Revisiting the neurofunctional approach: Conceptualizing the core components for the rehabilitation of everyday living skills

References

• Zaloshnja E, Miller T, Langlois JA, Selassie AW. Prevalence of long-term disability from traumatic brain injury in the civilian population of the United States, 2005. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2008;23:394–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan JD, Selassie AW, Orman JA. The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2010;25:72–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson BA, Gracey F, Malley D, Bateman A, Evans JJ. The Oliver Zangwill Centre approach to neuropsychological rehabilitation. In: Wilson BA, Gracey F, EJJ, Bateman A, editors. Neuropsychological rehabilitation: Theory, models, therapy and outcome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2009. p 47–67
   Google Scholar
• Cicerone KD, Langenbahn DM, Braden C, Malec JF, Kalmar K, Fraas M, Felicetti T, Laatsch L, Harley JP, Bergquist T, et al. Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: Updated review of the literature from 2003 through 2008. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2011;92:519–530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicerone KD, Mott T, Azulay J, Sharlow-Galella MA, Ellmo WJ, Paradise S, Friel JC. A randomized controlled trial of holistic neuropsychologic rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2008;89:2239–2249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigatano GP, Fordyce DJ, Zeiner HK, Roueche JR, Pepping M, Wood BC. Neuropsychological rehabilitation after closed head injury in young adults. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1984;47:505–513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brasure M, Lamberty GJ, Sayer NA, Nelson NW, Mcdonald R, Ouellette J, Wilt JT. Participation after multidisciplinary rehabilitation for moderate to severe traumatic brain injury in adults: A systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2013;94:1398–1420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohling ML, Faust ME, Beverley B, Demakis G. Effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation following acquired brain injury: A meta-analytic re examination of Cicerone et al.’s (2000, 2005) systematic reviews. Neuropsychology 2009;23:20–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geurtsen GJ, van Heugten CM, Martina JD, Geurts ACH. Comprehensive rehabilitation programmes in the chronic phase after severe brain injury: A systematic review. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2010;42:97–110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner-Stokes L. Evidence for the effectiveness of multi-disciplinary rehabilitation following aquired brain injury: A synthesis of two systematic approaches. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2008;40:691–701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner-Stokes L, Nair A, Disler PB, Wade D. Multi-disciplinary rehabilitation for acquired brain injury in adults of working age. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005;20:CD004170
   Google Scholar
• McEwen SE, Politajko HJ, Huijbregts M, Ryan JD. Exploring a cognitive-based treatment approach to improve motor-based skill performance in chronic stroke: Results of three single case experiments. Brain Injury 2009;23:1041–1053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polatajko HJ, Mandich A. Cognitive oreintation to daily occupational performance. In: Katz N, editor. Cognition and occupation across the life span. Bethesda, MD: AOTA Press; 2005. p 237–259
   Google Scholar
• Dawson DR, Gaya A, Hunt A, Levine B, Lemsky C, Polatajko HJ. Using the cognitive orientation to occupational performance (CO-OP) approach with adults with executive dysfunction. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2009;76:115--127
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh MY, Ponsford J, Wong D, McKay A. Exploring variables associated with change in cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for anxiety following traumatic brain injury. Disability and Rehabilitation 2011;34:408–415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade DT, King NS, Wenden FJ, Crawford S, Caldwell FE. Routine follow up after head injury: A second randomized controlled trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1998;65:177–183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosson B, Barco P, Velozo C, Bolesta M, Cooper PV, Werts D, Brobeck TC. Awareness and compensation in post acute head injury rehabilitation. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 1989;4:46--54
   Google Scholar
• Ergh TC, Rapport LJ, Coleman RD, Hanks RA. Predictors of caregiver and family functioning following traumatic brain injury: Social support moderated caregiver distress. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2002;17:155–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach LJ, David AS. Self-awareness after acquired and traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2006;16:397–414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salomon G, Perkins DN. Rocky roads to transfer: Rethinking mechanisms of a neglected phenomenon. Educational Psychologist 1989;24:113–142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JR. Acquisition of cognitive skills. Psychological Review 1982;89:369–406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park NW, Ingles JL. Effectiveness of attention rehabilitation after an acquired brain injury: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychology 2001;15:199–210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Occupational Therapy Association. Cognition, cognitive rehabilitation and occupational performance. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2013;67(Suppl):S9--S31
   Google Scholar
• Rotenberg-Shpigelman S, Erez AB, Nahaloni I, Maeir A. Neurofunctional treatment targeting participation among chronic stroke survivors: A pilot randomised controlled study. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2012;22:532–549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clare L, Linden DE, Woods RT, Whitaker R, Evans SJ, Parkinson CH, van Paasschen J, Nelis SM, Hoare Z, Yuen KS, Rugg MD. Goal-oriented cognitive rehabilitation for people with early-stage Alzheimer disease: A single-blind randomized controlled trial of clinical efficacy. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2010;18:928--939
   Google Scholar
• Giles GM, Clark-Wilson J, editors. Brain injury rehabilitation: A neurofunctional approach. San Diego: Singular; 1993
   Google Scholar
• Vanderploeg RD, Schwab K, Walker WC, Fraser JA, Sigford BJ, Date ES, Scott SG, Curtiss G, Salazar AM, Warden LD, for the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Study Group. Rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury in active duty military personnel and veterans: Defense and veterans brain injury center randomized controlled trial of two rehabilitation approaches. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2008;89:2227--2238
   Google Scholar
• Giles GM. A neurofunctional approach to rehabilitation following brain injury. In: Katz N, editor. Cognition, occupation and participation across the life span. Bethesda, MD: AOTA Press; 2011. p 351–381
   Google Scholar
• Giles GM, Clark-Wilson J. The use of behavioral techniques in functional skills training after severe brain injury. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1988;42:658–665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parish L, Oddy M. Efficacy of rehabilitation for functional skills more than 10 years after extremely severe brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2007;17:230–243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothwell NA, LaVigna GW, Willis TJ. A non-aversive rehabilitation approach for people with severe behavior problems resulting from brain injury. Brain Injury 1999;13:521–533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers C. The necessary and sufficient conditions for therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology 1957;21:95–103
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Truax C, Carkhuff RR. Towards effective counseling and psychotherapy. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company; 1967
   Google Scholar
• Carkhuff R, Berenson B. Beyond counseling and therapy. 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc; 1977
   Google Scholar
• Castonguay LG, Goldfried MR, Wiser S, Raue PJ, Hayes AM. Predicting the effect of cognitive therapy for depression: A study of unique and common factors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1996;64:497–504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Follette WC, Naugle AE, Callaghan GM. A radical behavioral understanding of the therapeutic relationship in effecting change. Behavior Therapy 1996;27:623–641
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath AO, Symonds BD. Relationship between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology 1991;38:139–149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luborsky L, McLellan AT, Woody GE, O'Brien CP, Auerbach A. Therapist success and its determinants. Archives of General Psychiatry 1985;42:602–611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin DJ, Garske JP, Davis MK. Relationship of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000;68:438–450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller WR, Rollnick S. Motivational interviewing. 2nd ed. Guilford (NY): Guilford Press; 2002
   Google Scholar
• Woody SR, Adessky RS. Therapeutic alliance, group cohesion, and homework compliance during cognitive-behavioral group treatment of social phobia. Behavior Therapy 2002;33:5–27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klonoff PS, Lamb DG, Henderson SW, Shepherd J. Outcome assessment after milieu-oriented rehabilitation: New considerations. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1998;79:684–690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schonberger M, Hulme F, Teasdale, TW. The development of the therapeutic working alliance, patients' awareness and their compliance during the process of brain injury rehabilitation. Brain Injury 2006;20:445–454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finfgeld-Connett D. Management of aggression among demented or brain-injured patients. Clinical Nursing Research 2009;18:272–287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura A. Social learning theory. New York: Prentice Hall; 1977
   Google Scholar
• Giles GM, Wager J, Fong L, Waraich BS. Twenty-month effectiveness of a non-aversive, long-term, low cost programme for persons with persisting neurobehavioural disability. Brain Injury 2005;19:753–764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley GA, Brennan AJ, Powell T. Threat appraisal and avoidance after traumatic brain injury: Why and how often are activities avoided. Brain Injury 2004;18:871–888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigatano GP, Altman IM. Impaired awareness of behavioural limitations after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1990;71:1058–1064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrabian A. Nonverbal communication. New Jersey: The State University; 1972
   Google Scholar
• Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC, Norcross JC. In search of how people change: Applications to addictive behaviors. American Psychologist 1992;47:1102–1114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles GM, Manchester D. Two approaches to behavior disorder after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2006;21:168–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medley AR, Powell T. Motivational interviewing to promote self-awareness and engagement in rehabilitation following acquired brain injury: A conceptual review. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2010;20:481–508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bombardier CH, Rimmele CT. Motivational interviewing to prevent alcohol abuse after traumatic brain injury: A case series. Rehabilitation Psychology 1999;44:52–67
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh MY, Ponsford J, Wong D, Schonberger M, McKay A, Haines K. Development of a motivational interviewing programme as a prelude to CBT for anxiety following traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2012;22:563--584
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh MY, Ponsford J, Wong D, Schonberger M, Taffe J, McKay A. Motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety following traumatic brain injury: A pilot randomised controlled trial. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2012;22:585--608
   Google Scholar
• Bell KR, Temkin NR, Esselman PC, Doctor JN, Bombardier CH, Fraser RT, Hoffman JM, Powell JM, Dikmen S. The effect of a scheduled telephone intervention on outcome after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: A randomized trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2005;86:851--856
   Google Scholar
• Manchester D, Wood RL. Applying cognitive therapy in neurobehavioral rehabilitation. In: Wood RL, McMillan TM, editors. Neurobehavioral disability and social handicap following traumatic brain injury. Hove, England: Psychology Press; 2001. p 157–174
   Google Scholar
• Trahan E, Pepin M, Hopps S. Impaired awareness of deficits and treatment adherence among people with traumatic brain injury or spinal cord injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2006;21:226–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway M. Motivational interviewing and acquired brain injury. Social Care and Neurodisability 2012;3:122–130
   Google Scholar
• Rauch RJ, Ferry SM. Social networks as support interventions following traumatic brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation 2001;16:11–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander AM, Davis LC, Struchen MA, Atchison T, Sherer M, Malec JF, Nakase-Richardson R. Relationship of race/ethnicity to caregivers, coping, appraisals, and distress after traumatic brain injury. Neurorehabilitation 2007;22:9--17
   Google Scholar
• Knight RG, Devereux R, Godfrey HPD. Caring for a family member with a traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 1998;12:467–481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabors N, Seacat J, Rosenthal M. Predictors of family burden following traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 2002;16:1039–1050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanks RA, Rapport LJ, Vangel S. Caregiving appraisal after traumatic brain injury: The effects of functional status, coping style, social support and family functioning. NeuroRehabilitation 2007;22:43–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosciulek JF. Relationship of family coping with head injury to family adaptation. Rehabilitation Psychology 1994;39:215–230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosciulek JF, Pichette EF. Adaptation concerns of families of people with head injuries. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counselling 1996;27:8–13
   Google Scholar
• Willer BS, Allen KM, Liss M, Zicht MS. Problems and coping strategies of individuals with traumatic brain injury and their spouses. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1991;72:460–464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell CH. Needs of relatives and helpfulness of support groups in severe head injury. Rehabilitation Nursing 1988;13:320–325
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Latham GP, Erez M, Locke E. Resolving scientific disputes by the joint design of crucial experiments by the antagonists: Application to the Erez-Latham dispute regarding participation in goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology 1988;73:753–772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holliday RC, Ballinger C, Playford ED. Goal setting in neurological rehabilitation: Patients’ perspectives. Disability and Rehabilitation 2007;29:389–394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latham GP, Winters D, Locke E. Cognitive and motivational effects of participation: A mediator study. Journal of Organizational Behavior 1994;15:49–63
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke EA, Alavi M, Wagner JA. Participation in decision making: An information exchange perspective. In: Ferris GR, editor. Research in personnel and human resources management. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press; 1997. p 293–331
   Google Scholar
• Kazdin A. Behavior modification in applied settings. Pacific Grove, CA: Brook/Cole; 1994
   Google Scholar
• Schmitter-Edgecombe M, Nissley HM. Effects of divided attention on automatic and controlled componants of memory after severe closed-head injury. Neuropsychology 2000;14:559–569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manchester D, Hodgkinson A, Casey T. Prolonged, severe behavioural disturbance following traumatic brain injury: What can be done? Brain Injury 1997;11:605–617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zencius AH, Wesolowski MD, Burke WH, McQuade P. Antecedent control in the treatment of brain injured clients. Brain Injury 1989;3:199–205
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giles GM, Ridley J, Dill A, Frye S. A consecutive series of brain injured adults treated with a washing and dressing retraining program. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 1997;51:256–266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goverover Y, Chiaravalloti ND, DeLuca J. Pilot study to examine the use of self-generation to improve learning and memory in people with traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2010;64:540–546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schefft BK, Dulay MF, Fargo JD. The use of a self-generation memory encoding strategy to improve verbal memory and learning in patients with traumatic brain injury. Applied Neuropsychology 2008;15:61–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans JJ. Basic concepts and principles of neuropsychological assessment. In: Gurd JM, Kischka U, Marshall JC, editors. The handbook of clinical neuropsychology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2010. p 15–27
   Google Scholar
• Wilson BA, Baddeley A, Evans JJ, Shiel A. Errorless learning in the rehabilitation of memory impaired people. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 1994;4:307–326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles GM. A neurofunctional approach to rehabilitation following severe brain injury. In: Katz N, editor. Cognition and occupation across the life span: Models for intervention in occupational therapy. Bethesda, MD: AOTA Press; 2005. p 139–165
   Google Scholar
• Martin GL, Koop S, Turner G, Hanel F. Backward chaining vs total task presentation to teach assembly tasks to severely retarded persons. Behavior Research of Severe Developmental Disabilities 1981;2:117–136
   Google Scholar
• McDonnell J, Laughlin B. A comparison of backward and concurrent chaining strategies in teaching community skills. Education and Training in Mental Retardation 1989;24:230–238
   Google Scholar
• Spooner F. Comparison of backward chaining and total task presentation in training severely handicapped persons. Education and Training of the Mentally Retarded 1984;19:15–22
   Google Scholar
• Hayes-Roth B. Evolution of cognitive structures and processes. Psychological Review 1977;84:260–278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newell A, Rosenbloom PS. Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the law of practice. In: Anderson JR, editor. Cognitive skills and their acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1981. p 1–55
   Google Scholar
• Kramer AF, Strayer DL, Buckley J. Development and transfer or automatic processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 1990;16:505–522
   Google Scholar
• Schmitter-Edgecombe M, Rogers WA. Automatic process development following severe closed head injury. Neuropsychology 1997;11:296–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiffrin RM, Dumais ST. The development of automatism. In: Anderson JR, editor. Cognitive skills and their acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1981. p 111–140
   Google Scholar
• Schmitter-Edgecombe M. Implications of basic science research for brain injury rehabilitation: A focus on intact learning mechanisms. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2006;21:131–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draganski D, Gaser C, Busch V, Schuierer G, Bogdahn U, May A. Newly honed juggling skills show up as a transient feature on a brain-imaging scan. Nature 2004;427:311--312
   Google Scholar
• Nudo RJ. Postinfarct cortical plasticity and behavioral recovery. Stroke 2007;38:840–845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lövdén M, Wenger E, Mårtensson J, Lindenberger U, Bäckman L. Structural brain plasticity in adult learning and development. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2013;37:2296--2310
   Google Scholar
• Ehlhardt LA, Sohlberg MM, Kennedy M, Coelho C, Ylvisaker M, Turkstra L, Yorkston K. Evidence-based practice guidelines for instructing individuals with neurogenic memory impairments: What have we learned in the past 20 years? Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2008;18:300--342
   Google Scholar
• Sohlberg MM, Turkstra L. Optimizing cognitve rehabilitation: Effective instructional methods. New York: The Guilford Press; 2011
   Google Scholar
• Goldenberg G, Hagman S. Therapy of activities of daily living in patients with apraxia. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 1998;8:123–141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg G, Daumuüller M, Hagmann S. Assessment and therapy of complex activities of daily living in apraxia. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2001;11:147–169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driskell JE, Willis RP, Copper C. Effect of overlearning on retention. Journal of Applied Psychology 1992;77:615–622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd LF, Cuvo AJ. Maintenance and generalization of behaviors after treatment of persons with traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 1994;8:529–540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuffrida CG, Demery JA, Reyes LR, Lebowitz BK, Hanlon RE. Functional skill learning in men with traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2009;63:398–407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf G, Shea CH. Principles derived from the study of simple skills do not generalize to complex skills. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 2002;9:185–211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf G. Attentional focus and motor learning: A review of 10 years of research. E-Journal Bewegung und Training 2013;6:77--104
   Google Scholar
• High WM, Roebuck-Spencer T, Sander AM, Struchen MA, Sherer M. Early vs later admission to postacute rehabilitation: Impact on functional outcome after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2006;87:334–342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Heugten C, Geregorio GW, Wade D. Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation after acquired brain injury: A systematic review of content of treatment. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2012;22:653–673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles GM. Maximizing TBI rehabilitation outcomes with targeted interventions. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2009;90:530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles GM. Cognitive vs functional approaches to rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury: Commentary on a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2010;64:182–185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen HK. Neurofunctional approach to improve self-care skills in adults with brain damage. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health 1994;12:31–45
   Google Scholar
• Martelli MF, Nicholson K, Zasler ND. Skill reacquisition after acquired brain injury: A holistic habit retraining model of neurorehabilitation. Neurorehabilitation 2008;23:115–126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastos M, Miller K, Eliasson AC, Imms C. Goal-directed training: Linking theories of treatment to clinical practice for improved functional activities in daily life. Clinical rehabilitation 2007;21:47–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderploeg RD, Collins RC, Sigford BJ, Date ES, Schwab K, Warden D, for the Defense and Veterans brain injury Center Veterans Health Administration study planning group. Practical and theoretical considerations in designing rehabilitation trials: The DVBIC cognitive-didactic versus functional-experiential treatment study experience. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2006;21:179--193
   Google Scholar
• Sohlberg MM, Mateer CA. Effectiveness of an attentional training program. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 1987;9:117–130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohlberg MM, Mateer CA. APT: Attention process training manual. Puyallup, WA: Association for neuropsychological research and development; 1987
   Google Scholar
• Cameron HA, Gould E. Adult neurogenesis is regulated by adrenal steroids in the dentate gyrus. Neuroscience 1994;61:203–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao B, Craske MG. The impact of state anxiety on fear inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 2013;4:148–160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar