 2009;50:1914–1923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori T, Wang X, Aoki T, Lo EH. Downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and attenuation of edema via inhibition of ERK mitogen activated protein kinase in traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2002;19:1411–1419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Jung J, Asahi M, Chwang W, Russo L, Moskowitz MA, Dixon CE, Fini ME, Lo EH. Effects of matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene knock-out on morphological and motor outcomes after traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Neuroscience 2000;20:7037–7042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuzzocrea S, Deigner H-P, Genovese T, Mazzon E, Esposito E, Crisafulli C, Di Paola R, Bramanti P, Matuschak G, Salvemini D. Inhibition of ceramide biosynthesis ameliorates pathological consequences of spinal cord injury. Shock 2009;31:634–644
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asahi M, Wang X, Mori T, Sumii T, Jung J-C, Moskowitz MA, Fini ME, Lo EH. Effects of matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene knock-out on the proteolysis of blood-brain barrier and white matter components after cerebral ischemia. The Journal of Neuroscience 2001;21:7724–7732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips PG, Birnby LM. Nitric oxide modulates caveolin-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and distribution at the endothelial cell/tumor cell interface. American Journal of Physiology – Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 2004;286:L1055–L1065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cernich A, Kurtz S, Mordecai K, Ryan P. Cognitive rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury. Current Treatment Options in Neurology 2010;12:412–423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn HJ, Zamolodchikov D, Cortes-Canteli M, Norris EH, Glickman JF, Strickland S. Alzheimer's disease peptide β-amyloid interacts with fibrinogen and induces its oligomerization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2010;107:21812–21817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortes-Canteli M, Strickland S. Fibrinogen, a possible key player in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2009;7:146–150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cortes-Canteli M, Paul J, Norris EH, Bronstein R, Ahn HJ, Zamolodchikov D, Bhuvanendran S, Fenz KM, Strickland S. Fibrinogen and β-Amyloid association alters thrombosis and fibrinolysis: A possible contributing factor to Alzheimer's Disease. Neuron 2010;66:695–709
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hardy J, Selkoe DJ. The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: Progress and problems on the road to therapeutics. Science 2002;297:353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleary JP, Walsh DM, Hofmeister JJ, Shankar GM, Kuskowski MA, Selkoe DJ, Ashe KH. Natural oligomers of the amyloid-[beta] protein specifically disrupt cognitive function. Nature Neuroscience 2005;8:79–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamolodchikov D, Strickland S. Aβ delays fibrin clot lysis by altering fibrin structure and attenuating plasminogen binding to fibrin. Blood 2012;119:3342–3351
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gimbel DA, Nygaard HB, Coffey EE, Gunther EC, Laurén J, Gimbel ZA, Strittmatter SM. Memory impairment in transgenic Alzheimer mice requires cellular prion protein. The Journal of Neuroscience 2010;30:6367–6374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung E, Ji Y, Sun Y, Kascsak R, Kascsak R, Mehta P, Strittmatter S, Wisniewski T. Anti-PrPC monoclonal antibody infusion as a novel treatment for cognitive deficits in an Alzheimer's disease model mouse. BMC Neuroscience 2010;11:130–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal B, Serrano AL, Tjwa M, Suelves M, Ardite E, De Mori R, Baeza-Raja B, Martinez de Lagran M, Lafuste P, Ruiz-Bonilla V, et al. Fibrinogen drives dystrophic muscle fibrosis via a TGFbeta/alternative macrophage activation pathway. Genes & Development 2008;22:1747–1752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tennent GA, Brennan SO, Stangou AJ, O'Grady J, Hawkins PN, Pepys MB. Human plasma fibrinogen is synthesized in the liver. Blood 2007;109:1971–1974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasse M, Paysant J, Soria J, Mirshahi SS, Vannier JP, Soria C. Down-regulation of fibrinogen biosynthesis by IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13. British Journal of Haematology 1996;93:955–961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clausen F, Hånell A, Björk M, Hillered L, Mir AK, Gram H, Marklund N. Neutralization of interleukin-1β modifies the inflammatory response and improves histological and cognitive outcome following traumatic brain injury in mice. European Journal of Neuroscience 2009;30:385–396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D-S, Hanamoto M, Fang F, Ohba M, Ishii M, Kimura F, Higaki E, Senga H. Defibrinogenating effect of batroxobin (Defibrase®) in rats and inhibition of migration of human vascular smooth muscle cells by the plasma of batroxobin-treated rats in vitro. Atherosclerosis 2001;156:73–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kockx M, Gervois PP, Poulain P, Derudas B, Peters JM, Gonzalez FJ, Princen HMG, Kooistra T, Staels B. Fibrates suppress fibrinogen gene expression in rodents via activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α. Blood 1999;93:2991–2998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handagama PJ, Shuman MA, Bainton DF. In vivo defibrination results in markedly decreased amounts of fibrinogen in rat megakaryocytes and platelets. American Journal of Pathology 1990;137:1393–1399
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson A, ahamont MV, Malik AB. Thrombin-induced lung vascular injury. Roles of fibrinogen and fibrinolysis. The American Review of Respiratory Disease 1983;128:38–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul J, Strickland S, Melchor JP. Fibrin deposition accelerates neurovascular damage and neuroinflammation in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2007;204:1999–2008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell W, Shapiro S, Martinez J, Nossel H. The effects of ancrod, the coagulating enzyme from the venom of Malayan pit viper (A. rhodostoma) on prothrombin and fibrinogen metabolism and fibrinopeptide A release in man. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1978;91:592–604
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levy DE, del Zoppo GJ, Demaerschalk BM, Demchuk AM, Diener H-C, Howard G, Kaste M, Pancioli AM, Ringelstein EB, Spatareanu C, Wasiewski WW. Ancrod in acute ischemic stroke: Results of 500 subjects beginning treatment within 6 hours of stroke onset in the ancrod stroke program. Stroke 2009;40:3796–3803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao Z, Liu M, Counsell C, Wardlaw J, Lin S, Zhao X. Fibrinogen depleting agents for acute ischaemic stroke. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online). Oxford, UK; Vista, CA: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2012. p 46
   Google Scholar
• Pollak V, Glueck H, Weiss M, Lebron-Berges A, Miller M. Defibrination with ancrod in glomerulonephritis: Effects on clinical and histologic findings and on blood coagulation. American Journal of Nephrology 1982;2:195–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar