Quantum dots synthesis and biological applications as imaging and drug delivery systems

References

• Aharoni A, Mokari T, Popov I, Banin U. 2006. Synthesis of InAs/CdSe/ZnSe core/shell1/shell2 structures with bright and stable near-infrared fluorescence. J Am Chem Soc 128: 257–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akerman ME, Chan WCW, Laakkonen P, Bhatia SN, Ruoslahti E. 2002. Nanocrystal targeting in vivo. PNAS 99: 12617–12621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alivisatos AP. 1996. Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals, and quantum dots. Science 271: 933–937.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen C, Dos Santos N, Gallagher R, Chiu GN, Shu Y, Li WM, Johnstone SA, Janoff AS, Mayer LD, Webb MS, Bally MB. 2002. Controlling the physical behavior and biological performance of liposome formulations through use of surface grafted poly(ethylene glycol). Biosci Rep 22: 225–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alric C, Taleb J, Le Duc G, Mandon C, Billotey C, Le Meur-Herland A, Brochard T, Vocanson F, Janier M, Perriat P, Roux S, Tillement O. 2008. Gadolinium chelate coated gold nanoparticles as contrast agents for both X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Chem Soc 130: 5908–5915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anas A, Akita H, Harashima H, Itoh T, Ishikawa M, Biju V. 2008. Photosensitized breakage and damage of DNA by CdSe–ZnS quantum dots. J Phys Chem B 112: 10005–10011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin MD, Warren WC, Sangeeta NB, 2004. Probing the cytotoxicity of semiconductor quantum dots. Nano Lett 4: 11–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballou B, Ernst LA, Andreko S, Harper T, Fitzpatrick JAJ, Waggoner AS, Bruchez MP. 2007. Sentinel lymph node imaging using quantum dots in mouse tumor models. Bioconjug Chem 18: 389–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballou B, Lagerholm BC, Ernst LA, Bruchez MP, Waggoner AS. 2004. Noninvasive imaging of quantum dots in mice. Bioconjug Chem 15: 79–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker A, Hessenius C, Licha K, Ebert B, Sukowski U, Semmler W, Wiedenmann B, Grötzinger C. 2000. Receptor targeted optical imaging of tumors with near infrared fluorescent ligands. Nat Biotechnol 19: 327–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentzen EL, Tomlinson ID, Mason J, Gresch P, Warnement MR, Wright D, Sanders-Bush E, Blakely R, Rosenthal SJ. 2005. Surface modification to reduce nonspecific binding of quantum dots in live cell assays. Bioconjug Chem 16: 1488–1494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boussif O, Lezoualc’h F, Zanta MA, Merqny MD, Scherman D, Demeneix B, Behr JP. 1995. A versatile vector for gene and oligonucleotide transfer into cells in culture and in vivo: polyethylenimine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 7297–7301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breunig M, Lungwitz U, Liebl R, Fontanari C, Klar J, Kurtz A, Blunk T, Goepferich A. 2005. Gene delivery with low molecular weight linear polyethylenimines. J Gene Med 10: 1287–1298.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks H, Lebleu B, Vives E. 2005. Tat peptide-mediated cellular delivery: back to basics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 57: 559–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruchez M, Jr Moronne, M, Gin P, Weiss S, Alivisatos AP. 1998. Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels. Science 281: 2013–2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cady NC, Strickland AD, Batt CA. 2007. Optimized linkage and quenching strategies for quantum dot molecular beacons. Mol Cell Probes 21: 116–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahay M. 2001. Quantum Confinement VI, Nanostructured Materials and Devices. Proceedings of the International Symposium, Electrochemical Society Staff.
   Google Scholar
• Cai W, Shin DW, Chen K, Gheysens O, Cao Q, Wang SX, Gambhir SS, Chen X. 2006. Peptide-labeled near-infrared quantum dots for imaging tumor vasculature in living subjects. Nano Lett 6: 669–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan WCW, Nie SM. 1998. Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection. Science 281: 2016–2018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang CF, Chen CY, Chang FH, Tai SP, Chen CY, Yu CH, Tseng YB, Tsai TH, Liu IS, Su WF, Sun CK. 2008. Cell tracking and detection of molecular expression in live cells using lipid-enclosed CdSe quantum dots as contrast agents for epi-third harmonic generation microscopy. Opt Express 16: 9534–9548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen B, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Xu L, Fang X. 2008a. Transmembrane delivery of the cell-penetrating peptide conjugated semiconductor quantum dots. Langmuir 24: 11866–11871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C, Peng J, Xia HS, Yang GF, Wu QS, Chen LD, Zeng LB, Zhang ZL, Pang DW, Li Y. 2009. Quantum dots-based immunofluorescence technology for the quantitative determination of HER2 expression in breast cancer. Biomaterials 30: 2912–2918.
   Google Scholar
• Chen F, Gerion D. 2004. Fluorescent CdSe/ZnS nanocrystal–peptide conjugates for long-term nontoxic imaging and nuclear targeting in living cells. Nano Lett 4: 1827–1832.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Chen H, Meng H, Xing G, Gao X, Sun B, Shi X, Yuan H, Zhang C, Liu R, Zhao F, Zhao Y, Fang X. 2008b. Bio-distribution and metabolic paths of silica coated CdSeS quantum dots. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 230: 364–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi HS, Liu W, Misra P, Tanaka E, Zimmer JP, Ipe BI, Bawendi MG, Frangioni JV. 2007. Renal clearance of quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol 25: 1165–1170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corkery RW. 1997. Langmuir–Blodgett multilayer films. Langmuir 13: 3591–3594.
   Google Scholar
• Courty S, Luccardini C, Bellaiche Y, Cappello G, Dahan M. 2006. Tracking individual kinesin motors in living cells using single quantum dot imaging. Nano Lett 6: 1491–1495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dabbousi BO, Rodriguez-Viejo J, Mikulec FV, Heine JR, Mattoussi H, Ober R, Jensen KF, Bawendi MG. 1997. (CdSe)ZnS core-shell quantum dots: synthesis and characterization of a size series of highly luminescent nanocrystallites. J Phys Chem B 101: 9463–9475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahan M, Levi S, Luccardini C, Rostaing P, Riveau B, Triller A. 2003. Diffusion dynamics of glycine receptors revealed by single-quantum dot tracking. Science 302: 442–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai S, Saengkerdsub S, Im HJ, Stephan AC, Mahurin SM. 2002. Nanocrystal-based scintillators for radiation detection. AIP Conf. Proc. 632: 220–224.
   Google Scholar
• Dayal S, Lou Y, Samia AC, Berlin JC, Kenney ME, Burda C. 2006. Observation of non-Förster-type energy-transfer behavior in quantum dot–phthalocyanine conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 128: 13974–13975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derfus AM, Chan WCW, Bhatia SN. 2004. Probing the cytotoxicity of semiconductor quantum dots. Nano Lett 4: 11–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diagaradjane P, Orenstein-Cardona JM, Colón-Casasnovas NE, Deorukhkar A, Shentu S, Kuno N, Schwartz DL, Gelovani JG, Krishnan S. 2008. Imaging epidermal growth factor receptor expression in vivo: pharmacokinetic and biodistribution characterization of a bioconjugated quantum dot nanoprobe. Clin Cancer Res 14: 731–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dindyal S, Nitkunan T, Bunce CJ. 2008. The economic benefit of photodynamic diagnosis in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Photodiagn Photodyn Ther 5: 153–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogic Z, Fraden S. 1997. Smectic phase in colloidal suspencion of semiflexible virus particles. Phys Rev Lett 78: 2417–2420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubert B, Skourides P, Norris JD, Noireaux V, Brivanlou A, Libchaber A. 2002. In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles. Science 298: 1759–1762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan R. 2003. The dawning era of polymer therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2: 347–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunstan DE, Hagfeld A, Almgren M, Siegbahn HOG, Mulkhter E. 1990. Importance of surface reactions in the photochemistry of zinc sulphide colloids. Phys Chem 94: 6797–6804.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan H, Leve EW, Scullin C, Gabaldon J, Tallant D, Bunge S, Boyle T, Wilson MC, Brinker CJ. 2005. Surfactant assisted synthesis of water soluble and biocompatible semiconductor quantum dot micelles. Nano Lett 5: 645–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldmann C. 2005. Polyol-mediated synthesis of nanoscale functional materials. Solid State Sci 7: 868–873.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldmann C, Metzmacher C. 2001. Polyol mediated synthesis of nanoscale MS particles (M=Zn, Cd, Hg). Mater Chem 11: 2603–2606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer HC, Liu LC, Pang KS, Chan WCW. 2006. Pharmacokinetics of nanoscale quantum dots: in vivo distribution, sequestration, and clearance in the rat. Adv Funct Mater 16: 1299–1305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford PC. 2008. Polychromophoric metal complexes for generating the bioregulatory agent nitric oxide by single- and two-photon excitation. Acc Chem Res 41: 190–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler CE, Shenton W, Stubbs G, Mann S. 2001. Tobacco mosaic virus liquid crystals as templates for the interior design of silica mesophases and nanoparticles. Adv Mater 13: 1266–1269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao X, Chen J, Chen J, Wu B, Chen H, Jiang X. 2008. Quantum dots bearing lectin-functionalized nanoparticles as a platform for in vivo brain imaging. Bioconjug Chem 19: 2189–2195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao X, Cui Y, Levenson RM, Chung LWK, Nie S. 2004. In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol 22: 969–976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao X, Yang L, Petros JA, Marshall FF, Simons JW, Nie S. 2005. In vivo molecular and cellular imaging with quantum dots. Curr Opin Biotechnol 16: 63–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman ER, Balighian ED, Mattoussi H, Kuno MK, Mauro JM, Tran PT, Anderson GP. 2002. Avidin: a natural bridge for quantum dot–antibody conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 124: 6378–6382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray GW, Goodby JWG. 1984. Smectic Liquid Crystals—Textures and Structures. (pp)23–44). Leonard Hill: Glasgow.
   Google Scholar
• Grieser F, Furlong N, Scoberg D, Ichinose I, Kimizuka N, Kunitake T. 1992. Size-quantised semiconductor cadmium chalcogenide particles in Langmuir–Blodgett films. Chem Soc Faraday Trans 88: 2207–2214.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta B, Levchenko TS, Torchilin VP. 2005. Intracellular delivery of large molecules and small particles by cell-penetrating proteins and peptides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 57: 637–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall EJ, Brenner DJ. 2008. Cancer risks from diagnostic radiology. Br J Radiol 81: 362–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell B, Aruoma OI. 1991. DNA damage by oxygen derived species. Its mechanism and measurement in mammalian systems. FEBS Lett 281: 9–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardman R. 2006. A toxicological review of quantum dots: toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factor. Environ Health Perspect 114: 165–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris DC. 1991. Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 3rd edition (p. 86). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Hench LL, West JK. 1990. The sol–gel process. Chem Rev 90: 33–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hezinger AFE, Teßmar J, Göpferich A. 2008. Polymer coating of quantum dots—a powerful tool toward diagnostics and sensorics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 68: 138–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho YP, Chen HH, Leong KW, Wang JTH. 2006. Evaluating the intracellular stability and unpacking of DNA nanocomplexes by quantum dots-FRET. J Control Release 116: 83–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogle WP. 2006. The state of the art in radiation therapy. Semin Oncol Nurs 22: 212–220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaiswal JK, Mattoussi H, Mauro JM, Simon SM. 2003. Long-term multiple color imaging of live cells using quantum dot bioconjugates. Nat Biotechnol 21: 47–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juzenas P, Chen W, Sun Y, Coelho MA, Generalov R, Generalova N, Christensen I. 2008. Quantum dots and nanopaticles for photodynamic and radiation therapies of cancer. Adv Drug Deliv 60: 1600–1614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang EC, Kataoka OK, Nagasaki Y. 2004. Preparation of water-soluble PEGylated semiconductor nanocrystals. Chem Lett 33: 840–841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim DJ, Lee JH, Yu JW, Kim EJ, Koo KK. 2008. Low temperature non alkylphosphine based synthesis of cadmium selenide nanocrystals. Colloids Surf A 313–314: 211–215.
   Google Scholar
• Kim S, Lim YT, Soltesz EG, De Grand AM, Lee J, Nakayama A, Parker JA, Mihaljevic T, Laurence RG, Dor DM, Cohn LH, Bawendi MG, Frangioni JV. 2004. Near-infrared fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping. Nat Biotechnol. 22: 93–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SW, Zimmer JP, Ohnishi S, Tracy JB, Frangioni JV, Bawendi MG. 2005. Engineering InAsxP1-x/InP/ZnSe III−V alloyed core/shell quantum dots for the near-infrared. J Am Chem Soc 127: 10526–10532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koshman YE, Waters SB, Walker LA, Los T, de Tombe P, Goldspink PH, Russell B. 2008. Delivery and visualization of proteins conjugated to quantum dots in cardiac myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 45: 853–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson DR, Zipfel WR, Williams RM, Clark SW, Bruchez MP, Wise FW, Webb WW. 2003. Water soluble quantum dots for multiphoton fluorescence imaging in vivo. Science 300: 1434–1436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SW, Mao C, Flynn EC, Belcher MA. 2002. Ordering of quantum dots using genetically engineered viruses. Science 296: 892–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lifshitz E, Dag I, Litvin I, Hodes G, Gorer S, Reisfeld R, Zelner M, Minti H. 1998. Optical properties of CdSe nanoparicels films prepared by chemical deposition and sol–gel methods. Science 288: 188–196.
   Google Scholar
• Liu LZ, Ling YX, Lee YJ, Chen XW, Han M, Gan ML. 2004. Physical and electrochemical characterizations of microwave-assisted polyol preparation of carbon-supported PtRu nanoparticles. Lamgmuir 20: 181–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu W, Choi HS, Zimmer JP, Tanaka E, Frangioni JV, Bawendi M. 2007. Compact cysteine-coated CdSe(ZnCdS) quantum dots for in vivo applications. J Am Chem Soc 129: 14530–14531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Chen W, Wang Y, Joly GA. 2008a. Investigation of water soluble X-ray luminescence nanoparticles for photodynamic activation. Appl Phys Lett 92: 043901, 1–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wang S, Pope C, Chen W. 2008b. Optical behaviours of ZnO–porphyrin conjugates and their potential applications for cancer treatment. Appl Phys Lett 92: 143091, 1–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YF, Yu JS. 2009. Selective synthesis of CdTe and high luminescence CdTe/CdS quantum dots: the effect of ligands. J Colloid Interface Sci 333: 690–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luccardini C, Tribet C, Vial F, Marchi-Artzner V, Dahan M. 2006. Size, charge, and interactions with giant lipid vesicles of quantum dots coated with an amphiphilic macromolecule. Langmuir 22: 2304–2310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma J, Chen JY, Idowu M, Nyokong T. 2008. Generation of singlet oxygen via the composites of water-soluble thiol-capped CdTe quantum dots-sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanines. J Phys Chem B 112: 4465–4469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao J, Yao JN, Wang LN, Liu WS. 2008. Easily prepared high-quantum-yield CdS quantum dots in water using hyperbranched polyethylenimine as modifier. J Colloid Interface Sci 319: 353–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattoussi H, Mauro JM, Goldman ER, Anderson GP, Sundar VC, Mikulec FV, Bawend MG. 2000. Self-assembly of CdSe–ZnS quantum dot bioconjugates using an engineered recombinant protein. J Am Chem Soc 122: 12142–12150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattoussi H, Mauro JM, Goldman ER, Green TM, Anderson GP, Sundar VC, Bawendi MG. 2001. Bioconjugation of highly luminescent colloidal CdSe–ZnS quantum dots with an engineered two-domain recombinant protein. Phys Stat Sol 224: 277–283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medintz IL, Clapp AR, Mattoussi H, Goldman ER, Fisher B, Mauro JM. 2003. Self-assembled nanoscale biosensors based on quantum dot FRET donors. Nat Mater 2: 630–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medintz IL, Goldman ER, Lassman ME, Hayhurst A, Kusterbeck AW, Deschamps JR. 2005. Self-assembled TNT biosensor based on modular multifunctional surface-tethered components. Anal Chem 77: 365–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalet X, Pinaud F, Bentolila L, Tsay JM, Doose L, Sundaresan G, Wu A, Gambhir S, Weiss S. 2005. Quantum dots for living cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics. Science 307: 538–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra KP. 2004. Cell membrane oxidative damage induced by gamma-radiation and apoptotic sensitivity. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 23: 61–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moan J. 1990. On the diffusion length of singlet oxygen in cells and tissues. J Photochem Photobiol B: Biol 6: 343–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghimi SM, Szebeni J. 2003. Stealth liposomes and long circulating nanoparticles: critical issues in pharmacokinetics, opsonization and protein-binding properties. Prog Lipid Res 42: 463–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moiguchi I, Hosoi K, Nagaoka H, Tanaka I, Teraoka Y, Kagawa S. 1994. Stepwise growth of size-confined CdS in the two-dimensional hydrophilic interlayers of Langmuir–Blodgett films by the repeated sulfidation–intercalation technique. Chem Soc Faraday Trans 90: 349–352.
   Google Scholar
• Moore CM, Pendse D, Emberton M. 2009. Photodynamic therapy for prostate cancer—a review of current status and future promise. Nat Clin Pract Urol 6: 18–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morgan NY, English S, Chen W, Chernomordik V, Russo A, Smith PD, Gandjbakhche A. 2005. Real time in vivo non-invasive optical imaging using near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots. Acad Radiol 12: 313–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan NY, Kramer-Marek G, Smith PD, Camphausen K, Capala J. 2009. Nanoscintillator conjugates as photodynamic therapy-based radiosensitizers: calculation of required physical parameters. Radiat Res 171: 236–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriguchi I, Nii H, Hanai K, Nagaoka H, Teraoka Y, Kagawa S. 1995. Synthesis of size-confined metal sulphides in Langmuir–Blodgett films. Science 173–181.
   Google Scholar
• Mostafavi M, Delcourt M, Belloni, 1994. Kinetics of electron transfer to critical sized silver clusters complexed by polyacrylate. J Imag Sci Tech 38: 54–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray B, Kagan RC. 2000. Synthesis and characterisation of monodisperse nanocrytals and close packed nanocrystal assemblies. Annu Rev Mater Sci 30: 545–610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray CB, Norris DJ, Bawendi MG. 1993. Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E = sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallites. J Am Chem Soc 115: 8706–8715.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nath R, Prasad R, Palinal VK, Chopra RK. 1984. Molecular basis of cadmium toxicity. Prog Food Nutr Sci 8: 109–163.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Noh Y, Taik-Lim Y, Chung HB. 2008. Noninvasive imaging of dentritic cell migration into lymph nodes using near infrared fluorescent semiconductor nancrystals. FASEB J 22: 3908–3918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oluwafemi SO, Revaprasadu N, Ramirez AJ. 2008. A novel one-pot route for the synthesis of water-soluble cadmium selenide nanoparticles. J Crystal Growth 310: 3230–3234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onoshima D, Kaji N, Tokeshi M, Baba Y. 2008. Nuclease tolerant FRET probe based on DNA–quantum dot conjugation. Anal Sci 24: 181–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orndorff RL, Warnement MR, Mason JN, Blakely RD, Rosenthal SJ. 2008. Quantum dot ex vivo labeling of neuromuscular synapses. Nano Lett 8: 780–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortel B, Shea CR, Calzavara-Pinton P. 2009. Molecular mechanisms of photodynamic therapy. Front Biosci 14: 4157–4172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Y, Cai J, Qin L, Wamg H. 2006. Atomic force microscopy-based cell nanostructure for ligand-conjugated quantum dot endocytosis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 38: 646–652.
   Google Scholar
• Park SY, Liz-Marzan ML, Kasuya A, Kobayashi Y, Nagao D, Konno M, Mamykin S, Dmytruk A, Takeda M, Ohuchi N. 2006. X-ray absorption of gold nanoparticles with thin silica shell. Nanosci Nanotechnol 6: 3503–3506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathak S, Cao E, Davidson CM, Jin S, Silva AG. 2006. Quantum dot applications to neuroscience, new tools for probing neurons and glia. J Neurosci 26: 1893–1895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathak S, Davidson MC, Silva GA. 2007. Characterization of the functional binding properties of antibody conjugated quantum dots. Nano Lett 7: 1839–1845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patil SD, Rhodes DG, Burgess DJ. 2005. DNA-based therapeutics and DNA delivery systems: a comprehensive review. AAPS J 7: e61–e77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patolsky F, Gill R, Weizmann Y, Mokari T, Banin U, Willner I. 2003. Lighting-up the dynamics of telomerization and DNA replication by CdSe–ZnS quantum dots. J Am Chem Soc 125: 13918–13919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrino T, Manna L, Kudera S, Liedl T, Koktysh D, Rogach AL, Keller S, Rädler J, Natile G, Parak WJ. 2004. Hydrophobic nanocrystals coated with an amphiphilic polymer shell: a general route to water soluble nanocrystals. Nano Lett 4: 703–707.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng ZA, Peng X. 2001. Formation of high-quality CdTe, CdSe, and CdS nanocrystals using CdO as precursor. J Am Chem Soc 123: 183–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng X, Schlamp MC, Kadavanich AV, Alivisatos AP. 1997. Epitaxial growth of highly luminescent CdSe/CdS core/shell nanocrystals with photostability and electronic accessibility. J Am Chem Soc 119: 7019–7029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi L, Gao X. 2008. Quantum dot–amphipol nanocomplex for intracellular delivery and real-time imaging of siRNA. ACS Nano 2: 1403–1410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian J, Yong K, Roy I, Ohulchanskyy YT, Bergey JE, Lee H, Tramposch MK, Sailing H, Maitra A, Prasad NP. 2007. Imaging pancreatic cancer using surface functionalised quantum dots. J Phys Chem 111: 6969–6972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rand TA, Petersen S, Du F, Wang X. 2005. Argonaute2 cleaves the anti-guide strand of siRNA during RISC activation. Cell 123: 621–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizk T, Montero-Menei C, Jollivet C, Benoit JP, Menei P. 2004. Pitfalls in the detection of lipid vectors in neural cell culture and in brain tissue. J Biomed Mater Res A 68: 360–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen BA, Kelly JD, Schuldt A, Lu J, Potapova I, Doronin S, Robichaud JK, Robinson BR, Rosen RM, Brink RP, Gaudette RG, Cohen SI. 2007. Finding fluorescent needles in the cardiac haystack: tracking human mesenchymal stem cells labelled with quantum dots for quantitative in vivo three-dimensional fluorescence analysis. Stem Cells 15: 2128–2138.
   Google Scholar
• Ruan G, Agrawal A, Marcus AI, Nie SM. 2007. Imaging and tracking of Tat peptide conjugated quantum dots in living cells: new insights into nanoparticle uptake, intracellular transport, and vesicle shedding. J Am Chem Soc 129: 14759–14766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samia CA, Chen X, Burda C. 2003. Semiconductor quantum dots for photodynamic therapy. Am Chem Soc 125: 15736–15737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schipper ML, Iyer G, Koh AL, Cheng Z, Ebenstein Y, Aharoni A, Keren S, Bentolila LA, Li J, Rao J, Chen X, Banin U, Wu AM, Sinclair R, Weiss S, Gambhir SS. 2009. Particle size, surface coating, and PEGylation influence the biodistribution of quantum dots in living mice. Small 5: 126–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi C, Zhu Y, Xie Z, Qian W, Hsieh CL, Nie S, Su Y, Zhau HE, Chung LW. 2009. Visualizing human prostate cancer cells in mouse skeleton using bioconjugated near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots. Urology 74: 446–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi L, De Paoli V, Rosenzweig N, Rosenzweig Z. 2006. Synthesis and application of quantum dots FRET-based protease sensors. J Am Chem Soc 128: 10378–10379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith GJ, Fisher WG, Waggoner SA, Campbell GP. 2007. The use of quantum dots for analysis of chick CAM vasculature. Elsevier Microvasc Res 73: 75–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith MA, Duan H, Mohs MA, Nie S. 2008. Bioconjugated quantum dots for in vivo molecular and cellular imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60: 1226–1240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan C, Lee J, Papadimitrakopoulos F, Silbart LK, Zhao M, Burgess DJ. 2006. Labelling and intracellular tracking of functionally active plasmid DNA with semiconductor quantum dots. Mol Ther 14: 192–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susumu K, Uyeda HT, Medintz IL, Mattoussi H. 2007. Design of biotin-functionalized luminescent quantum dots. J Biomed Biotechnol 2007: 90651.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tanimoto M, Kamiya H, Minakawa N, Matsuda A, Harashima H. 2003. No enhancement of nuclear entry by direct conjugation of a nuclear localization signal peptide to linearized DNA. Bioconjug Chem. 14: 1197–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toneguzzo P, Viau G, Acher O, Guillet F, Bruneton E, Fievet-Vincent F, Fievet F. 2000. CoNi and FeCoNi fine particles prepared by the polyol process: physico-chemical characterization and dynamic magnetic properties. Mater Sci 35: 3767–3784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsay JM, Trzoss M, Shi L, Kong X, Selke M, Jung ME, Weiss S. 2007. Singlet oxygen production by peptide-coated quantum dot–photosensitizer conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 129: 6865–6871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji M, Hashimoto M, Nishizawa Y, Kubokawa M, Tsuji T. 2005. Microwave-assisted synthesis of metallic nanostructures in solution. Chem Eur J 11: 440–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu W, Liu H. 2000. Rapid synthesis of nanoscale colloidal metal clusters by microwave irradiation. Mater Chem 10: 2207–2211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uyeda HT, Medintz IL, Jaiswal JK, Simon SM, Mattoussi H. 2005. Synthesis of compact multidentate ligands to prepare stable hydrophilic quantum dot fluorophores. J Am Chem Soc 127: 3870–3878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vives E, Lebleu B. 2002. The tat-derived cell penetrating peptide. In Langel U, ed. Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Processes and Applications (pp. 3–22). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vu TQ, Maddipati R, Blute TA, Nehilla BJ, Nusblat L, Desai TA. 2005. Peptide-conjugated quantum dots activate neural receptors and initial downstream signalling of neurite growth. Nano Lett 5: 603–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadia JS, Dowdy SF. 2005. Transmembrane delivery of protein and peptide drugs by TAT-mediated transduction in the treatment of cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 57: 579–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HY, Chen Z, Zhou QX. 2008. Synthesis and photoluminescence of ZnS quantum dots. Nanosci Nanotechnol 8: 1312–1315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang HQ, Zhang HL, Li XQ, Wang JH, Huang ZL, Zhao YD. 2008. Solubilization and bioconjugation of QDs and their application in cell imaging. J Biomed Mater Res A. 86: 833–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu XY, Liu H, Liu J, Haley KN, Treadway JA, Larson JP, Ge N, Peale F, Bruchez MP. 2003. Immunofluorescent labeling of cancer marker Her2 and other cellular targets with semiconductor QDs. Nat Biotechnol 21: 41–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu G, Yong KT, Roy I, Mahajan SD, Ding H, Schwartz SA, Prasad PN. 2008. Bioconjugated quantum rods as targeted probes for efficient transmigration across an in vitro blood-brain barrier. Bioconjug Chem 19: 1179–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadong Y, Xiangling X, Xuewa G, Yu L, Zhang Z. 1999. Synthesis and characterization of ZnS colloidal particles via γ-radiation. Radiat Phys Chem 55: 353–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yezhelyev MV, Al-Hajj A, Morris C, Marcus AI, Liu T, Lewis M, Cohen C, Zrazhevskiy P, Simons JW, Rogatko A, Nie S, Gao X, O’Regan RM. 2007. In situ molecular profiling of breast cancer biomarkers with multicolor quantum dots. Adv Mater 19: 3146–3151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yezhelyev MV, Qi L, O’Regan RM, Nie S, Gao X. 2008. Proton-sponge coated quantum dots for siRNA delivery and intracellular imaging. J Am Chem Soc 130: 9006–9012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin Y, Xu X, Ge X, Lu Y, Zhang Z. 1999. Synthesis and characterization of ZnS colloidal particles via gamma-radiation. Radiat Phys Chem 55: 353–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yong KT, Ding H, Roy I, Law WC, Bergey EJ, Maitra A, Prasad PN. 2009a. Imaging pancreatic cancer using bioconjugated InP quantum dots. ACS Nano 3: 502–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yong KT, Hu R, Roy I, Ding H, Vathy LA, Bergey EJ, Mizuma M, Maitra A, Prasad PN. 2009b. Tumor targeting and imaging in live animals with functionalized semiconductor quantum rods. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 1: 710–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaman MdB Baral, TN, Zhang J, Whitfield D, Yu K. 2009. Single-domain antibody functionalized CdSe/ZnS quantum dots for cellular imaging of cancer cells. J Phys Chem C 113: 496–499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng Y, Hunting JD, Ayotte P, Sanche L. 2008. Radiosensitisation of DNA by gold nanoparticles irradiated with high energy electrons. Radiat Res 169: 19–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmer JP, Kim SW, Ohnishi S, Tanaka E, Frangioni JV, Bawendi MG. 2006. Size series of small indium arsenide–zinc selenide core shell nanocrystals and their application to in vivo imaging. J Am Chem Soc 128: 2526–2527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar