Panic disorder in primary care: Comorbid psychiatric disorders and their persistence

References

• Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Jin R, Ruscio AM, Shear K, Walters EE. The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;63:415–24.
   Google Scholar
• Bruce SE, Yonkers KA, Otto MW, Eisen JL, Weisberg RB, Pagano M, . Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia and panic disorder: A 12-year prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:1179–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpiniello B, Baita A, Carta MG, Sitzia R, Macciardi AM, Murgia S, . Clinical and psychosocial outcome of patients affected by panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: Results from a naturalistic follow-up study. Eur Psychiatry 2002;17:394–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozkan M, Altindag A. Comorbid personality disorders in subjects with panic disorder: Do personality disorders increase clinical severity?Compr Psychiatry 2005;46:20–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon AC, Olfson M, Portera L. Service utilization and expenditures for the treatment of panic disorder. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1997;19:82–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy-Byrne PP, Stein MB, Russo J, Mercier E, Thomas R, McQuaid J, . Panic disorder in the primary care setting: Comorbidity, disability, service utilization, and treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60: 492–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy-Byrne RR, Russo J, Dugdale DC, Lessler D, Cowley D, Katon W. Undertreatment of panic disorder in primary care: Role of patient and physician characteristics. J Am Board Fam Pract 2002;15:443–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Monahan PO, Lowe B. Anxiety disorders in primary care: Prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:317–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birchall H, Brandon S, Taub N: Panic in a general practice population: Prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity and associated disability. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2000;35:235–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Francis JL, Weisberg RB, Dyck IR, Culpepper L, Smith K, Orlando Edelen M, . Characteristics and course of panic disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia in primary care patients. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2007;9:173–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katon W, Hollified M, Chapman T, Mannuzza S, Ballenger J, Fyer A. Infrequent panic attacks: Psychiatric comorbidity, personality characteristics and functional disability. J Psychiatr Res 1995;29:121–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders, research version, patient edition with psychotic screen. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV personality disorders (SCID-II). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Tilli V, Suominen K, Karlsson H. The Autonomic Nervous System Questionnaire and the Brief Patient Health Questionnaire as screening instruments for panic disorder in Finnish primary care. Eur Psychiatry 2012. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.03.003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McQuaid JR, Stein MB, McCahill M, Laffaye C, Ramel W. Use of brief psychiatric screening measures in a primary care sample. Depress Anxiety 2000;12:21–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Love B, Grafe K, Zipfel S, Spitzer RL, Herrmann-Lingen C, Witte S, . Detecting panic disorder in medical and psychosomatic outpatients: Comparative validation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire, a screening question, and physicians’ diagnosis. J Psychosom Res 2003;55: 515–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldberg DP, Gater R, Sartorius N, Ustun TB, Piccinelli M, Guraje O. The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychol Med 1997;27:191–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holi MM, Marttunen M, Aalberg V. Comparison of the GHQ-36, the GHQ-12 and the SCL-90 as psychiatric screening instruments for the Finnish population. Nord J Psychiatry 2003;57:233–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubinsky AD, Kivlahan DR, Volk RJ, Maynard C, Bradley KA. Estimating risk of alcohol dependence using alcohol screening scores. Drug Alcohol Dependence 2010;108:29–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961;4:561–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA. An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol 1988;56:893–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shear MK, Brown TA, Barlow DH, Money R, Sholomskas DE, Woods S, . Multicenter Collaborative Panic Disorder Severity Scale. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:1571–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson WC, Wetzler S, Beck AT, Betz F. Prevalence of personality disorders among patients with anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Res 1993;51:167–74.
   Google Scholar
• Roy-Byrne PP, Wagner AW, Schraufnagel TJ. Understanding and treating panic disorder in the primary care setting. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66(Suppl 4):16–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vuorilehto M, Melartin T, Isometsä E. Depressive disorders in primary care: recurrent, chronic and co-morbid. Psychol Med 2005;35:673–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar