The importance of being earnest about shank and thigh kinematics especially when using ankle-foot orthoses

References

• Gage JR. Gait analysis in cerebral palsy. Clinics in developmental medicine, No. 121. London: MacKeith Press; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Inman VT, Ralston HJ, Todd F. Human walking. Baltimore. Williams and Wilkins; 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Perry J. Gait analysis. Normal and pathological function. Thorofare, NJ: Slack Inc.; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Sutherland DH, Olshen RA, Biden EN, Wyatt MP. The development of mature walking. Clinics in developmental medicine. No. 104/105. London: MacKeith Press; 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Winter DA. Biomechanics and motor control of human movement. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Borghese NA, Bianchi L, Lacquaniti F. Kinematic determinants of human locomotion. J Physiol 1996;494(3):863–879.
   Google Scholar
• Pratt E, Durham S, Ewins D. Normal databases for orthotic tuning in children. Gait Posture 2007;26S:92.
   Google Scholar
• Owen E. Shank angle to floor measures and tuning of Ankle-foot orthosis footwear combinations for children with cerebral palsy, spina bifida and other conditions. MSc Thesis, Glasgow: University of Strathclyde; 2004. Available from the website: [email protected]
   Google Scholar
• Owen E. Shank angle to floor measures of tuned ‘ankle-foot orthosis footwear combinations’ used with children with cerebral palsy, spina bifida and other conditions. Gait Posture 2002;16(Supp. 1):S132–S133.
   Google Scholar
• Meadows CB, Bowers R, Owen E. Chapter 22. Biomechanics of hip knee and ankle. In: AAOS atlas of orthoses and assistive devices. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Connolly P, Walsh M, Jenkinson A, O'Brien T. Paradoxical movement of the tibia in patients with cerebral palsy. Gait Posture 1999;10:59.
   Google Scholar
• Eberhart HD, Inman VT, Bresler B. The principal elements of locomotion. In: Klopsteg PE, Wilson PD, editors. Human limbs and their substitutes. New York; Hafner; 1954.
   Google Scholar
• Grasso R, Bianchi L, Lacquaniti F. Motor patterns for human gait: Backward versus forward locomotion. J Neurophysiology 1998;80(4):1868–1685.
   Google Scholar
• Ivanenko YP, Dominici N, Cappellini G et al Development of pendular mechanism and kinematic coordination from the first unsupported steps in toddlers. J Exp Biol 2004;207:3787–3810.
   Google Scholar
• Ivanenko YP, Cappellini G, Dominici N, et al Modular control of limb movements during human locomotion. J Neuroscience 2007;27(41):11149–11161.
   Google Scholar
• Perry J. Kinesiology of lower extremity bracing. Clin Orthop 1974;102:18–31.
   Google Scholar
• American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Atlas of orthotics: Biomechanical principles and applications. 2nd ed. St Louis, MO: CV Mosby. 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Sutherland DH, Cooper L, Daniel D. The role of the ankle plantar flexors in normal walking. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1980;62:354–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuzzo RM. Dynamic bracing: Elastics for patients with cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy and myelodysplasia. Clin Orthop 1980;148:263–273.
   Google Scholar
• Nuzzo RM. High-performance activity with below-knee cast treatment. Part 1: Mechanics and demonstration Orthopedics 1983;6:713–723.
   Google Scholar
• Nuzzo RM. High-performance activity with below-knee cast treatment. Part 2: Clinical application and the weak link hypothesis. Orthopedics 1983;6:817–830.
   Google Scholar
• Saunders JBM, Inman VT, Eberhart HD. The major determinants in normal and pathological gait. J Bone Joint Surg 1953;35A:543–558.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson NS, Taylor TC, McCarthy KR, Cosgrove AP, Baker RJ. Effect of a rigid ankle-foot orthosis on hamstring length in children with hemiplegia. Dev Med Child Neurol 2002;44:51–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray MP. Gait as a total pattern of movement. Am J Phys Med 1967;46(1):290–333.
   Google Scholar
• Owen E. How should we define the rockers of gait and are there three or four? Gait Posture 2009;30S:49.
   Google Scholar
• Butler PB, Nene AV. The biomechanics of fixed ankle foot orthoses and their potential in the management of cerebral palsied children. Physiotherapy 1991;77:81–88.
   Google Scholar
• Owen E. A clinical algorithm for the design and tuning of ankle-foot orthosis footwear combinations (AFOFCs) based on shank kinematics. Gait Posture 2005;22S:36–37.
   Google Scholar
• Meadows CB. The influence of polypropylene ankle-foot orthoses on the gait of cerebral palsied children. PhD Thesis, Glasgow: University of Strathclyde; 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Owen E, Bowers R, Meadows CB. Tuning of AFO-footwear combinations for neurological disorders. In: Conference Proceedings. International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics (ISPO) 11th World Congress. Hong Kong: ISPO 2004; 278–279.
   Google Scholar
• O'Byrne JM, Jenkinson A, O'Brien TM. Quantitative analysis and classification of gait patterns in cerebral palsy using a three-dimensional motion analyser. J Child Neurol 1998;13(3):101–108.
   Google Scholar
• Duffy CM, Hill AE, Cosgrove AP, Corry IC, Mollan RAB. Three-dimensional gait analysis in spina bifida. J Pediatr Orthop 1996;16:786–791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez EM, Bartonek A, Haglund-Akerlind Y, Saraste H. Characteristic gait kinematics in persons with lumbosacral myelomeningocele. Gait Posture 2003;18(3):170–177.
   Google Scholar
• Hullin MG, Robb JE, Loudon IR. Gait patterns in children with hemiplegic spastic cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Orthop 1996;5:247–251.
   Google Scholar
• Rodda J, Graham HK. Classification of gait patterns in spastic hemiplegia and spastic deplegia: A basis for a management algorithm. Eur J Neurol 2001;8(Suppl. 5):98–108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sutherland DH, Davids JR. Common gait abnormalities of the knee in cerebral palsy. Clin Orthop 1993;288:139–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vankoski SJ, Sarwark JF, Moore C, Dias L. Characteristic pelvic, hip, and knee kinematic patterns in children with lumbosacral myelomeningocoele. Gait Posture 1995;3:51–57.
   Google Scholar
• Winters TF, Gage JR, Hicks R. Gait patterns in spastic hemiplegia in children and young adults. J Bone Joint Surg 1987;69A:437–441.
   Google Scholar
• Owen E. Tuning of ankle-foot orthosis combinations for children with cerebral palsy, spina bifida and other conditions. Proceedings of ESMAC Seminars. Warsaw, European Society for Movement Analysis of Children and Adults; 2004. Available from the website: [email protected]
   Google Scholar
• Stallard J. Assessment of the mechanical function of orthoses by force vector visualisation. Physiotherapy 1987;73:398–402.
   Google Scholar
• Stallard J, Woollam PJ. Transportable two-dimensional gait assessment: Routine service experience for orthotic provision. Disabil Rehabil 2003;25:254–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tait JH, Rose GK. The real-time video vector display of ground reaction forces during ambulation. J Med Eng Technol 1979;3:252–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cusick BD. Progressive casting and splinting for lower extremity deformities in children with neuromotor dysfunction. Tucson, Arizona: Therapy Skill Builders; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Fulford GE, Cairns TP. The problems associated with flail feet in children and their treatment with orthoses. J Bone Joint Surg 1978;60B:93–95.
   Google Scholar
• Glancy J, Lindseth RE. The polypropylene solid-ankle orthosis. Orthot Prosthet 1972;26(1):14–26.
   Google Scholar
• Hullin MG, Robb JE, Loudon IR. Ankle-foot orthosis function in low-level myelomeningocele. J Pediatr Orthop 1992;12:518–521.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jebsen RH, Corcoran PJ, Simons BC. Clinical experience with a plastic short leg brace. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1970;51:114–119.
   Google Scholar
• Nuzzo RM. A simple treatment of genu recurvatum in ataxic and athetoid cerebral palsy. Orthopedics 1986;9:123–127.
   Google Scholar
• Simon SR, Deutsch SD, Nuzzo RM, Mansour MJ, Jackson JL, Koskinen M, Rosenthal RK. Genu recurvatum in spastic cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg 1978;60A:882–894.
   Google Scholar
• Owen E. Proposed clinical algorithm for deciding the sagittal angle of the ankle in an ankle-foot orthosis footwear combination. Gait Posture 2005;22S:38–39.
   Google Scholar
• Jagadamma K, Coutts F, Owen E, Herman J, Yirrell J, Van der Linden M. Effect of the tuning of ankle foot orthoses-footwear combination (AFO-FC) on gait of a hemiplegic patient – a case study. Physiotherapy 2007;93(S):362.
   Google Scholar
• Jagadamma K, van der Linden ML, Coutts F, Herman J, Yirrell J. Effect of four different sizes of wedges on the kinematics and kinetics of the knee joint of children with cerebral palsy during gait – a case study. Gait Posture 2007;26S:97.
   Google Scholar
• Butler PB, Thompson N, Major RE. Improvement in walking performance of children with cerebral palsy: Preliminary results. Dev Med Child Neurol 1992;34:567–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler PB, Farmer SE, Major RE. Improvement in gait parameters following late intervention in traumatic brain injury: A long-term follow-up report of a single case. Clin Rehabil 1997;11:220–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook TM, Cozzens B. The effects of heel height and ankle-foot-orthoses configuration on weight line location: A demonstration of principles. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1976;30:43–46.
   Google Scholar
• Corcoran PJ, Jebsen RH, Brengelmann GL, Simons BC. Effects of plastic and metal leg braces on speed and energy cost of hemiparetic ambulation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1970;51:69–77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gans BM, Erickson G, Simons D. Below-knee orthosis: A wrap-around design for ankle-foot control. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1979;60:78–80.
   Google Scholar
• Harrington ED, Lin RS, Gage JR. Use of the anterior floor reaction orthosis in patients with cerebral palsy. Orthot Prosthet 1984;37:34–42.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal RK, Deutsch SD, Miller W, Schumann W, Hall JE. A fixed-ankle, below-the-knee orthosis for the management of genu recurvation in spastic cerebral palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1975;57:545–547.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin G, Danisi M. A knee-stabilising ankle-foot orthosis. Orthot Prosthet 1975;29(3):11–14.
   Google Scholar
• Sankey RJ, Anderson DM, Young JA. Characteristics of ankle-foot orthoses for management of the spastic lower limb. Dev Med Child Neurol 1989;31:466–470.
   Google Scholar
• Schmaltz T, Blumentritt S, Drewitz H. The use of biomechanical methods for optimising leg orthoses. Gait Posture 2000;12:69–70.
   Google Scholar
• Owen E. The point of ‘point-loading rockers’ in ankle-foot orthosis footwear combinations used with children with cerebral palsy, spina bifida and other conditions. Gait Posture 2004;20S:S86.
   Google Scholar
• Owen E. The point of ‘point-loading rockers’ in ankle-foot orthosis footwear combinations used with children with cerebral palsy, spina bifida and other conditions. In: Conference Proceedings. International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics (ISPO) 12th World Congress, 2007. Vancouver: ISPO: 497.
   Google Scholar