Diagnostic Value of Multislice Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Retroperitoneal Spread of Testicular Cancer: A Literature Review

References

• Cancer.dk. Available from URL: http://www-dep.iarc.fr/NORDCAN/DK/frame.asp (accessed…).
   Google Scholar
• Brenner H. Long-term survival rates of cancer patients achieved by the end of the 20th century: a period analysis. Lancet 2002; 360: 1131–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daugaard KG, von der MH. Testicular cancer. Ugeskr Laeger 2002; 164: 3063–7
   Google Scholar
• Richie JP, Garnick MB, Finberg H. Computerized tomography: how accurate for abdominal staging of testis tumors?. J Urol 1982; 127: 715–7
   Google Scholar
• Krege S, Beyer, Jr, Souchon R, Albers P, Albrecht W, Algaba F, et al. European Consensus Conference on Diagnosis and Treatment of Germ Cell Cancer: a report of the second meeting of the European Germ Cell Cancer Consensus group (EGCCCG): part I. Eur Urol 2008; 53: 478–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohaib SA, Koh DM, Barbachano Y, Parikh J, Husband JE, Dearnaley DP, et al. Prospective assessment of MRI for imaging retroperitoneal metastases from testicular germ cell tumours. Clin Radiol 2009; 64: 362–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swedish and Norwegian Testicular Cancer Project, SWENOTECA, Available from URL: http://www.ocsyd.se/VP-verksamhet/Urologiska%20tumor/SWENOTECA-V.pdf (accessed May 19, 2009).
   Google Scholar
• Tarin TV, Sonn G, Shinghal R. Estimating the risk of cancer associated with imaging related radiation during surveillance for stage I testicular cancer using computerized tomography. J Urol 2009; 181: 627–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EURATOM. EURATOM Council Directive 97/43/EURATOM of 30 June 1997 on health protection of individuals against the dangers of ionizing radiation in relation to medical exposure. Official Journal, 1997; L180;22,9.7.
   Google Scholar
• Sohaib SA, Husband J. Surveillance in testicular cancer: who, when, what and how?. Cancer Imaging 2007; 7: 145–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dalal PU, Sohaib SA, Huddart R. Imaging of testicular germ cell tumours. Cancer Imaging 2006; 6: 124–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sohaib SA, Koh DM, Husband JE. The role of imaging in the diagnosis, staging, and management of testicular cancer. Am J Roentgenol 2008; 191: 387–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andipa E, Liberopoulos K, Asvestis C. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound evaluation of penile and testicular masses. World J Urol 2004; 22: 382–91
   Google Scholar
• Harisinghani MG, Saksena M, Ross RW, Tabatabaei S, Dahl D, McDougal S, et al. A pilot study of lymphotrophic nanoparticle-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging technique in early stage testicular cancer: a new method for noninvasive lymph node evaluation. Urology 2005; 66: 1066–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassen U, Daugaard G, Eigtved A, Hojgaard L, Damgaard K, Rorth M. Whole-body FDG-PET in patients with stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003; 30: 396–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machtens S, Boerner AR, Hofmann M, Knapp WH, Jonas U. Positron emission tomography (PET) for diagnosis and monitoring of treatment for urological tumors. Urologe A 2004; 43: 1397–409
   Google Scholar
• Tsatalpas P, Beuthien-Baumann B, Kropp J, Manseck A, Tiepolt C, Hakenberg OW, et al. Diagnostic value of 18F-FDG positron emission tomography for detection and treatment control of malignant germ cell tumors. Urol Int 2002; 68: 157–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsili AC, Tsampoulas C, Giannakopoulos X, Stefanou D, Alamanos Y, Sofikitis N, et al. MRI in the histologic characterization of testicular neoplasms. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189: W331–7
   Google Scholar
• Magne N, Foa C, Bruneton JN, Marcy PY. Testicular seminoma and multifocal aseptic osteonecrosis post-chemotherapy. Rev Med Interne 2001; 22: 62–4
   Google Scholar
• Novotny J, Elias P, Sprinar Z. Contribution of contrast-enhanced CT for detection of malignant etiology of pleural effusion. Ceska Radiol 2007; 61: 392–9
   Google Scholar
• Cohade C, Wahl RL. PET scanning and measuring the impact of treatment. Cancer J 2002; 8: 119–34
   Google Scholar
• de Jong IJ, Breeuwsma AJ, Pruim J. Positron emission tomography in urology. EAU-EBU Update Series 2007; 5: 93–104
   Google Scholar
• De GU, Pupi A, Fiorentini G, Rosti G, Marangolo M. FDG-PET in the management of germ cell tumor. Ann Oncol 2005; 16(Suppl 4)iv90–4
   Google Scholar
• De SM, Bokemeyer C, Becherer A, Stoiber F, Oechsle K, Kletter K, et al. Predictive impact of 2-18fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography for residual postchemotherapy masses in patients with bulky seminoma. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 3740–4
   Google Scholar
• De SM, Becherer A, Bokemeyer C, Stoiber F, Oechsle K, Sellner F, et al. 2-18fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography is a reliable predictor for viable tumor in postchemotherapy seminoma: an update of the prospective multicentric SEMPET trial. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 1034–9
   Google Scholar
• Fanti S, Nanni C, Ambrosini V, Gross MD, Rubello D, Farsad M. PET in genitourinary tract cancers. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 51: 260–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hain SF, O'Doherty MJ, Timothy AR, Leslie MD, Harper PG, Huddart RA. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the evaluation of germ cell tumours at relapse. Br J Cancer 2000; 83: 863–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinz S, Schrader M, Kempkensteffen C, Bares R, Brenner W, Krege S, et al. The role of positron emission tomography in the evaluation of residual masses after chemotherapy for advanced stage seminoma. J Urol 2008; 179: 936–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ho Shon IA, Maisey MN. Clinical applications of PET in oncology. CME Cancer Med 2002; 1: 48–55
   Google Scholar
• Hofer C, Kubler H, Hartung R, Breul J, Avril N. Diagnosis and monitoring of urological tumors using positron emission tomography. Eur Urol 2001; 40: 481–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huddart RA, O'Doherty MJ, Padhani A, Rustin GJ, Mead GM, Joffe JK, et al. 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the prediction of relapse in patients with high-risk, clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: preliminary report of MRC Trial TE22—the NCRI Testis Tumour Clinical Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2007; 20: 3090–5
   Google Scholar
• Kollmannsberger C, Oechsle K, Dohmen BM, Pfannenberg A, Bares R, Claussen CD, et al. Prospective comparison of [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with conventional assessment by computed tomography scans and serum tumor markers for the evaluation of residual masses in patients with nonseminomatous germ cell carcinoma. Cancer 2002; 94: 2353–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, R, Zhuang, H, Alavi, A. PET in the management of urologic malignancies. Radiol Clin North Am, 2004;42:1141–53, ix.
   Google Scholar
• Lenzo NP, Moschilla G, Patrikeos A. Diffuse splenic metastases from seminoma visualized on FDG PET. Am J Roentgenol 2004; 183: 525–7
   Google Scholar
• Lewis DA, Tann M, Kesler K, McCool A, Foster RS, Einhorn LH. Positron emission tomography scans in postchemotherapy seminoma patients with residual masses: a retrospective review from Indiana University Hospital. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: e54–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez SA, Barandela SJ, Ruibal MA. PET in abdominal pathology: advantages and limitations. Abdom Imaging 2006; 31: 174–81
   Google Scholar
• Becherer A, De SM, Karanikas G, Szabo M, Bokemeyer C, Dohmen BM, et al. FDG PET is superior to CT in the prediction of viable tumour in post-chemotherapy seminoma residuals. Eur J Radiol 2005; 54: 284–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadvar H, Conti PS. The reproductive tract. Semin Nucl Med 2004; 34: 262–73
   Google Scholar
• Kim S, Kim JH, Moon WK, Min BG. Lesion characterization using vessel permeability map to new blood pool contrast agent calculated from dynamic magnetic resonance images. J Digit Imaging 2000; 13(Suppl 1)193–5
   Google Scholar
• Bellin MF, Roy C. Magnetic resonance lymphography. Curr Opin Urol 2007; 17: 65–9
   Google Scholar
• Barkhausen J, Quick HH, Lauenstein T, Goyen M, Ruehm SG, Laub G, et al. Whole-body MR imaging in 30 seconds with real-time true FISP and a continuously rolling table platform: feasibility study. Radiology 2001; 220: 252–6
   Google Scholar
• Pfannenberg AC, Oechsle K, Bokemeyer C, Kollmannsberger C, Dohmen BM, Bares R, et al. The role of [(18)F] FDG-PET, CT/MRI and tumor marker kinetics in the evaluation of post chemotherapy residual masses in metastatic germ cell tumors—prospects for management. World J Urol 2004; 22: 132–9
   Google Scholar
• Steyerberg EW, Keizer HJ, Sleijfer DT, Fossa SD, Bajorin DF, Gerl A, et al. Retroperitoneal metastases in testicular cancer: role of CT measurements of residual masses in decision making for resection after chemotherapy. Radiology 2000; 215: 437–44
   Google Scholar
• Afroz N, Khan N, Chana RS. Yolk sac tumor of childhood: diagnosis on fine needle aspiration biopsy. Acta Cytol 2005; 49: 697–8
   Google Scholar
• Arciero CA, Sigurdson ER. Diagnosis and treatment of metastatic disease to the liver. Semin Oncol 2008; 35: 147–59
   Google Scholar
• Bokemeyer C, Kollmannsberger C, Oechsle K, Dohmen BM, Pfannenberg A, Claussen CD, et al. Early prediction of treatment response to high-dose salvage chemotherapy in patients with relapsed germ cell cancer using [(18)F]FDG PET. Br J Cancer 2002; 86: 506–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno C, Minniti S, Procacci C. Diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis by ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration. J Clin Ultrasound 2002; 30: 181–3
   Google Scholar
• Futterer JJ, Spermon JR. Recent advances in imaging of male reproductive tract malignancies. Cancer Treat Res 2008; 143: 331–64
   Google Scholar
• Gietema JA, Meinardi MT, Sleijfer DT, Hoekstra HJ, van der Graaf WT. Routine chest X-rays have no additional value in the detection of relapse during routine follow-up of patients treated with chemotherapy for disseminated non-seminomatous testicular cancer. Ann Oncol 2002; 13: 1616–20
   Google Scholar
• Gunther P, Schenk JP, Wunsch R, Holland-Cunz S, Kessler U, Troger J, et al. Acute testicular torsion in children: the role of sonography in the diagnostic workup. Eur Radiol 2006; 16: 2527–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew RM, Vandenberghe R, Garcia-Merino A, Yamamoto T, Landolfi JC, Rosenfeld MR, et al. Orchiectomy for suspected microscopic tumor in patients with anti-Ma2-associated encephalitis. Neurology 2007; 20: 900–5
   Google Scholar
• Mezvrishvili Z, Tchanturaia Z, Toidze T, Turmanidze N, Kekelidze M, Managadze L. Is ultrasound of the retroperitoneum a valuable staging method in selecting testicular cancer patients for primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection?. Urologia Internationalis 2007; 78: 226–9
   Google Scholar
• Ohyama C, Chiba Y, Yamazaki T, Endoh M, Hoshi S, Arai Y. Lymphatic mapping and gamma probe guided laparoscopic biopsy of sentinel lymph node in patients with clinical stage I testicular tumor. J Urol 2002; 168: 1390–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick MI, Amis ES, Jr, Bigongiari LR, Bluth EI, Bush WH, Jr, Choyke PL, et al. Staging of testicular malignancy. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Radiology 2000; 215(Suppl)741–6
   Google Scholar
• Souchon R, Gertenbach U, Dieckmann KP, Hahn E, Ruwe M, Stambolis C, et al. Contralateral testicular cancer in spite of TIN-negative double biopsies and interval cisplatin chemotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol 2006; 182: 289–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stegger L, Juergens KU, Kliesch S, Wormanns D, Weckesser M. Unexpected finding of elevated glucose uptake in fibrous dysplasia mimicking malignancy: contradicting metabolism and morphology in combined PET/CT. Eur Radiol 2007; 17: 1784–6
   Google Scholar
• Tsakiris P, de la Rosette J. Imaging in genitourinary cancer from the urologists' perspective. Cancer Imaging 2007; 7: 84–92
   Google Scholar
• Williams RD. Combined metabolic/anatomical imaging in urologic oncology. J Urol 2006; 176: 863
   Google Scholar
• Wittenberg AF, Tobias T, Rzeszotarski M, Minotti AJ. Sonography of the acute scrotum: the four T's of testicular imaging. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2006; 35: 12–21
   Google Scholar
• Harisinghani MG, Saksena MA, Hahn PF, King B, Kim J, Torabi MT, et al. Ferumoxtran-10-enhanced MR lymphangiography: does contrast-enhanced imaging alone suffice for accurate lymph node characterization?. Am J Roentgenol 2006; 186: 144–8
   Google Scholar
• Kozuka T, Johkoh T, Hamada S, Naito H, Tomiyama N, Koyama M, et al. Detection of pulmonary metastases with multi-detector row CT scans of 5-mm nominal section thickness: autopsy lung study. Radiology 2003; 226: 231–4
   Google Scholar
• Albers P, Albrecht W, Algaba F, Bokemeyer C, Cohn-Cedermark G, Horwich A, et al. Guidelines on testicular cancer. Eur Urol 2005; 48: 885–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karapetis CS, Strickland AH, Yip D, Steer C, Harper PG. Use of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans in patients with advanced germ cell tumour following chemotherapy: single-centre experience with long-term follow up. Intern Med J 2003; 33: 427–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongartz, G, Golding, SJ, Jurik, AG, Leonardi, M, van Meerten, EVP, Geleijns, J, , et al. European guidelines on quality criteria for computed tomography. EUR. 16262; 2000.
   Google Scholar