Clinical Features of Carcinoid Syndrome and the Use of Somatostatin Analogue in Its Management

Reference

• Buchanan K D, Johnston C F, O'Hare M MT, et al. Neuroendocrine tumors. A European view. Am J Med 1986; 81: 14, Suppl 66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biörck G, Axen O, Throsen A. Unusual cyanosis in a boy with congenital pulmonary stenosis and tricuspid insufficiency. Am Heart J 1952; 44: 143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis Z, Moertel C G, Mc Jirath DC. The malignant carcinoid syndrome. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1973; 137: 637
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solcia E, Capella C, Buffa R, Frigerio B, Usellini L, Fiocca R. Morphological and functional classification of endocrine cells and related growths in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal hormones, G BJ Glass. Raven Press., New York 1980; 1–17
   Google Scholar
• Weil C. Gastroenteropancreatic endocrine tumors. Klivo 1985; 63: 433
   Google Scholar
• Eckhauser F E, Lloyd R V, Thompson N W, Raper S E, Vinik AI. Antrectomy for multicentric, argyrophil gastric carcinoids: a preliminary report. Am Assoc Endo Surgeons., In press.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson S, Vinik A I, Marangos P J, Lloyd RV. Immunohistochemical localization of neuron-specific enolase in gastroentero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Correlation with tissue and serum levels of neuron-specific enolase. Cancer 1984; 54: 1364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldrich L B, Moattari A R, Vinik AI. Distinguishing features of idiopathic flushing and carcinoid syndrome. Arch Int Med 1988, In press.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sisson J C, Shapiro B, Meyers L, et al. Metaiodobenzylguanidine to map scintigraphically the adrenergic nervous system in man. J Nucl Med 1987; 28: 1625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisson J C, Wieland D M, Sherman P, Mangner T J, Tobes M C, Jacques S, Jr. Metaidobenzylguanidine as an index of the adrenergic nervous system integrity and function. J Nucl Med 1987; 28: 1620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman J M, et al. lodine-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy of carcinoid tumors. J Nucl Med 1986; 27: 1691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strodel W E, Vinik A I, Jaffe B M, Eckhauzer F, Thompson NW. Substance P in the localization of a carcinoid tumor. J Surg Oncol 1984; 27: 106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strodel W, Vinik A, Thompson N W, . Carcinoid tumors of the small intestine. Endocrine surgery update, N W Thompson, A I Vinik, et al. Grune and Stratton., New York 1983; 293–320
   Google Scholar
• Feldman JM. Urinary serotonin in the diagnosis of carcinoid tumor. Clin Chem 1986; 32: 840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melmon K L, Sjoerdsma A, Oates J A, Laster L. Treatment of malabsorption and diarrhea of carcinoid syndrome with methysergide. Gastroenterology 1965; 48: 18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandler M, Karim S MM, William ED. Prostaglandin in amine-peptide-secreting tumors. Lancet 1968; 2: 1053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alumets J, Håkanson R, Ingemannson S, Sundler F. Substance P and 5-HT in granules isolated from an intestinal argentaffin carcinoid. Histochemistry 1977; 52: 217
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oates J A, Pettinger W A, Doctor RB. Evidence for the release of bradykinin in the carcinoid syndrome. J Clin Invest 1966; 45: 173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pernow B, Waldenstrom J. Determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5 hydrosyindolacetic acid and histamine in thirty-three cases of carcinoid tumor (argentaffinoma). Am J Med 1985; 34: 255
   Google Scholar
• Wilander E, Grimelius L, Portela-Gomes G, et al. Substance P and enteroglucagon-like immunoreactivity in argentaffin and argyrophil mid gut carcinoid tumors. Scand J Gastroenterol 1979; 14: 19, Suppl
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas K G, Feldman JM. Flushing in the carcinoid syndrome and plasma kallikrein. Cancer 1986; 58: 2290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pernow B, Waldenstrom J. Determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid and histamine in 33 cases of carcinoid (argentaffinoma). Am J Med 1957; 23: 16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman JM. Increased dopamine production in patients with carcinoid tumors. Metabolism 1985; 34: 255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodorsson-Norheim E., Norheim K O, Brodin E, et al. Neuropeptide K: A major tachykinin in plasma and tumor tissues from carcinoid patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 131: 77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinik A I, Strodel W M, Lloyd RV. Unusual gastroenteropancreatic tumors and their hormones. Endocrine surgery update, N W Thompson, A I Vinik. Grune and Stratton., New York 1983; 293–320
   Google Scholar
• Feldman J, O'Dorisio TM. Role of neuropeptides and serotonin in the diagnosis of carcinoid tumors. Am J Med 1986; 81: 41, Suppl 66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinik A I, Achem Karam S, Owyang C. Gastrointestinal hormones in clinical medicine. Special topics in endocrinology and metabolism, M P Cohen, P P Foa. Alan R. Liss, New York 1982; 4: 93–138
   Google Scholar
• Udenfriend S, Titus E, Weissbach H. The identification of 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid in normal urine and a method for its assay. J Biol Chem 1955; 216: 499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das ML. A rapid, sensitive method for direct estimation of serotonin in whole blood. Biochem Med 1972; 6: 299
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis RB. The concentration of serotonin in normal human serum as determined by an improved method. J Lab Clin Med 1959; 54: 344
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker TP. The determination of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in human blood. J Lab Clin Med 1959; 55: 824
   Google Scholar
• Vinik A I, Moattari AR. The use of somatostatin analogue in the management of the carcinoid syndrome. Am J Dig Dis 1988, In press.
   Google Scholar
• Modlin IM. Carcinoid syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol 1980; 2: 349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrabanek P, Devan P, Cannon D, et al. Substance P in ovarian carcinoid. J Clin Pathol 1980; 33: 160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlman H, Dahlström A, Grönstad K, et al. The pentagastrin test in the diagnosis of the carcinoid syndrome. Ann Surg 1985; 201: 81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan E I, Jaffe B M, Peskin GW. A new provocative test for the diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome. Ann J Surg 1972; 123: 173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conlon J M, Deacon C F, Richter G, Stockman F, Creutzfeldt W. Circulating tachykinins (substance P, neurokinin A and neuropeptide K) and the carcinoid flush. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norheim I, Theodorsson-Norheim E, Brodin E, öberg K. Tachykinins in carcinoid tumors: their use as a tumor marker and possible role in the carcinoid flush. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986; 63: 605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casper R F, Yen S SL, Wilkes MM. Menopausal flushes: A neuroendocrine link with pulsatile leuteinizing hormone secretion. Science 1979; 205: 823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdalla H. Pathophysiology of hot flushes. Obst Gynecol Sem 1985; 40: 338
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaskell P, Melnyk J. The effect of clonidine on vascular reactivity of angiotensin, noradrenaline and vasopresin in conscious rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1984; 149: 775
   Google Scholar
• Sturdee D W, Wilson K A, Pipili E, Corcker AD. Physiological aspects of menopausal hot flush. Br Med J 1978; 2: 79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roger R, Debry G, Lamarche M, Kissel P. Sulfamides hy-poglycemiants et effet antabuse. Presse Med 1964; 72: 661
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld G. Inhibitory influence of ethanol on serotonin metabolism. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1960; 103: 144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald M G, Gaddie R, Malins J M, O'Sullivan DJ. Alcohol sensitivity in diabetics receiving chlorpropamide. Diabetes 1962; 11: 40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disordersed 3. American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC. 1980
   Google Scholar
• Cohen M E, Bodal D W, Kilpatrick A, et al. The high familial prevalence of neurocirculatory asthenia. Am J Hum Genet 1951; 3: 126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan D V, Sheehan K F, Minichiello WE. Age of onset of phobic disorders: A reevaluation. Compr Psychiatry 1981; 22: 544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tashjian AH, Jr., Wolfe H J, Voelkel EF. Human calcitonin: immunologic assay, cytologic localization and studies on medullary thyroid carcinoma. Am J Med 1974; 56: 840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillyard C J, Myers C, Abeyasekena G, et al. Katacalcin: a new plasma calcium-lowering hormone. Lancet 1983; 1: 646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkins F L, Beaven M A, Reiser HR. Dopa decarboxylase in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. N Engl J Med 1973; 289: 545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melvin K EW, Tashjian AH, Jr., Cassidy C E, et al. Cushing's syndrome caused by ACTH and calcitonin-secreting medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Metabolism 1970; 19: 831
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wells SA, Jr., Haagensen DE, Jr., Linehan WM, et al. The detection of elevated plasma levels of carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with suspected or established medullary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 1978; 42: 1498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engbaek F. Serotin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in medullary thyroid carcinoma with or without pheochromocytoma. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1985; 21: 469
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cameron S J, Doig A. Cerebellar tumours presenting with clinical features of phaeochromocytoma. Lancet 1970; 1: 492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvols LK. Metastatic carcinoid tumors and the carcinoid syndrome. A selective review of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy. Am J Med 1986; 81: 49, Suppl 66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maton P N, Camilleri M, Griffin G, Hodgson H, Allison D J, Chadwick VS. The role of hepatic arterial embolization in the carcinoid syndrome. Br Med J 1983; 287: 932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moertel CG. Treatment of the carcinoid tumor and the malignant carcinoid syndrome. J Clin Oncol 1983; 1: 727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyn N E, Kayasseh L, Keller IJ. Gut hormones2nd ed, S R Bloom, J M Polak. Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh 1981; 581–5
   Google Scholar
• Kvols L K, Martin J K, Marsh H M, Moertel CG. Carcinoid crisis: rapid reversal of the life threatening hypotension with a somatostatin analogue. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai S T, Lewis E, Vinik Al. The use of a somatostatin analogue in the management of the flushing syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985; 21: 267, Suppl 119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinik A, Tsai S, Moattari A, Cheung P, Eckhauser Cho K. Somatostatin analogue (SMS 201–995) in the management of gastroenteropancreatic tumors and diarrhea syndromes. Am J Med 1986; 81: 23, Suppl 66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheppard M, Shapiro B, Primstone B, Kronhein S, Berelowitz M, Gregory MJ. Metabolic clearance and plasma half-disappearance time of exogenous somatostatin in man. Clin Endocrin Metab 1979; 48: 50
   Google Scholar
• Bauer W, Briner U, Doepfner W, et al. SMS 201–995: a very potent and selective octapeptide analogue of somatostatin with prolonged action. Life Sci 1982; 31: 1133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frohlich J, Bloomgarden Z, Oates J, et al. The carcinoid flush provocation by pentagastrin and inhibition by somatostatin. N Eng Med 1978; 299: 1055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvols L K, Moertel C G, O'Connell M J, Schutt A J, Rubin J, Hahn R. Treatment of the malignant carcinoid syndrome. Evaluation of a long-acting somatostatin analogue. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter G, Stockmann F, Lembeke B, Conlon J M, Creutzfeldt W. Short-term administration of somatostatin analogue SMS 20–1995 in patients with carcinoid tumors. Scand J Gastroenterol 1986; 21: 193, Suppl 119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santangelo W C, O'Dorisio T M, Kim J G, Severino G, Krejs GJ. Pancreatic cholera syndrome-effect of a synthetic somatostatin analogue on intestinal water and ion transport. Am Intern Med 1985; 103: 363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold R. Lankisch Somatostatin and the gastrointestinal tract. Clin Gastroenterology 1980; 9: 733
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stockmann F, Richter G, Lembeke B, Conlon J M, Creutzfeldt W. Long-term treatment of patients with endocrine gastrointestinal tumours with the somatostatin analogue SMS 201–995. Scand J Gastroenterol 1986; 21: 230, Suppl 119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hengl G, Prager J, Pointner H. The influence of somatostatin on the absorption of triglycerides in partially gastrectomized subjects. Acta Hepato Gastroenterol 1979; 26: 392
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood S M, Kraenzlin M E, Adrian T E, Bloom SR. Treatment of patients with pancreatic endocrine tumors using a new long-acting somatostatin analogue: symtomatic and peptide responses. Gut 1985; 26: 438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole C JM. Myelopathy secondary to metastatic carcinoid tumors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984; 47: 1359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry E M, Maunder C, Wilson M. Carcinoid myopathy and treatment with cyproheptadine (periactin). Gut 1974; 15: 34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green D, Joynt R J, Van Allen MW. Neuromyopathy associated with a malignant carcinoid tumor. Arch Intern Med 1964; 114: 494
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wroe S J, Ardon M, Bouden AR. Myasthenia gravis associated with a hormone producing malignant carcinoid tumor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985; 48: 719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Stern W K, Barnard J L, Jr, Yates RD. Morphologic changes in skeletal muscle induced by serotonin treatment, a light and electron miscroscopy study. Exp Molec Path 1967; 7: 145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraenzlin M E, Ching K C, Wood S M, Carr D H, Bloom SR. Long-term treatment of a VIPoma with somatostatin analogue resulting in remission of symptoms and possible shrinkage of metastases. Gastroenterology 1985; 88: 185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar