Annual Change of Respiratory Functions in Adult Patients With Asthma: The Potential of Antiasthma Treatments for Many Years to Repair Irreversible Changes of the Airway

References

• Jaeschke R, O’Byrne PM, Mejza F, Nair P, Lesniak W, Brozek J, The safety of long-acting beta-agonists among patients with asthma using inhaled corticosteroids: systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:1009–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wlodarczyk JH, Gibson PG, Caeser M. Impact of inhaled corticosteroids on cortisol suppression in adults with asthma: a quantitative review. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 100:23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange P, Parner J, Vestbo J, Schnohr P, Jensen G. A 15-year follow-up study of ventilatory function in adults with asthma. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1194–1200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 1991. Publication no. 910–3042.
   Google Scholar
• The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention 2006. Medical Communications Resources, Inc., 2006. Available from http://www.ginasthma.com/Guidelineitem.asp?l1=2&l2=1&intId=1388
   Google Scholar
• Japanese Society of Allergology. Guideline for Treatment of Allergic Diseases. Tokyo: Lifescience Medica, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• van Rensen EL, Sont JK, Evertse CE, Willems LN, Mauad T, Hiemstra PS, Sterk PJ; AMPUL Study Group. Bronchial CD8 cell infiltrate and lung function decline in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:837–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kume H. Clinical use of β2-adrenergic receptor agonists based on their intrinsic efficacy. Allergol Int 2005; 54:89–97.
   Google Scholar
• Liippo K, Silvasti M, Tukiainen H. Inhaled procaterol versus salbutamol in bronchial asthma. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 40:417–418.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferres J, Llacer MA, Solis MJ, Moran E, Salmeron M, Anreu MD, Zorrilla T, Julia A. Comparative study of salbutamol versus procaterol in the treatment of acute bronchospasm in children. Curr Ther Res 1993; 53:215–221.
   Google Scholar
• Lung Physiology Committee of The Japanese Respiratory Society. Respiratory Function Test Guideline, Spirometry, Flow-Volume Curve, Diffusion Capacity of the Lung. Hokkaido: The Japanese Respiratory Society, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Almind M, Viskum K, Evald T, Dirksen A, Kok-Jensen A. A seven-year follow-up study of 343 adults with bronchial asthma. Dan Med Bull 1992; 39:561–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Schayck CP, Dompeling E, Putters R, Molema J, van Weel C. Asthma and chronic bronchitis. Can family physicians predict rates of progression? Can Fam Physician 1995; 41:1868–1876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange P, Scharling H, Ulrik CS, Vestbo J. Inhaled corticosteroids and decline of lung function in community residents with asthma. Thorax 2006; 61:100–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra A, Vonk JM, Jongepier H, Koppelman GH, Schouten JP, ten Hacken NH, Timens W, Postma DS. Lung function decline in asthma: association with inhaled corticosteroids, smoking and sex. Thorax 2006; 61:105–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrik CS, Backer V, Dirksen A. A 10 year follow up of 180 adults with bronchial asthma: factors important for the decline in lung function. Thorax 1992; 47:14–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri R, McSharry C, McCoard A, Livingston E, Hothersall E, Spears M, Lafferty J, Thomson NC. Role of symptoms and lung function in determining asthma control in smokers with asthma. Allergy 2008; 63:132–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur M, Chivers JE, Giembycz MA, Newton R. Long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists synergistically enhance glucocorticoid-dependent transcription in human airway epithelial and smooth muscle cells. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 73:203–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulet LP, Turcotte H, Laviolette M, Naud F, Bernier MC, Martel S, Chakir J. Airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, and subepithelial collagen deposition in recently diagnosed versus long-standing mild asthma. Influence of inhaled corticosteroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162(4 Pt 1):1308–1313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trigg CJ, Manolitsas ND, Wang J, Calderón MA, McAulay A, Jordan SE, Placebo-controlled immunopathologic study of four months of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:17–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black JL, Oliver BG, Roth M. Molecular mechanisms of combination therapy with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-agonists. Chest 2009; 136:1095–1100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundbäck B, Rönmark E, Lindberg A, Jonsson AC, Larsson LG, Pétavy F, James M. Control of mild to moderate asthma over 1-year with the combination of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate. Respir Med 2006; 100:2–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiima-Kinoshita C, Min KY, Hanafusa T, Mori H, Nakahari T. Beta 2-adrenergic regulation of ciliary beat frequency in rat bronchiolar epithelium: potentiation by isosmotic cell shrinkage. J Physiol 2004; 554(Pt 2):403–416.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sindi A, Todd DC, Nair P. Antiinflammatory effects of long-acting beta2-agonists in patients with asthma: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest 2009; 136:145–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Childhood Asthma Management Program Research Group. Long-term effects of budesonide or nedocromil in children with asthma. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1054–1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royce SG, Tang ML. The effects of current therapies on airway remodeling in asthma and new possibilities for treatment and prevention. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2009; 2:169–181.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ogawa Y, Calhoun WJ. The role of leukotrienes in airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 118:789–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yano Y, Yoshida M, Hoshino S, Inoue K, Kida H, Yanagita M, Anti-fibrotic effects of theophylline on lung fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 341:684–690.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sumi Y, Hamid Q. Airway remodeling in asthma. Allergol Int 2007; 56:341–348.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vatrella A, Ponticiello A, Pelaia G, Parrella R, Cazzola M. Bronchodilating effects of salmeterol, theophylline and their combination in patients with moderate to severe asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2005; 18:89–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lommatzsch M, Lindner Y, Edner A, Bratke K, Kuepper M, Virchow JC. Adverse effects of salmeterol in asthma: a neuronal perspective. Thorax 2009; 64:763–769.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sears MR. Safety of long-acting beta-agonists: are new data really required? Chest 2009; 136:604–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar