2,544
Views
45
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Articles

Molecular PET imaging for biology-guided adaptive radiotherapy of head and neck cancer

, , , &
Pages 1257-1271 | Received 29 Apr 2013, Accepted 25 May 2013, Published online: 05 Sep 2013

References

  • Blanchard P, Baujat B, Holostenco V, Bourredjem A, Baey C, Bourhis J, et al. Meta-analysis of chemotherapy in head and neck cancer (MACH-NC): A comprehensive analysis by tumour site. Radiother Oncol 2011;100:33–40.
  • Bonner JA, Harari PM, Giralt J, Cohen RB, Jones CU, Sur RK, et al. Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer: 5-year survival data from a phase 3 randomised trial, and relation between cetuximab-induced rash and survival. Lancet Oncol 2010;11:21–8.
  • Pignon JP, le Maitre A, Maillard E, Bourhis J. Meta-analysis of chemotherapy in head and neck cancer (MACH-NC): An update on 93 randomised trials and 17,346 patients. Radiother Oncol 2009;92:4–14.
  • Gregoire V, Jeraj R, Lee JA, O’Sullivan B. Radiotherapy for head and neck tumours in 2012 and beyond: Conformal, tailored, and adaptive?Lancet Oncol 2012;13:e292–300.
  • Buerkle A, Weber WA. Imaging of tumor glucose utilization with positron emission tomography. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2008;27:545–54.
  • Busk M, Horsman MR, Kristjansen PE, van der Kogel AJ, Bussink J, Overgaard J. Aerobic glycolysis in cancers: Implications for the usability of oxygen-responsive genes and fluorodeoxyglucose-PET as markers of tissue hypoxia. Int J Cancer 2008;122:2726–34.
  • Yamada T, Uchida M, Kwang-Lee K, Kitamura N, Yoshimura T, Sasabe E, et al. Correlation of metabolism/hypoxia markers and fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012;113:464–71.
  • Buck AK, Halter G, Schirrmeister H, Kotzerke J, Wurziger I, Glatting G, et al. Imaging proliferation in lung tumors with PET: 18F-FLT versus 18F-FDG. J Nucl Med 2003;44:1426–31.
  • Taylor MD, Smith PW, Brix WK, Wick MR, Theodosakis N, Swenson BR, et al. Correlations between selected tumor markers and fluorodeoxyglucose maximal standardized uptake values in esophageal cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2009;35:699–705.
  • Ma WW, Jacene H, Song D, Vilardell F, Messersmith WA, Laheru D, et al. [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography correlates with Akt pathway activity but is not predictive of clinical outcome during mTOR inhibitor therapy. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:2697–704.
  • Nguyen QD, Perumal M, Waldman TA, Aboagye EO. Glucose metabolism measured by [(1)(8)F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography is independent of PTEN/AKT status in human colon carcinoma cells. Transl Oncol 2011;4:241–8.
  • Deron P, Vangestel C, Goethals I, De Potter A, Peeters M, Vermeersch H, et al. FDG uptake in primary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The relationship between overexpression of glucose transporters and hexokinases, tumour proliferation and apoptosis. Nuklearmedizin 2011;50:15–21.
  • Delouya G, Igidbashian L, Houle A, Belair M, Boucher L, Cohade C, et al. (1)(8)F-FDG-PET imaging in radiotherapy tumor volume delineation in treatment of head and neck cancer. Radiother Oncol 2011;101:362–8.
  • Strauss LG. Fluorine-18 deoxyglucose and false-positive results: A major problem in the diagnostics of oncological patients. Eur J Nucl Med 1996;23:1409–15.
  • Kyzas PA, Evangelou E, Denaxa-Kyza D, Ioannidis JP. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to evaluate cervical node metastases in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A meta-analysis. JNCI 2008;100:712–20.
  • Nishioka T, Shiga T, Shirato H, Tsukamoto E, Tsuchiya K, Kato T, et al. Image fusion between 18FDG-PET and MRI/CT for radiotherapy planning of oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;53:1051–7.
  • Daisne JF, Duprez T, Weynand B, Lonneux M, Hamoir M, Reychler H, et al. Tumor volume in pharyngolaryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Comparison at CT, MR imaging, and FDG PET and validation with surgical specimen. Radiology 2004;233:93–100.
  • Geets X, Daisne JF, Tomsej M, Duprez T, Lonneux M, Gregoire V. Impact of the type of imaging modality on target volumes delineation and dose distribution in pharyngo-laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Comparison between pre- and per-treatment studies. Radiother Oncol 2006;78:291–7.
  • Riegel AC, Berson AM, Destian S, Ng T, Tena LB, Mitnick RJ, et al. Variability of gross tumor volume delineation in head-and-neck cancer using CT and PET/CT fusion. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006;65:726–32.
  • Geets X, Lee JA, Bol A, Lonneux M, Gregoire V. A gradient-based method for segmenting FDG-PET images: Methodology and validation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007;34:1427–38.
  • Ashamalla H, Guirgius A, Bieniek E, Rafla S, Evola A, Goswami G, et al. The impact of positron emission tomography/computed tomography in edge delineation of gross tumor volume for head and neck cancers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;68:388–95.
  • Breen SL, Publicover J, De Silva S, Pond G, Brock K, O’Sullivan B, et al. Intraobserver and interobserver variability in GTV delineation on FDG-PET-CT images of head and neck cancers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;68:763–70.
  • Deantonio L, Beldi D, Gambaro G, Loi G, Brambilla M, Inglese E, et al. FDG-PET/CT imaging for staging and radiotherapy treatment planning of head and neck carcinoma. Radiat Oncol 2008;3:29.
  • Thiagarajan A, Caria N, Schoder H, Iyer NG, Wolden S, Wong RJ, et al. Target volume delineation in oropharyngeal cancer: Impact of PET, MRI, and physical examination. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;83:220–7.
  • Perez-Romasanta LA, Bellon-Guardia M, Torres-Donaire J, Lozano-Martin E, Sanz-Martin M, Velasco-Jimenez J. Tumor volume delineation in head and neck cancer with 18-fluor-fluorodeoxiglucose positron emission tomography: Adaptive thresholding method applied to primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes. Clin Transl Oncol 2013;15: 283–93.
  • Moule RN, Kayani I, Moinuddin SA, Meer K, Lemon C, Goodchild K, et al. The potential advantages of (18)FDG PET/CT-based target volume delineation in radiotherapy planning of head and neck cancer. Radiother Oncol 2010;97:189–93.
  • van Dalen JA, Hoffmann AL, Dicken V, Vogel WV, Wiering B, Ruers TJ, et al. A novel iterative method for lesion delineation and volumetric quantification with FDG PET. Nucl Med Commun 2007;28:485–93.
  • Geets X, Tomsej M, Lee JA, Duprez T, Coche E, Cosnard G, et al. Adaptive biological image-guided IMRT with anatomic and functional imaging in pharyngo-laryngeal tumors: Impact on target volume delineation and dose distribution using helical tomotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2007;85:105–15.
  • Castadot P, Geets X, Lee JA, Christian N, Gregoire V. Assessment by a deformable registration method of the volumetric and positional changes of target volumes and organs at risk in pharyngo-laryngeal tumors treated with concomitant chemo-radiation. Radiother Oncol 2010;95: 209–17.
  • Han D, Bayouth J, Song Q, Taurani A, Sonka M, Buatti J, et al. Globally optimal tumor segmentation in PET-CT images: A graph-based co-segmentation method. Inf Process Med Imaging 2011;22:245–56.
  • Hatt M, Cheze-Le Rest C, Aboagye EO, Kenny LM, Rosso L, Turkheimer FE, et al. Reproducibility of 18F-FDG and 3’-deoxy-3’-18F-fluorothymidine PET tumor volume measurements. J Nucl Med 2010;51:1368–76.
  • Schinagl DA, Vogel WV, Hoffmann AL, van Dalen JA, Oyen WJ, Kaanders JH. Comparison of five segmentation tools for 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose-positron emission tomography-based target volume definition in head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;69: 1282–9.
  • Caldas-Magalhaes J, Kasperts N, Kooij N, van den Berg CA, Terhaard CH, Raaijmakers CP, et al. Validation of imaging with pathology in laryngeal cancer: Accuracy of the registration methodology. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;82:e289–98.
  • Zaidi H, Abdoli M, Fuentes CL, El Naqa IM. Comparative methods for PET image segmentation in pharyngolaryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012;39:881–91.
  • Schinagl DA, Hoffmann AL, Vogel WV, van Dalen JA, Verstappen SM, Oyen W, et al. Can FDG-PET assist in radiotherapy target volume definition of metastatic lymph nodes in head-and-neck cancer?Radiat Oncol 2009;91: 95–100.
  • Schwartz DL, Ford EC, Rajendran J, Yueh B, Coltrera MD, Virgin J, et al. FDG-PET/CT-guided intensity modulated head and neck radiotherapy: A pilot investigation. Head Neck 2005;27:478–87.
  • Vanderstraeten B, Duthoy W, De Gersem W, De Neve W, Thierens H.[18F]fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography ([18F]FDG-PET) voxel intensity-based intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for head and neck cancer. Radiother Oncol 2006;79:249–58.
  • Madani I, Duthoy W, Derie C, De Gersem W, Boterberg T, Saerens M, et al. Positron emission tomography-guided, focal-dose escalation using intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;68:126–35.
  • Rothschild S, Studer G, Seifert B, Huguenin P, Glanzmann C, Davis JB, et al. PET/CT staging followed by intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) improves treatment outcome of locally advanced pharyngeal carcinoma: A matched-pair comparison. Radiat Oncol 2007;2:22.
  • Vernon MR, Maheshwari M, Schultz CJ, Michel MA, Wong SJ, Campbell BH, et al. Clinical outcomes of patients receiving integrated PET/CT-guided radiotherapy for head and neck carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 70:678–84.
  • Hentschel M, Appold S, Schreiber A, Abramyuk A, Abolmaali N, Kotzerke J, et al. Serial FDG-PET on patients with head and neck cancer: Implications for radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Biol 2009;85:796–804.
  • Moule RN, Kayani I, Prior T, Lemon C, Goodchild K, Sanghera B, et al. Adaptive 18fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography-based target volume delineation in radiotherapy planning of head and neck cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2011; 23:364–71.
  • Bentzen SM. Theragnostic imaging for radiation oncology: Dose-painting by numbers. Lancet Oncol 2005;6: 112–7.
  • Madani I, Duprez F, Boterberg T, Van de Wiele C, Bonte K, Deron P, et al. Maximum tolerated dose in a phase I trial on adaptive dose painting by numbers for head and neck cancer. Radiother Oncol 2011;101:351–5.
  • Schwartz DL, Garden AS, Thomas J, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Lewin J, et al. Adaptive radiotherapy for head-and-neck cancer: Initial clinical outcomes from a prospective trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;83:986–93.
  • Kim YS, Roh J-L, Kim MR, Kim JS, Choi S-H, Nam SY, et al. Use of 18F-FDG PET for primary treatment strategy in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. J Nucl Med 2007;48:752–7.
  • Linecker A, Kermer C, Sulzbacher I, Angelberger P, Kletter K, Dudczak R, et al. Uptake of (18)F-FLT and (18)F-FDG in primary head and neck cancer correlates with survival. Nuklearmedizin 2008;47:80–5.
  • Seol YM, Kwon BR, Song MK, Choi YJ, Shin HJ, Chung JS, et al. Measurement of tumor volume by PET to evaluate prognosis in patients with head and neck cancer treated by chemo-radiation therapy. Acta Oncol 2010;49:201–8.
  • Dibble EH, Alvarez AC, Truong MT, Mercier G, Cook EF, Subramaniam RM. 18F-FDG metabolic tumor volume and total glycolytic activity of oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer: Adding value to clinical staging. J Nucl Med 2012;53:709–15.
  • Schinagl DA, Span PN, Oyen WJ, Kaanders JH. Can FDG PET predict radiation treatment outcome in head and neck cancer?Results of a prospective study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011;38:1449–58.
  • Hoshikawa H, Kishino T, Nishiyama Y, Yamamoto Y, Yonezaki M, Mori N. Early prediction of local control in head and neck cancer after chemoradiotherapy by FDG-PET. Nucl Med Commun 2011;32:684–9.
  • Isles MG, McConkey C, Mehanna HM. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the role of positron emission tomography in the follow up of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma following radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Clin Otolaryngol 2008;33:210–22.
  • Schoder H, Fury M, Lee N, Kraus D. PET monitoring of therapy response in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Nucl Med 2009;50(Suppl 1):74S–88S.
  • Brun E, Kjellen E, Tennvall J, Ohlsson T, Sandell A, Perfekt R, et al. FDG PET studies during treatment: prediction of therapy outcome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2002;24:127–35.
  • Hentschel M, Appold S, Schreiber A, Abolmaali N, Abramyuk A, Dorr W, et al. Early FDG PET at 10 or 20 Gy under chemoradiotherapy is prognostic for locoregional control and overall survival in patients with head and neck cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011;38:1203–11.
  • Castaldi P, Rufini V, Bussu F, Micciche F, Dinapoli N, Autorino R, et al. Can “early” and “late”(18)F-FDG PET-CT be used as prognostic factors for the clinical outcome of patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer treated with radio-chemotherapy?Radiother Oncol 2012;103:63–8.
  • Huang SH, Chien CY, Lin WC, Fang FM, Wang PW, Lui CC, et al. A comparative study of fused FDG PET/MRI, PET/CT, MRI, and CT imaging for assessing surrounding tissue invasion of advanced buccal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Nucl Med 2011;36:518–25.
  • Cheebsumon P, Yaqub M, van Velden FH, Hoekstra OS, Lammertsma AA, Boellaard R. Impact of [(1)(8)F]FDG PET imaging parameters on automatic tumour delineation: Need for improved tumour delineation methodology. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011;38:2136–44.
  • Lee JA. Segmentation of positron emission tomography images: Some recommendations for target delineation in radiation oncology. Radiother Oncol 2010;96:302–7.
  • Boellaard R. Standards for PET image acquisition and quantitative data analysis. J Nucl Med 2009;50(Suppl 1):11S–20S.
  • Soto DE, Kessler ML, Piert M, Eisbruch A. Correlation between pretreatment FDG-PET biological target volume and anatomical location of failure after radiation therapy for head and neck cancers. Radiother Oncol 2008;89: 13–8.
  • Brizel DM, Sibley GS, Prosnitz LR, Scher RL, Dewhirst MW. Tumor hypoxia adversely affects the prognosis of carcinoma of the head and neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997;38:285–9.
  • Vaupel P. The role of hypoxia-induced factors in tumor progression. Oncologist 2004;9(Suppl 5):10–7.
  • Nordsmark M, Bentzen SM, Rudat V, Brizel D, Lartigau E, Stadler P, et al. Prognostic value of tumor oxygenation in 397 head and neck tumors after primary radiation therapy. An international multi-center study. Radiother Oncol 2005; 77:18–24.
  • Kaanders JH, Wijffels KI, Marres HA, Ljungkvist AS, Pop LA, van den Hoogen FJ, et al. Pimonidazole binding and tumor vascularity predict for treatment outcome in head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 2002;62:7066–74.
  • Janssens GO, Rademakers SE, Terhaard CH, Doornaert PA, Bijl HP, van den Ende P, et al. Accelerated radiotherapy with carbogen and nicotinamide for laryngeal cancer: Results of a phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:1777–83.
  • Overgaard J, Hansen HS, Overgaard M, Bastholt L, Berthelsen A, Specht L, et al. A randomized double-blind phase III study of nimorazole as a hypoxic radiosensitizer of primary radiotherapy in supraglottic larynx and pharynx carcinoma. Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Study (DAHANCA) Protocol 5-85. Radiother Oncol 1998;46:135–46.
  • Overgaard J. Hypoxic modification of radiotherapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiother Oncol 2011;100: 22–32.
  • Nordsmark M, Eriksen JG, Gebski V, Alsner J, Horsman MR, Overgaard J. Differential risk assessments from five hypoxia specific assays: The basis for biologically adapted individualized radiotherapy in advanced head and neck cancer patients. Radiother Oncol 2007;83:389–97.
  • Busk M, Horsman MR, Jakobsen S, Bussink J, van der Kogel A, Overgaard J. Cellular uptake of PET tracers of glucose metabolism and hypoxia and their linkage. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008;35:2294–303.
  • Rajendran JG, Mankoff DA, O’Sullivan F, Peterson LM, Schwartz DL, Conrad EU, et al. Hypoxia and glucose metabolism in malignant tumors: Evaluation by [18F]fluoromisonidazole and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:2245–52.
  • Rasey JS, Grunbaum Z, Magee S, Nelson NJ, Olive PL, Durand RE, et al. Characterization of radiolabeled fluoromisonidazole as a probe for hypoxic cells. Radiat Res 1987;111:292–304.
  • Troost EG, Laverman P, Philippens ME, Lok J, van der Kogel AJ, Oyen WJ, et al. Correlation of [(18)F]FMISO autoradiography and pimonodazole immunohistochemistry in human head and neck carcinoma xenografts. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008;35:1803–11.
  • Gagel B, Piroth M, Pinkawa M, Reinartz P, Zimny M, Kaiser HJ, et al. pO polarography, contrast enhanced color duplex sonography (CDS), [18F] fluoromisonidazole and [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography: Validated methods for the evaluation of therapy-relevant tumor oxygenation or only bricks in the puzzle of tumor hypoxia?BMC Cancer 2007;7:113.
  • Mortensen LS, Buus S, Nordsmark M, Bentzen L, Munk OL, Keiding S, et al. Identifying hypoxia in human tumors: A correlation study between 18F-FMISO PET and the Eppendorf oxygen-sensitive electrode. Acta Oncol 2010; 49:934–40.
  • Koh WJ, Rasey JS, Evans ML, Grierson JR, Lewellen TK, Graham MM, et al. Imaging of hypoxia in human tumors with [F-18]fluoromisonidazole. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992;22:199–212.
  • Abolmaali N, Haase R, Koch A, Zips D, Steinbach J, Baumann M, et al. Two or four hour [18F]FMISO-PET in HNSCC. When is the contrast best?Nuklearmedizin 2011; 50:22–7.
  • Thorwarth D, Eschmann SM, Paulsen F, Alber M. A kinetic model for dynamic [18F]-Fmiso PET data to analyse tumour hypoxia. Phys Med Biol 2005;50:2209–24.
  • Komar G, Seppanen M, Eskola O, Lindholm P, Gronroos TJ, Forsback S, et al. 18F-EF5: A new PET tracer for imaging hypoxia in head and neck cancer. J Nucl Med 2008;49:1944–51.
  • Mahy P, Geets X, Lonneux M, Leveque P, Christian N, De Bast M, et al. Determination of tumour hypoxia with [(18)F]EF3 in patients with head and neck tumours: A phase I study to assess the tracer pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and metabolism. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008;35: 1282–9.
  • Busk M, Horsman MR, Jakobsen S, Keiding S, van der Kogel AJ, Bussink J, et al. Imaging hypoxia in xenografted and murine tumors with 18F-fluoroazomycin arabinoside: A comparative study involving microPET, autoradiography, PO2-polarography, and fluorescence microscopy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008;70:1202–12.
  • Souvatzoglou M, Grosu AL, Roper B, Krause BJ, Beck R, Reischl G, et al. Tumour hypoxia imaging with [18F]FAZA PET in head and neck cancer patients: A pilot study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007;34:1566–75.
  • Postema EJ, McEwan AJ, Riauka TA, Kumar P, Richmond DA, Abrams DN, et al. Initial results of hypoxia imaging using 1-alpha-D: -(5-deoxy-5-[(18)F]- fluoroarabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole ((18)F-FAZA). Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009;36:1565–73.
  • Mortensen LS, Johansen J, Kallehauge J, Primdahl H, Busk M, Lassen P, et al. FAZA PET/CT hypoxia imaging in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck treated with radiotherapy: Results from the DAHANCA 24 trial. Radiother Oncol 2012;105:14–20.
  • Chen L, Zhang Z, Kolb HC, Walsh JC, Zhang J, Guan Y. (1)(8)F-HX4 hypoxia imaging with PET/CT in head and neck cancer: A comparison with (1)(8)F-FMISO. Nucl Med Commun 2012;33:1096–102.
  • Lehtio K, Oikonen V, Gronroos T, Eskola O, Kalliokoski K, Bergman J, et al. Imaging of blood flow and hypoxia in head and neck cancer: Initial evaluation with [(15)O]H(2)O and [(18)F]fluoroerythronitroimidazole PET. J Nucl Med 2001; 42:1643–52.
  • Fujibayashi Y, Taniuchi H, Yonekura Y, Ohtani H, Konishi J, Yokoyama A. Copper-62-ATSM: A new hypoxia imaging agent with high membrane permeability and low redox potential. J Nucl Med 1997;38:1155–60.
  • Holland JP, Lewis JS, Dehdashti F. Assessing tumor hypoxia by positron emission tomography with Cu-ATSM. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009;53:193–200.
  • Minagawa Y, Shizukuishi K, Koike I, Horiuchi C, Watanuki K, Hata M, et al. Assessment of tumor hypoxia by 62Cu-ATSM PET/CT as a predictor of response in head and neck cancer: A pilot study. Ann Nucl Med 2011; 25:339–45.
  • Troost EG, Bussink J, Kaanders JH, van EJ, Peters JP, Rijken PF, et al. Comparison of different methods of CAIX quantification in relation to hypoxia in three human head and neck tumor lines. Radiother Oncol 2005;76: 194–9.
  • Hoeben BA, Kaanders JH, Franssen GM, Troost EG, Rijken PF, Oosterwijk E, et al. PET of hypoxia with 89Zr-labeled cG250-F(ab’)2 in head and neck tumors. J Nucl Med 2010;51:1076–83.
  • Ljungkvist AS, Bussink J, Kaanders JH, Rijken PF, Begg AC, Raleigh JA, et al. Hypoxic cell turnover in different solid tumor lines. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005;62: 1157–68.
  • Monnich D, Troost EG, Kaanders JH, Oyen WJ, Alber M, Thorwarth D. Modelling and simulation of [18F]fluoromisonidazole dynamics based on histology-derived microvessel maps. Phys Med Biol 2011;56:2045–57.
  • Nehmeh SA, Lee NY, Schroder H, Squire O, Zanzonico PB, Erdi YE, et al. Reproducibility of intratumor distribution of (18)F-fluoromisonidazole in head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008;70:235–42.
  • Okamoto S, Shiga T, Yasuda K, Ito YM, Magota K, Kasai K, et al. High reproducibility of tumor hypoxia evaluated by 18F-fluoromisonidazole PET for head and neck cancer. J Nucl Med 2013;54:201–7.
  • Chao KS, Bosch WR, Mutic S, Lewis JS, Dehdashti F, Mintun MA, et al. A novel approach to overcome hypoxic tumor resistance: Cu-ATSM-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 49:1171–82.
  • Dalah E, Bradley D, Nisbet A. Simulation of tissue activity curves of (64)Cu-ATSM for sub-target volume delineation in radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2010;55:681–94.
  • Alber M, Paulsen F, Eschmann SM, Machulla HJ. On biologically conformal boost dose optimization. Phys Med Biol 2003;48:N31–5.
  • Rajendran JG, Hendrickson KR, Spence AM, Muzi M, Krohn KA, Mankoff DA. Hypoxia imaging-directed radiation treatment planning. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006;33(Suppl 13):44–53.
  • Grosu AL, Souvatzoglou M, Roper B, Dobritz M, Wiedenmann N, Jacob V, et al. Hypoxia imaging with FAZA-PET and theoretical considerations with regard to dose painting for individualization of radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;69:541–51.
  • Lee NY, Mechalakos JG, Nehmeh S, Lin Z, Squire OD, Cai S, et al. Fluorine-18-labeled fluoromisonidazole positron emission and computed tomography-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: A feasibility study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008;70: 2–13.
  • Choi W, Lee SW, Park SH, Ryu JS, Oh SJ, Im KC, et al. Planning study for available dose of hypoxic tumor volume using fluorine-18-labeled fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography for treatment of the head and neck cancer. Radiother Oncol 2010;97:176–82.
  • Hendrickson K, Phillips M, Smith W, Peterson L, Krohn K, Rajendran J. Hypoxia imaging with [F-18] FMISO-PET in head and neck cancer: Potential for guiding intensity modulated radiation therapy in overcoming hypoxia-induced treatment resistance. Radiother Oncol 2011;101: 369–75.
  • Chang JH, Wada M, Anderson NJ, Lim Joon D, Lee ST, Gong SJ, et al. Hypoxia-targeted radiotherapy dose painting for head and neck cancer using (18)F-FMISO PET: A biological modeling study. Acta Oncol Epub 2013 Jan 15.
  • Lin Z, Mechalakos J, Nehmeh S, Schoder H, Lee N, Humm J, et al. The influence of changes in tumor hypoxia on dose-painting treatment plans based on 18F-FMISO positron emission tomography. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008;70:1219–28.
  • Thorwarth D, Eschmann SM, Paulsen F, Alber M. Hypoxia dose painting by numbers: A planning study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;68:291–300.
  • Toma-Dasu I, Uhrdin J, Antonovic L, Dasu A, Nuyts S, Dirix P, et al. Dose prescription and treatment planning based on FMISO-PET hypoxia. Acta Oncol 2012;51: 222–30.
  • Korreman SS, Ulrich S, Bowen S, Deveau M, Bentzen SM, Jeraj R. Feasibility of dose painting using volumetric modulated arc optimization and delivery. Acta Oncol 2010; 49:964–71.
  • Thorwarth D, Eschmann SM, Paulsen F, Alber M. A model of reoxygenation dynamics of head-and-neck tumors based on serial 18F-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography investigations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007;68:515–21.
  • Eschmann SM, Paulsen F, Reimold M, Dittmann H, Welz S, Reischl G, et al. Prognostic impact of hypoxia imaging with 18F-misonidazole PET in non-small cell lung cancer and head and neck cancer before radiotherapy. J Nucl Med 2005;46:253–60.
  • Rajendran JG, Schwartz DL, O’Sullivan J, Peterson LM, Ng P, Scharnhorst J, et al. Tumor hypoxia imaging with [F-18] fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography in head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12: 5435–41.
  • Rischin D, Hicks RJ, Fisher R, Binns D, Corry J, Porceddu S, et al. Prognostic significance of [18F]-misonidazole positron emission tomography-detected tumor hypoxia in patients with advanced head and neck cancer randomly assigned to chemoradiation with or without tirapazamine: A substudy of Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group Study 98.02. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:2098–104.
  • Kikuchi M, Yamane T, Shinohara S, Fujiwara K, Hori SY, Tona Y, et al. 18F-fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography before treatment is a predictor of radiotherapy outcome and survival prognosis in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Nucl Med 2011; 25:625–33.
  • Lee N, Nehmeh S, Schoder H, Fury M, Chan K, Ling CC, et al. Prospective trial incorporating pre-/mid-treatment [(18)F]-misonidazole positron emission tomography for head-and-neck cancer patients undergoing concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;75: 101–8.
  • Zips D, Zophel K, Abolmaali N, Perrin R, Abramyuk A, Haase R, et al. Exploratory prospective trial of hypoxia-specific PET imaging during radiochemotherapy in patients with locally advanced head-and-neck cancer. Radiother Oncol 2012;105:21–8.
  • Rischin D, Peters LJ, O’Sullivan B, Giralt J, Fisher R, Yuen K, et al. Tirapazamine, cisplatin, and radiation versus cisplatin and radiation for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (TROG 02.02, HeadSTART): A phase III trial of the Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:2989–95.
  • Kim JJ, Tannock IF. Repopulation of cancer cells during therapy: An important cause of treatment failure. Nat Rev Cancer 2005;5:516–25.
  • Fu KK, Pajak TF, Trotti A, Jones CU, Spencer SA, Phillips TL, et al. A Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) phase III randomized study to compare hyperfractionation and two variants of accelerated fractionation to standard fractionation radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: First report of RTOG 9003. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;48: 7–16.
  • Overgaard J, Hansen HS, Specht L, Overgaard M, Grau C, Andersen E, et al. Five compared with six fractions per week of conventional radiotherapy of squamous-cell carcinoma of head and neck: DAHANCA 6 and 7 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;362:933–40.
  • Bonner JA, Harari PM, Giralt J, Azarnia N, Shin DM, Cohen RB, et al. Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. NEJM 2006;354:567–78.
  • Rütten H, Pop LA, Janssens GO, Takes RP, Knuijt S, Rooijakkers AF, et al. Long-term outcome and morbidity after treatment with accelerated radiotherapy and weekly cisplatin for locally advanced head-and-neck cancer: Results of a multidisciplinary late morbidity clinic. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;81:923–9.
  • Shields AF, Grierson JR, Dohmen BM, Machulla HJ, Stayanoff JC, Lawhorn-Crews JM, et al. Imaging proliferation in vivo with [F-18]FLT and positron emission tomography. Nat Med 1998;4:1334–6.
  • Rasey JS, Grierson JR, Wiens LW, Kolb PD, Schwartz JL. Validation of FLT uptake as a measure of thymidine kinase-1 activity in A549 carcinoma cells. J Nucl Med 2002;43:1210–7.
  • Kenny LM, Vigushin DM, Al-Nahhas A, Osman S, Luthra SK, Shousha S, et al. Quantification of cellular proliferation in tumor and normal tissues of patients with breast cancer by [18F]fluorothymidine-positron emission tomography imaging: Evaluation of analytical methods. Cancer Res 2005;65:10104–12.
  • Yap CS, Czernin J, Fishbein MC, Cameron RB, Schiepers C, Phelps ME, et al. Evaluation of thoracic tumors with 18F-fluorothymidine and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography. Chest 2006;129:393–401.
  • Cobben DC, Elsinga PH, Suurmeijer AJ, Vaalburg W, Maas B, Jager PL, et al. Detection and grading of soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities with (18)F-3’-fluoro-3’-deoxy-L-thymidine. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:1685–90.
  • Troost EG, Bussink J, Slootweg PJ, Peeters WJ, Merkx MA, van der Kogel AJ, et al. Histopathologic validation of 3’-deoxy-3’-18F-fluorothymidine PET in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. J Nucl Med 2010;51:713–9.
  • Troost EG, Vogel WV, Merkx MA, Slootweg PJ, Marres HA, Peeters WJ, et al. 18F-FLT PET does not discriminate between reactive and metastatic lymph nodes in primary head and neck cancer patients. J Nucl Med 2007;48: 726–35.
  • de Langen AJ, Klabbers B, Lubberink M, Boellaard R, Spreeuwenberg MD, Slotman BJ, et al. Reproducibility of quantitative 18F-3’-deoxy-3’-fluorothymidine measurements using positron emission tomography. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009;36:389–95.
  • Molthoff CF, Klabbers BM, Berkhof J, Felten JT, van Gelder M, Windhorst AD, et al. Monitoring response to radiotherapy in human squamous cell cancer bearing nude mice: Comparison of 2’-deoxy-2’-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) and 3’-[18F]fluoro-3’-deoxythymidine (FLT). Mol Imaging Biol 2007;9:340–7.
  • Troost EG, Bussink J, Hoffmann AL, Boerman OC, Oyen WJ, Kaanders JH. 18F-FLT PET/CT for early response monitoring and dose escalation in oropharyngeal tumors. J Nucl Med 2010;51:866–74.
  • Menda Y, Boles Ponto LL, Dornfeld KJ, Tewson TJ, Watkins GL, Schultz MK, et al. Kinetic analysis of 3’-deoxy-3’-(18)F-fluorothymidine ((18)F-FLT) in head and neck cancer patients before and early after initiation of chemoradiation therapy. J Nucl Med 2009;50:1028–35.
  • Barney BM, Lowe V, Okuno SH, Kep BJ, Jacobson MS, Price KA, et al. A pilot study comparing FLT-PET and FDG-PET in the evaluation of response to cetuximab and radiation therapy in advanced head and neck malignancies. Nucl Med Radiat Ther 2012;3:1.
  • Hoeben BA, Troost EG, Span PN, Herpen CM, Bussink J, Oyen W, et al. 18F-FLT PET during radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is an early predictor of outcome. J Nucl Med 2013;54:532–40.
  • Kishino T, Hoshikawa H, Nishiyama Y, Yamamoto Y, Mori N. Usefulness of 3’-deoxy-3’-18F-fluorothymidine PET for predicting early response to chemoradiotherapy in head and neck cancer. J Nucl Med 2012;53:1521–7.
  • Hoshikawa H, Mori T, Kishino T, Yamamoto Y, Inamoto R, Akiyama K, et al. Changes in (18)F-fluorothymidine and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging in patients with head and neck cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy. Ann Nucl Med 2013;27:363–70.
  • McKinley ET, Ayers GD, Smith RA, Saleh SA, Zhao P, Washington MK, et al. Limits of [(18)F]-FLT PET as a biomarker of proliferation in oncology. PloS One 2013; 8:e58938.
  • Dirix P, Vandecaveye V, De Keyzer F, Stroobants S, Hermans R, Nuyts S. Dose painting in radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Value of repeated functional imaging with (18)F-FDG PET, (18)F-fluoromisonidazole PET, diffusion-weighted MRI, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. J Nucl Med 2009;50:1020–7.
  • Thorwarth D, Beyer T, Boellaard R, de Ruysscher D, Grgic A, Lee JA, et al. Integration of FDG-PET/CT into external beam radiation therapy planning: Technical aspects and recommendations on methodological approaches. Nuklearmedizin 2012;51:140–53.
  • McCall KC, Barbee DL, Kissick MW, Jeraj R. PET imaging for the quantification of biologically heterogeneous tumours: Measuring the effect of relative position on image-based quantification of dose-painting targets. Phys Med Biol 2010;55:2789–806.
  • Busk M, Horsman MR, Overgaard J. Resolution in PET hypoxia imaging: Voxel size matters. Acta Oncol 2008; 47:1201–10.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.