The ABC Scale and Fall Risk: A Systematic Review

REFERENCES

• Botner, E. M., Miller, W. C. & Eng, J. J. (2005). Measurement properties of the activities-specific balance confidence scale among individuals with stroke. Disability and Rehabilitation, 27(4), 156–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwer, B. J., Walker, C., Rydahl, S. J. & Culham, E. G. (2003). Reducing fear of falling in seniors through education and activity programs: A randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 51, 829–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brower, B., Musselman, K. & Culham, E. (2004). Physical function and health status among seniors with and without a fear of falling. Gerontology, 50, 135–141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown, K. E., Whitney, S. L., Marchetti, G. F., Wrisley, D. M. & Furman, J. M.,(2006). Physical therapy for central vestibular dysfunction. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 87, 76–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Evidence Based Medicine. (2010). Levels of Evidence Table. Retrieved April 28, 2010, from http://www.cebm.net/.
   Google Scholar
• Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews. (2010). Introduction: systematic reviews. Appendic a 6.2-risk of bias. Retrieved March 31, 2010, from http://www.cochrane-handbook.org.
   Google Scholar
• Cumming, R. G., Salkeld, G., Thomas, M. & Szonyi, G. (2000). Prospective study of the impact of fear of falling on activities of daily living, SF-36 scores, and nursing home admission. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Science, 55, M299–M305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delbaere, K., Close, J. C. T., Brodaty, H., Sachdev, P. & Lord, S. R. (2010). Determinants of disparities between perceived and psychological risk of falling among elderly people: Cohort study. British Medical Journal, 341, c4165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried, L. P., Tangen, C. M. & Walston, J. (2001). Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Science, 56(3), M146–M156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, S. M., Munoz, B., West, S. K., Rubin, G. S. & Fried, L. P. (2002). Falls and fear of falling: Which comes first? A longitudinal prediction model suggests strategies for primary and secondary prevention. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 50, 1329–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch, J., Gill-Body, K. M. & Portney, L. G. (2003). Determinants of balance confidence in community-dwelling elderly people. Physical Therapy, 83(12), 1072–1079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotchkiss, A., Fisher, A., Robertson, R., Ruttencutter, A., Schuffert, J., Barker, D. B., (2004) Convergent and predictive validity of three scales related to falls in the elderly. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 58(1), 100–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howland, J., Peterson, E. W., Levin, W. C., Fried, L., Pordon, D., Bak, S., (1993). Fear of falling among the community-dwelling elderly. Journal of Aging and Health, 5, 229–243.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang, T. T. & Wang, W. S. (2009). Comparison of three established measures of fear of falling in community-dwelling older adults: Psychometric testing. Internal Journal of Nursing Studies, 46, 1313–1319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jørstad, E. C., Hauer, K., Becker, C. & Lamb, S. E. (2005). Measuring the psychological outcomes of falling: A systematic review. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 53, 501–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lajoie, Y. & Gallagher, S. P. (2004) Predicting falls within the elderly community: Comparison of postural sway, reaction time, the Berg balance scale and the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale for comparing fallers and non-fallers. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 38, 11–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letgers, K., Whitney, S. L., Porter, R. & Buczek, F. (2005). The relationship between the activities-specific balance confidence scale and the dynamic gait index in peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Physiotherapy Research International, 10(1), 10–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leveille, S. G, Jones, R. N., Kiely, D. K., Hausdorff, J. M., Shmerling, R. H., Guralnik, J. M., (2009). Chronic musculoskeletal pain and the occurrence of falls in an older population. Journal of the American Medical Association, 302(20), 2214–2221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, F., McAuley, E., Fisher, K. J., Harmer, P., Chaumeton, N. R. & Wilson, N. L. (2002). Self-efficacy as a mediator between fear of falling and functional balanc, physical functioning in elderly persons. Journal of Aging and Health, 14, 452–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mak, M. K. & Pang, M. Y. C. (2009). Balance confidence and functional mobility are independently associated with falls in people with Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, 256, 742–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, A. M., Fletcher, P. C., Myers, A. H. & Sherk, W. (1998). Discriminative and evaluative properties of the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Science, 53(4), 287–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, A. M., Powell, L. E., Maki, B. E., Holliday, P. J., Brawley, L. R. & Sherk, W. (1996). Psychological indicators of balance confidence: relationship to actual and perceived abilities. Journal of Gerontology, 51A(1), M37–M43.
   Google Scholar
• Parry, S. W., Steen, N., Galloway, S. R., Kenny, R. A. & Bond J. (2001). Falls and confidence related quality of life outcome measures in an older British cohort. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 77, 103–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Physiotherapy Evidence Database. (2010). The PEDro scale. Retrieved October 1, 2010, from http//www.pedro.org.au/english/downloads/
   Google Scholar
• Portney, L. G. & Myers, P. (2009). Foundations of clinical research: application to practice 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, L. E. & Myers, A. M. (1995). The Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale. Journal of Gerontology, 50(1), 28–34.
   Google Scholar
• Relic, M. F., van Iersel, M. B. & Kessels, R. P. C. (2009). The influence of fear of falling on gait and balance in older people. Age and Aging, 38, 435–440.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sattin, R. W., Easley, K. A., Wolf, S. I., Chen, Y. & Kutner, M. H. (2005). Reduction in fear of falling through intense tai chi exercise training in older, transitionally frail adults. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 53, 1168–1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheffer, A. C., Schuurmans, M. J., van Dijk, N., Van Der Hooft, T. & de Rooij, S. E. (2008). Fear of falling: Measurement strategy, prevalence, risk factors and consequences among older persons. Age and Ageing, 37, 19–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talley, K. M. C., Wyman, J. F. & Gross, C. R. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale and the survey of activities and fear of falling in older women. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 56(2), 328–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau. (2004). Percent Distribution of the Projected Population by Selected Age Groups and Sex for the United States: 2010 to 2050. Retrieved April 29, 2010, from http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/files/nation/summary/np2008-t3.xls
   Google Scholar
• Whitehead, C., Miller, M. & Crotty, M. (2003). Falls in community-dwelling older persons following hip fracture: Impact on self-efficacy, balance and handicap. Clinical Rehabilitation, 17(8), 899–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiting, P. F., Weswood, M. E., Rutjes, A. W. S., Reitsma, J. B., Bossuyt, P. N. M., Kleijnen, J., (2006). Evaluation of QUADAS, a tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 6, 9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zijstra, G. A. R., van Haastregt, J. C. M., Ambergen, T., van Rossum, H. J. L., van Eijk, J. Th. M., Tennstedt, S. L., (2009). Effects of a multicomponent cognitive behavioural group intervention on fear of falling and activity avoidance in community-dwelling older adults: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 57, 2020–2028.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar