111
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Spontaneous Blinking in Patients With Graves’ Upper Eyelid Retraction

, , , , &
Pages 459-465 | Received 20 Aug 2009, Accepted 19 Jan 2010, Published online: 14 May 2010

REFERENCES

  • Bartley GB, Gorman CA. Diagnostic criteria for Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;119:792–795.
  • Elner VM, Hassan AS, Frueh BR. Graded full-thickness anterior blepharotomy for upper eyelid retraction. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:55–60.
  • Char DH. Thyroid eye signs and disease classification. In: Char DH (ed), Thyroid Eye Disease, 3rd edn. Butterworth-Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1997:37–62.
  • Day RM. Ocular manifestations of thyroid disease: current concepts. Arch Ophthal 1960;64:324–341.
  • Sun WS, Baker RS, Chuke JC, Rouholiman BR, et al. Age-related changes in human blinks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1997;38:92–99.
  • Becker W, and Fuchs AF. Lid-eye coordination during vertical gaze changes in man and monkey. J Neurophysiol 1988;60:1227–1252.
  • Robinson DA. A method of measuring eye movement using a scleral search coil in a magnetic field. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1963;10:137–145.
  • Ponder E, Kennedy WP. On the act of blinking. Quart J Exp Physiol 1928;18:89–110.
  • Doane MG. Interactions of eyelids and tears in corneal wetting and the kinematics of the normal human eyeblink. Am J Ophthalmol 1980;89:507–516.
  • Palakuru JR, Wang J, Aquavella JV. Effect of blinking on tear kinematics. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48:3032–3037.
  • Esteban A, Traba A, Prieto J. Eyelid movements in health and disease. The supranuclear impairment of the palpebral motility. Neurophysiol Clin 2004;34:3–15.
  • Schmidtke K, Buttner-Ennever JA. Nervous control of eyelid function. A review of clinical, experimental and pathological data. Brain 1992;115(Pt 1):227–247.
  • van der Post J, Waal PP, Kam ML, et al. No evidence of the usefulness of eye blinking as a marker for central dopaminergic activity. J Psychopharmacol 2004;18:109–114.
  • Karson CN, Berman KF, Donnelly EF, et al. Speaking, thinking, and blinking. Psychiatry Res 1981;5:243–246.
  • Stern JA, Boyer D, Schroeder D. Blink rate: a possible measure of fatigue. Hum Factors 1994;36:285–297.
  • Agostino R, Bologna M, Dinapoli L, et al. Voluntary, spontaneous, and reflex blinking in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2008;23:669–675.
  • Karson CN. Spontaneous eye-blink rates and dopaminergic systems. Brain 1983;106(Pt 3):643–653.
  • Evinger C, Manning KA, Sibony PA. Eyelid movements: mechanisms and normal data. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991;32:387–400.
  • Zametkin AJ, Stevens JR, Pittman R. Ontogeny of spontaneous blinking and of habituation of the blink reflex. Ann Neurol 1979;5:453–457.
  • Bentivoglio AR, Bressman SB, Cassetta E, et al. Analysis of blink rate patterns in normal subjects. Mov Disord 1997;12:1028–1034.
  • Doughty MJ. Further assessment of gender- and blink pattern-related differences in the spontaneous eyeblink activity in primary gaze in young adult humans. Optom Vis Sci 2002;79:439–447.
  • MacNab AA. The eye and sleep. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2005;33:117–125.
  • Nakamori K, Odawara M, Nakajima T, et al. Blinking is controlled primarily by ocular surface conditions. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;124: 24–30.
  • Tsubota K, Hata S, Okusawa Y, et al. Quantitative videographic analysis of blinking in normal subjects and patients with dry eye. Arch Opthalmol 1996;114:715–720.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.