Relationships of Methacholine and Adenosine 5′-Monophosphate (AMP) Responsiveness to the Postbronchodilator FEV₁/FVC Ratio in Children with Asthma

References

• American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136:225–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bousquet J, Jeffery PK, Busse WW, Johnson M, Vignola AM. Asthma. From bronchoconstriction to airways inflammation and remodeling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:1720–1745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elston WJ, Whittaker AJ, Khan LN, Flood-Page P, Ramsay C, Jeffery PK, Barnes NC. Safety of research bronchoscopy, biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage in asthma. Eur Respir J 2004; 24:375–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haahtela T. Airway remodelling takes place in asthma—what are the clinical implications? Clin Exp Allergy 1997; 27:351–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enright PL, Lebowitz MD, Cockroft DW. Physiologic measures: pulmonary function tests. Asthma outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149:S9–S18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Dockery DW, Wypij D, Fay ME, Ferris BG, Jr.. Pulmonary function between 6 and 18 years of age. Pediatr Pulmonol 1993; 15:75–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sears MR, Burrows B, Herbison GP, Flannery EM, Holdaway MD. Atopy in childhood. III. Relationship with pulmonary function and airway responsiveness. Clin Exp Allergy 1993; 23:957–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen F, Taylor DR, Flannery EM, Cowan JO, Greene JM, Herbison GP, Sears MR. Risk factors for airway remodeling in asthma manifested by a low postbronchodilator FEV1/vital capacity ratio: a longitudinal population study from childhood to adulthood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:1480–1488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bibi HS, Feigenbaum D, Hessen M, Shoseyov D. Do current treatment protocols adequately prevent airway remodeling in children with mild intermittent asthma? Respir Med 2006; 100:458–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limb SL, Brown KC, Wood RA, Wise RA, Eggleston PA, Tonascia J, Adkinson NF, Jr. Irreversible lung function deficits in young adults with a history of childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116:1213–1219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauwels R. The relationship between airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Clin Exp Allergy 1989; 19:395–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho SH, Seo JY, Choi DC, Yoon HJ, Cho YJ, Min KU, Lee GK, Seo JW, Kim YY. Pathological changes according to the severity of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1996; 26:1210–1219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulet LP, Laviolette M, Turcotte H, Cartier A, Dugas M, Malo JL, Boutet M. Bronchial subepithelial fibrosis correlates with airway responsiveness to methacholine. Chest 1997; 112:45–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward C, Pais M, Bish R, Reid D, Feltis B, Johns D, Walters EH. Airway inflammation, basement membrane thickening and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthma. Thorax 2002; 57:309–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joos GF. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness: too complex to be useful? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2003; 3:233–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Meer G, Marks GB, Postma DS. Direct or indirect stimuli for bronchial challenge testing: what is the relevance for asthma epidemiology? Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:9–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon KA, Lim HS, Koh YY, Kim H. Normal predicted values of pulmonary function test in Korean school-aged children. J Korean Pediatr Assoc 1993; 36:25–37.
   Google Scholar
• ATS/ERS Task Force. Standardization of spirometry. Eur Respir J 2005; 26:319–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chai H, Farr RS, Froehlich LA, Mathison DA, McLean JA, Rosenthal RR, Sheffer AL, Spector SL, Townley RG. Standardization of bronchial inhalation challenge procedure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1975; 56:323–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joos GF, O’Connor B, Anderson SD, Chung F, Cockcroft DW, Dahlen B, DiMaria G, Foresi A, Hargreave FE, Holgate ST, Inman M, Lotvall J, Magnussen H, Polosa R, Postma DS, Riedler J. Indirect airway challenges. Eur Respir J 2003; 21:1050–1068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne DN, Rogers AV, Adelroth E, Bandi V, Guntupalli KK, Bush A, Jeffery PK. Early thickening of the reticular basement membrane in children with difficult asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167:78–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbato A, Turato G, Baraldo S, Bazzan E, Calabrese F, Tura M, Zuin R, Beghe B, Maestrelli P, Fabbri LM, Saetta M. Airway inflammation in childhood asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 168:798–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang AS, Lee JH, Park SW, Park JS, Kim DJ, Park CS. Risk factors related to fixed airway obstruction in patients with asthma after antiasthma treatment. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2007; 99:408–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai TR, Cooper J, Koelmeyer T, Pare PD, Weir TD. The effect of age and duration of disease on airway structure in fatal asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:663–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmanci E, Kebapci M, Metintas M, Ozkan R. High-resolution computed tomography findings are correlated with disease severity in asthma. Respiration 2002; 69:420–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chetta A, Foresi A, Del Donno M, Consigli GF, Bertorelli G, Pesci A, Barbee RA, Olivieri D. Bronchial responsiveness to distilled water and methacholine and its relationship to inflammation and remodeling of the airways in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153:910–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasahara K, Shiba K, Ozawa T, Okuda K, Adachi M. Correlation between the bronchial subepithelial layer and whole airway wall thickness in patients with asthma. Thorax 2002; 57:242–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiggs BR, Bosken C, Pare PD, James A, Hogg JC. A model of airway narrowing in asthma and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145:1251–1258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui S, Gupta S, Cruse G, Haldar P, Entwisle J, Mcdonald S, Whithers PJ, Hainsworth SV, Coxson HO, Brightling C. Airway wall geometry in asthma and nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis. Allergy 2009; 64:951–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche WR, Beasley R, Williams JH, Holgate ST. Subepithelial fibrosis in the bronchi of asthmatics. Lancet 1989; 1:520–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little SA, Sproule MW, Cowan MD, Macleod KJ, Robertson M, Love JG, Chalmers GW, McSharry CP, Thomson NC. High resolution computed tomographic assessment of airway wall thickness in chronic asthma: reproducibility and relationship with lung function and severity. Thorax 2002; 57:247–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqui S, Mistry V, Doe C, Roach K, Morgan A, Wardlaw A, Pavord I, Bradding P, Brightling C. Airway hyperresponsiveness is dissociated from airway wall structural remodeling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:335–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundgren R, Soderberg M, Horstedt P, Stenling R. Morphological studies of bronchial mucosal biopsies from asthmatics before and after ten years of treatment with inhaled steroids. Eur Respir J 1988; 1:883–889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kariyawasam HH, Aizen M, Barkans J, Robinson DS, Kay AB. Remodeling and airway hyperresponsiveness but not cellular inflammation persist after allergen challenge in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175:896–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar