Topical Treatment with Diclofenac, Calcipotriol (Vitamin-D3 Analog) and Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) Does Not Prevent Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in Mice

REFERENCES

• Guy GP, Ekwueme DU. Years of potential life lost and indirect costs of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Pharmaco Economics 2011 Oct;29(10):863–874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einspahr JG, Stratton SP, Bowden GT, Alberts DS. Chemoprevention of human skin cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2002 Mar;41(3):269–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trakatelli M, Ulrich C, del Marmol V, Epidemiology of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in Europe: accurate and comparable data are needed for effective public health monitoring and interventions. Br J Dermatol 2007 May;156(Suppl):1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers HW, Weinstock MA, Harris AR, Incidence estimate of nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States, 2006. Arch Dermatol 2010 Mar;146(3):283–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwa RE, Campana K, Moy RL. Biology of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992 Jan;26(1):1–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brash DE. Sunlight and the onset of skin cancer. Trends Genet 1997 Oct;13(10):410–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brash DE, Rudolph JA, Simon JA, A role for sunlight in skin cancer: UV-induced p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991 Nov;88(22):10124–10128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prado R, Francis SO, Mason MN, Nonmelanoma skin cancer chemoprevention. Dermatol Surg 2011 Nov;37(11):1566–1578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salasche SJ. Epidemiology of actinic keratoses and squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:S4–S7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmets CA, Viner JL, Pentland AP, Chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer with celecoxib: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010 Dec;102(24):1835–1844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang JY, Parimi N, Wu A, Inverse association between serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels and non-melanoma skin cancer in elderly men. Cancer Causes Control 2010 Mar;21(3):387–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberts DS, Dorr RT, Einspahr JG, Chemoprevention of human actinic keratoses by topical 2-(Difluoromethyl)-dl-ornithine. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000;9:1281–1286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu YP, Lou YR, Xie JG, Inhibitory effect of black tea on the growth of established skin tumors in mice: effects on tumor size, apoptosis, mitosis and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into DNA. Carcinogenesis 1997 Nov;18(11):2163–2169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Y-P, Lou Y-R, Xie J-G, Topical applications of caffeine or (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibit carcinogenesis and selectively increase apoptosis in UVB-induced skin tumors in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002 Sep;99(19):12455–12460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilampalli C, Guillermo R, Zhang X, Effects of magnolol on UVB-induced skin cancer development in mice and its possible mechanism of action. BMC Cancer 2011;11(1):456.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lerche CM, Philipsen PA, Poulsen T, Wulf HC. High death rate in mice treated topically with diclofenac. Exp Dermatol 2011 Apr;20(4):336–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higashi Y, Kanekura T, Kanzaki T. Enhanced expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in human skin epidermal cancer cells: evidence for growth suppression by inhibiting COX-2 expression. Int J Cancer 2000 Jun;86(5):667–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks F, Fürstenberger G, Neufang G, Müller-Decker K. Mouse skin as a model for cancer chemoprevention by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Recent Results Cancer Res 2003 Jan;163:46–57.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pentland AP, Schoggins JW, Scott GA, Reduction of UV-induced skin tumors in hairless mice by selective COX-2 inhibition. Carcinogenesis 1999 Oct;20(10):1939–1944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An KP, Athar M, Tang X, Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in murine and human nonmelanoma skin cancers: implications for therapeutic approaches. Photochem Photobiol 2002 Jul;76(1):73–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmour SK. Polyamines and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007 Nov;224(3):249–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeb KK, Trump DL, Johnson CS. Vitamin D signalling pathways in cancer: potential for anticancer therapeutics. Nat Rev Cancer 2007 Sep;7(9):684–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandini S, Raimondi S, Gnagnarella P, Vitamin D and skin cancer: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2009 Mar;45(4): 634–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland CF, Garland FC, Gorham ED, The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. Am Journal Public Health 2006 Feb;96(2):252–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chida K, Hashiba H, Fukushima M, Inhibition of tumor promotion in mouse skin by 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Cancer Res 1985 Nov;45(11 Pt 1):5426–5430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer SM, Lee M, Lubet RA. Difluoromethylornithine is effective as both a preventive and therapeutic agent against the development of UV carcinogenesis in SKH hairless mice. Carcinogenesis 2001 Jan;22(1):83–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gensler HL. Prevention by alpha-difluoromethylornithine of skin carcinogenesis and immunosuppression induced by ultraviolet irradiation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1991 Jan;117(4):345–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebel H, van Steeg H, Beems RB, Suppression of UV carcinogenesis by difluoromethylornithine in nucleotide excision repair-deficient Xpa knockout mice. Cancer Res 2002 Mar;62(5):1338–1342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einspahr JG, Nelson MA, Saboda K, Modulation of biologic endpoints by topical difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), in subjects at high-risk for nonmelanoma skin cancer. Clin Cancer Res 202;8:149–155.
   Google Scholar
• Fegn L, Wang Z. Topical chemoprevention of skin cancer in mice, using combined inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase-2. J Laryngol Otol 2009 Aug;123(8):880–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden GT. Prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer by targeting ultraviolet-B-light signalling. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4(1):23–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dajani EZ, Islam K. Cardiovascular and gastrointestinal toxicity of selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors in man. J Physiol Pharmacol 2008 Aug;59(Suppl 2):117–133.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lanas A, Sopeña F. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and lower gastrointestinal complications. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2009 Jun;38(2):333–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbone PP, Pirsch JD, Thomas JP, Phase I chemoprevention study of difluoromethylornithine in subjects with organ transplants. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001 Jun;10(6):657–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar