Sensory Innervation of the Raccoon Forepaw: 1. Receptor Types in Glabrous and Hairy Skin and Deep Tissue

References

• Biemesderfer D., Munger B. L., Binck J., Dubner R. The pilo‐Ruffini complex: A non‐sinus hair and associated slowly‐adapting mechanoreceptor in primate facial skin. Brain Res. 1978; 142: 197–222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown A. G., Iggo A. A quantitative study of cutaneous receptors and afferent fibers in the cat and rabbit. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1967; 193: 707–733
   Google Scholar
• Brown M. C., Engberg I., Matthews P. B. C. The relative sensitivity to vibration of muscle receptors of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1967; 192: 773–800
   Google Scholar
• Burgess P. R., Horch K. W. Specific regeneration of cutaneous fibers in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 1973; 36: 101–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess P. R., Petit D., Warren R. M. Receptor types in cat hairy skin supplied by myelinated fibers. J. Neurophysiol. 1968; 31: 833–848
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burgess P. R., Wei J. Y., Clark F. J., Simon J. Signaling of kinesthetic information by peripheral sensory receptors. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 1982; 5: 171–187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke D., Hagbarth K. ‐E., Lofstedt L., Wallin B. G. The responses of human muscle spindle endings to vibration of non‐contracting muscles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1976; 261: 673–693
   Google Scholar
• Chambers M. R., Andres K. H., von Duering M., Iggo A. The structure and function of slowly adapting type II mechanoreceptors in hairy skin. Quart. J. Exp. Physiol. 1972; 57: 417–445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darian‐Smith I., Kenins P. Innervation density of mechanoreceptive fibres supplying glabrous skin of the monkey's index finger. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1980; 309: 147–155
   Google Scholar
• Dykes R. W., Terzis J. K. Reservation of glabrous skin in baboons: Properties of cutaneous mechanoreceptors subsequent to nerve crush. J. Neurophysiol. 1979; 42: 1461–1478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dykes R. W., Terzis J. K., Turnbull B. G. Properties of mechanoreceptive fibres serving skin grafts transferred to the hands of adult baboons (Papio anubis). J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1984; 357: 1–22
   Google Scholar
• Halata Z. The mechanoreceptors of the mammalian skin: Ultrastructure and morphological classification. Adv. Anat. 1975; 50: 1–77
   Google Scholar
• Halata Z., Munger B. L. Sensory nerve endings in rhesus monkey sinus hairs. J. Comp. Neurol. 1980; 192: 645–663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iggo A. Is the physiology of cutaneous receptors determined by morphology?. Prog. Brain Res. 1976; 43: 15–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iggo A., Muir A. R. The structure and function of a slowly adapting touch corpuscle in hairy skin. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1969; 200: 763–796
   Google Scholar
• Iggo A., Ogawa H. Correlative physiological and morphological studies of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors in cat's glabrous skin. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1977; 266: 275–296
   Google Scholar
• Jänig W. The afferent innervation of the central pad of the cat's hind foot. Brain Res. 1971a; 28: 203–216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jänig W. Morphology of rapidly and slowly adapting mechanoreceptors in the hairless skin of the cat's hind foot. Brain Res. 1971b; 28: 217–231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvilehto T., Hamalainen H., Soininen K. Peripheral neural basis of tactile sensations in man: II. Characteristics of human mechanoreceptors in the hairy skin and correlations of their activity with tactile sensations. Brain Res. 1981; 219: 13–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson R. S., Vallbo Å. B. Tactile sensibility in the human hand: Relative and absolute densities of four types of mechanoreceptive units in glabrous skin. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1979; 286: 283–300
   Google Scholar
• Johnson J. I., Welker W. I., Pubols B. H. Somatotopic organization of raccoon dorsal column nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 1968; 132: 1–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson J. I., Ostapoff E. ‐M., Warach S. The anterior border zones of primary somatic sensory (SI) neocortex and their relation to cerebral convolutions, shown by micromapping of peripheral projections to the region of the fourth forepaw digit representation in raccoons. Neuroscience 1982; 7: 915–936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson K. O., Lamb G. D. Neural mechanisms of spatial tactile discrimination: Neural patterns evoked by Braille‐like dot patterns in monkey. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1981; 310: 117–144
   Google Scholar
• Kelahan A. M., Doetsch G. S. Time‐dependent changes in the functional organization of somatosensory cerebral cortex following digit amputation in adult raccoon. Somatosens. Res. 1984; 2: 49–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelahan A. M., Ray R. H., Carson L. V., Massey C. E., Doetsch G. S. Functional reorganization of adult raccoon somatosensory cerebral cortex following neonatal digit amputation. Brain Res. 1981; 223: 151–159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knibestol M., Avallbo R. B. Single unit analysis of mechanoreceptor activity from the human glabrous skin. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1970; 80: 178–195
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matthews P. B. C. Where does Sherrington's “muscular sense” originate? Muscles, joints, corollary discharges?. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 1982; 5: 189–218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCloskey D. I. Kinesthetic sensibility. Physiol. Rev. 1978; 58: 763–820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna T. M., Whitsel B. L., Dreyer D. A., Metz C. B. Organization of cat anterior parietal cortex: Relations among cytoarchitecture, single neuron functional properties, and interhemispheric connectivity. J. Neurophysiol. 1981; 45: 667–697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merzenich M. M., Harrington T. The sense of flutter‐vibration evoked by stimulation of the hairy skin of primates: Comparison of human sensory capacity with the responses of mechanoreceptive afferents innervating the hairy skin of monkeys. Exp. Brain. Res. 1969; 9: 236–260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munger B. L. Patterns of organization of peripheral receptors. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, W. R. Loewenstein. Springer‐Verlag, New York 1971; Vol. 1: 523–556
   Google Scholar
• Munger B. L. Multiple afferent innervation of primate facial hairs—Henry Head and Max von Frey revisited. Brain Res. Rev. 1982; 4: 1–43
   Google Scholar
• Munger B. L., Halata Z. The sensory innervation of primate facial skin: I. Hairy skin. Brain Res. Rev. 1983; 5: 45–80
   Google Scholar
• Munger B. L., Pubols L. M. The sensorineural organization of the digital skin of the raccoon. Brain Behav. Evol. 1972; 5: 367–393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munger B. L., Pubols L. M., Pubols B. H. The Merkel rete papilla—slowly adapting sensory receptor in mammalian glabrous skin. Brain Res. 1971; 29: 47–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson B. Y. The mechanoreceptors in the sinus hair organ on the cat's foreleg. Prog. Brain Res. 1976; 43: 215–226
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perl E. R. Myelinated afferent fibres innervating the primate skin and their response to noxious stimuli. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1968; 197: 593–615
   Google Scholar
• Pubols B. H. On‐ versus off‐responses of raccoon glabrous skin rapidly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors. J. Neurophysiol. 1980; 43: 1558–1570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pubols B. H. Factors affecting cutaneous mechanoreceptor response: I. Constant‐force versus constant‐displacement stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 1982a; 47: 515–529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pubols B. H. Factors affecting cutaneous mechanoreceptor response: II. Changes in mechanical properties of skin with repeated stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 1982b; 47: 530–542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pubols B. H., Pubols L. M. Coding of mechanical stimulus velocity and indentation depth by squirrel monkey and raccoon glabrous skin mechanoreceptors. J. Neurophysiol. 1976; 39: 773–787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pubols L. M., Pubols B. H. Modality composition and functional characteristics of dorsal column mechanoreceptive afferent fibers innervating the raccoon's forepaw. J. Neurophysiol. 1973; 36: 1023–1037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pubols L. M., Pubols B. H., Munger B. L. Functional properties of mechanoreceptors in glabrous skin of the raccoon's forepaw. Exp. Neurol. 1971; 31: 165–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmusson D. D. Reorganization of raccoon somatosensory cortex following removal of the fifth digit. J. Comp. Neurol. 1982; 205: 313–326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmusson D. D., Turnbull B. G. Immediate effects of digit amputation on SI cortex in the raccoon: Unmasking of inhibitory fields. Brain Res. 1983; 288: 368–370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmusson D. D., Turnbull B. G., Leech C. K. Unexpected reorganization of somatosensory cortex in a raccoon with extensive forelimb loss. Neurosci. Lett. 1985; 55: 167–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray R. H. Coding of Stimulus Location and Intensity in Populations of Mechanosensitive Nerve Fibers of the Raccoon. PhD dissertation, Medical College of Georgia. 1980
   Google Scholar
• Schady W. J. L., Torebjork H. E. Projected and receptive fields: A comparison of projected areas of sensations evoked by intraneural stimulation of mechanoreceptive units, and their innervation territories. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1983; 119: 267–275
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turnbull B. G. Cutaneous Reinnervation Following Replantation or Nerve Transection and Repair. MS thesis, McGill University. 1982
   Google Scholar
• Turnbull B. G., Rasmusson D. D. Sensory innervation of the raccoon forepaw: 3. Cutaneous domains and organization of nerves innervating the raccoon forepaw, (in preparation)
   Google Scholar
• Welker W. I., Johnson J. I. Correlation between nuclear morphology and somatotopic organization in ventro‐basal complex of the raccoon thalamus. J. Anat. 1965; 99: 761–790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welker W. I., Seidenstein S. Somatic sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of the raccoon (Procyon lotor). J. Comp. Neurol. 1959; 111: 469–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehorn D., Howe J. F., Lessler M. J., Burgess P. R. Cutaneous receptors supplied by myelinated fibers in the cat: I. Number of receptors innervated by a single nerve. J. Neurophysiol. 1974; 37: 1361–1372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zollman P. E., Winkelmann R. K. The sensory innervation of the common North American raccoon (Procyon lotor). J. Comp. Neurol. 1962; 119: 149–157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar