Chitinases: in agriculture and human healthcare

References

• Abdel-Banat BMA, Kameyama Y, Yoshioka T, Koga D. (1999). Purification and characterization of a 54 kDa chitinase from Bombyx mori. Insect Biochem Mol Biol, 29, 537–47
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adrangi S, Faramarzi MA, Shahverdi AR, Sepehrizadeh Z. (2010). Purification and characterization of two extracellular endochitinases from Massilia timonae. Carbohydr Res, 345, 402–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajit NS, Verma R, Shanmugam V. (2006). Extracellular chitinases of fluorescent Pseudomonads antifungal to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi causing carnation wilt. Curr Microbiol, 52, 310–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annamalai N, Giji S, Arumugam M, Balasubramanian T. (2010). Purification and characterization of chitinase from Micrococcus sp. AG84 isolated from marine environment. Afr J Microbiol Res, 4, 2822–7
   Google Scholar
• Arai N, Shiomi K, Yamaguchi Y, et al. (2000). Argadin, a new chitinase inhibitor, produced by Clonostachys sp. FO-7314. Chem Pharm Bull, 48, 1442–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronson AI. (1993). The two faces of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins and post-exponential survival. Mol Microbiol, 7, 489–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora NK, Kim MJ, Kang SC, Maheshwari DK. (2007). Role of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities produced by a fluorescent pseudomonad and in vitro inhibition of Phytophthora capsici and Rhizoctonia solani. Can J Microbiol, 53, 207–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao-qin H, Chang-ying Y, Wan-shun L, Ji-xun D. (2004). Purification and inhibition fungal growth of chitinases from Vibrio pacini. Wuhan Univ J Nat Sci, 9, 973–8
   Google Scholar
• Baranski R, Klocke E, Nothnagel T. (2008). Chitinase CHIT36 from Trichoderma harzianum enhances resistance of transgenic carrot to fungal pathogens. J Phytopathol, 156, 513–21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargagli E, Margollicci M, Nikiforakis N, et al. (2007). Chitotriosidase activity in the serum of patients with sarcoidosis and pulmonary tuberculosis. Respiration, 74, 548–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berres ML, Papen S, Pauels K, et al. (2009). A functional variation in CHI3L1 is associated with severity of liver fibrosis and YKL-40 serum levels in chronic hepatitis C infection. J Hepatol, 50, 370–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya D, Nagpure A, Gupta RK. (2007). Bacterial chitinases: properties and potential. Crit Rev Biotechnol, 27, 21–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhushan B, Hoondal GS. (1998). Isolation, purification and properties of a thermostable chitinase from an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. BG-11. Biotechnol Lett, 20, 157–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boer H, Munck N, Natunen J, et al. (2004). Differential recognition of animal type β4-galactosylated and α3-fucosylated chito-oligosaccharides by two family 18 chitinases from Trichoderma harzianum. Glycobiology, 14, 1303–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolar JP, Norelli JL, Wong KW, et al. (2000). Expression of endochitinase from Trichoderma harzianum in transgenic apple increases resistance to apple scab and reduces vigor. Phytopathology, 90, 72–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boot RG, Blommaart EFC, Swart E, et al. (2001). Identification of a novel acidic mammalian chitinase distinct from chitotriosidase. J Biol Chem, 276, 6770–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boot RG, Renkema GH, Strijland A, et al. (1995). Cloning of a cDNA encoding chitotriosidase, a human chitinase produced by macrophages. J Biol Chem, 270, 26252–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boot RG, van Achterberg TAE, van Aken BE, et al. (1999). Strong induction of members of the chitinase family of proteins in atherosclerosis: chitotriosidase and human cartilage gp-39 expressed in lesion macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 19, 687–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruck DJ. (2009). Impact of fungicides on Metarhizium anisopliae in the rhizosphere, bulk soil and in vitro. Biocontrol, 54, 597–606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner K, Zeilinger S, Ciliento R, et al. (2005). Improvement of the fungal biocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride to enhance both antagonism and induction of plant systemic disease resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol, 71, 3959–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brurberg MB, Nes IF, Eijsink VGH. (1996). Comparative studies of chitinases A and B from Serratia marcescens. Microbiology, 142, 1581–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussink AP, Speijer D, Aerts JMFG, Boot RG. (2007). Evolution of mammalian chitinase (-Like) members of family 18 glycosyl hydrolases. Genetics, 177, 959–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai Y, Yan J, Hu X, et al. (2007). Improving the insecticidal activity against resistant Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes by expression of chitinase gene chiAC in Bacillus sphaericus. Appl Environ Microbiol, 73, 7744–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carsolio C, Benhamou N, Haran S, et al. (1999). Role of the Trichoderma harzianum endochitinase gene, ech42, in mycoparasitism. Appl Environ Microbiol, 65, 929–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalkley LJ, Trinci APJ, Pope AMS. (1985). Effect of mycolase and amphotericin B on Candida albicans and Candida pseudotropicalis in vitro and in vivo. Med Mycol,, 23, 147–64
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang WT, Chen CS, Wang SL. (2003). An antifungal chitinase produced by Bacillus cereus with shrimp and crab shell powder as a carbon source. Curr Microbiol, 47, 102–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang WT, Chen ML, Wang SL. (2010). An antifungal chitinase produced by Bacillus subtilis using chitin waste as a carbon source. World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 26, 945–50
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang CT, Hsueh YL, Sung HY. (1996). Purification and properties of chitinase from cabbage stems with roots. Biochem Mol Biol Int, 40, 417–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chatterton S, Punja ZK. (2009). Chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase enzyme production by the mycoparasite Clonostachys rosea f. catenulata against fungal plant pathogens. Can J Microbiol, 55, 356–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen JK, Shen CR, Liu CL. (2010). N-Acetylglucosamine: production and applications. Mar Drugs, 8, 2493–516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Shen Z, Wu J. (2009). Expression, purification and in vitro antifungal activity of acidic mammalian chitinase against Candida albicans. Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum strains. Clin Exp Dermatol, 34, 55–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chupp GL, Lee CG, Jarjour N, et al. (2007). A chitinase-like protein in the lung and circulation of patients with severe asthma. N Engl J Med, 357, 2016–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciglar I, Baric B. (2000). Side effect of some fungicides on the mite population in an apple orchard in Croatia. J Pest Sci, 73, 110–12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen-Kupiec R, Chet I. (1998). The molecular biology of chitin digestion. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 9, 270–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collada C, Casado R, Aragoncillo C. (1993). Endochitinases from Castanea crenata cotyledons. J Agric Food Chem, 41, 1716–18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collada C, Casado R, Fraile A, Aragoncillo C. (1992). Basic endochitinases are major proteins in Castanea sativa cotyledons. Plant Physiol, 100, 778–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collinge DB, Kragh KM, Mikkelsen JD, et al. (1993). Plant chitinases. Plant J, 3, 31–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahiya N, Tewari R, Hoondal GS. (2006). Biotechnological aspects of chitinolytic enzymes: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 71, 773–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahiya N, Tewari R, Tiwari RP, Hoondal GS. (2005). Chitinase from Enterobacter sp. NRG4: its purification, characterization and reaction pattern. Electron J Biotechnol, 8, 134–45
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai D, Hu W, Huang G, Li W. (2011). Purification and characterization of a novel extracellular chitinase from thermophilic Bacillus sp. Hu1. Afr J Biotechnol, 10, 2476–85
   Google Scholar
• Dana MdlM, Pintor-Toro JA, Cubero B. (2006). Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing chitinases of fungal origin show enhanced resistance to biotic and abiotic stress agents. Plant Physiol, 142, 722–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das SN, Neeraja Ch, Sarma PVSRN, et al. (2012). Microbial chitinases for chitin waste management. Microorg Environ Manage, 135–50 . ISBN: 978-94-007-2228-6
   Google Scholar
• De Boer W, van Veen JA. (2001). Are chitinolytic rhizosphere bacteria really beneficial to plants? In: Jeger MJ, Spence NJ, eds. Biotic interactions in plant pathogen associations. New York: CABI Publishing. 121--130 . ISBN: 0851995128
   Google Scholar
• De la Cruz J, Hidalgo-Gallego A, Lora JM, et al. (1992). Isolation and characterization of three chitinases from Trichoderma harzianum. Eur J Biochem, 206, 856–67
   Google Scholar
• De Marco JL, Valadares-Inglis MC, Felix CR. (2004). Purification and characterization of an N-acetylglucosaminidase produced by a Trichoderma harzianum strain which controls Crinipellis perniciosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 64, 70–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Maro A, Terracciano I, Sticco L, et al. (2010). Purification and characterization of a viral chitinase active against plant pathogens and herbivores from transgenic tobacco. J Biotechnol, 147, 1–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding X, Gopalakrishnan B, Johnson LB, et al. (1998). Insect resistance of transgenic tobacco expressing an insect chitinase gene. Transgenic Res, 7, 77–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Distefano G, Malfa SL, Vitale A, et al. (2008). Defence-related gene expression in transgenic lemon plants producing an antimicrobial Trichoderma harzianum endochitinase during fungal infection. Transgenic Res, 17, 873–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly LE, Barnes PJ. (2004). Acidic mammalian chitinase-a potential target for asthma therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci, 25, 509–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duo-Chuan L. (2006). Review of fungal chitinases. Mycopathologia, 161, 345–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duo-Chuan LI, Chen S, Jing LU. (2005). Purification and partial characterization of two chitinases from the mycoparasitic fungus Talaromyces flavus. Mycopathologia, 159, 223–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Bondkly AM, Talkhan FN. (2007). Intra-strain crossing in Trichoderma harzianum via protoplast fusion to enhance chitinase productivity and biocontrol activity. Arab J Biotech, 10, 233–40
   Google Scholar
• El-Sayed ST, Salem AM, Shehata AN, Jwanny EW. (2000). Chitinase from leaves of Beta vulgaris and other higher plants. Pak J Biol Sci, 3, 250–56
   Google Scholar
• El-Tarabily KA, Soliman MH, Nassar AH, et al. (2000). Biological control of Sclerotinia minor using a chitinolytic bacterium and actinomycetes. Plant Pathol, 49, 573–83
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias J, Homer R, Hamid Q, Lee C. (2005). Chitinases and chitinase-like proteins in T(H)2 inflammation and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 116, 497–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan Y, Fang W, Guo S, et al. (2007). Increased insect virulence in Beauveria bassiana strains overexpressing an engineered chitinase. Appl Environ Microbiol, 73, 295–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gachomo EW, Kotchoni SO. (2008). The use of Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride as potential biocontrol agents against peanut microflora and their effectiveness in reducing aflatoxin contamination of infected kernels. Biotechnology, 7, 439–47
   Google Scholar
• Gadelhak GG, El-Tarabily KA, Al-Kaabi FK. (2005). Insect control using chitinolytic soil actinomycetes as biocontrol agents. Int J Agr Biol, 7, 627–33
   Google Scholar
• Garg N, Gupta H. (2010). Isolation and purification of fungal pathogen (Macrophomina phaseolina) induced chitinase from moth beans (Phaseolus aconitifolius). J Pharma Bioall Sci, 2, 38–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gautam SP, Gupta AK, Shrivastava R, Awasthi M. (1996). Protoplast formation from the thermophilic fungus Malbranchea sulfurea, using the thermostable chitinase and laminarinase of Paecilomyces varioti. World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 12, 99–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Getha K, Vikineswary S. (2002). Antagonistic effects of Streptomyces violaceusniger strain G10 on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense race 4: indirect evidence for the role of antibiosis in the antagonistic process. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 25, 303–10
   Google Scholar
• Girlanda M, Bianciotto V, Cappellazzo GA, et al. (2008). Interactions between engineered tomato plants expressing antifungal enzymes and nontarget fungi in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 288, 9–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glandorf DCM, Bakker PAHM, van Loon LC. (1997). Influence of the production of antibacterial and antifungal proteins by transgenic plants on the saprophytic soil microflora. Acta Bot Neerl, 46, 85–104
   Google Scholar
• Gohel V, Singh A, Vimal M, et al. (2006). Bioprospecting and antifungal potential of chitinolytic microorganisms. Afr J Biotechnol, 5, 54–72
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes RC, Semedo LTAS, Soares RMA, et al. (2000). Chitinolytic activity of actinomycetes from a cerrado soil and their potential in biocontrol. Lett Appl Microbiol, 30, 146–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes RC, Semedo LTAS, Soares RMA, et al. (2001). Purification of a thermostable endochitinase from Streptomyces RC1071 isolated from a cerrado soil and its antagonism against phytopathogenic fungi. J Appl Microbiol, 90, 653–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gooday G. (1990). The ecology of chitin degradation. Adv Microb Ecol, 10, 387–431
   Google Scholar
• Gortari MC, Hours RA. (2008). Fungal chitinases and their biological role in the antagonism onto nematode eggs. A review. Mycol Progress, 7, 221–38
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govindsamy V, Gunaratna KR, Balasubramanian R. (1998). Properties of extracellular chitinase from Myrothecium verrucaria, an antagonist to the groundnut rust Puccinia arachidis. Can J Plant Pathol, 20, 62–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratchev A, Schmuttermaier C, Mamidi S, et al. (2008). Expression of osteoarthritis marker YKL-39 is stimulated by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and IL-4 in differentiating macrophages. Biomark Insights, 3, 39–44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grover A. (2012). Plant chitinases: genetic diversity and physiological roles. Crit Rev Plant Sci, 31, 57–73
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber S, Seidl-Seiboth V. (2012). Self versus non-self: fungal cell wall degradation in Trichoderma. Microbiology, 158, 26–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo RF, Li DC, Wang R. (2005). Purification and properties of a thermostable chitinase from thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus. Acta Microbiol Sin, 45, 270–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta R, Saxena RK, Chaturvedi P, Virdi JS. (1995). Chitinase production by Sirepiomyces viridificans: its potential in fungal cell wall lysis. J Appl Bacteriol, 78, 370–83
   Google Scholar
• Hamari Z, Pfeiffer I, Kevei F, Ferenczy L. (1997). Preparation of mitochondrial DNA from fungal protoplasts. J Microbiol Methods, 30, 165–6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han BK, Moon JK, Ryu YW, et al. (2000). Purification and characterization of acidic chitinases from gizzards of broiler (Gallus gallus L.). J Biochem Mol Biol, 33, 326–31
   Google Scholar
• Han Y, Yang B, Zhang F, et al. (2009). Characterization of antifungal chitinase from marine Streptomyces sp. DA11 associated with south China sea sponge Craniella Australiensis. Mar Biotechnol, 11, 132–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hara S, Yamamura Y, Fujii Y, et al. (1989). Purification and characterization of chitinase produced by Streptomyces erythraeus. J Biochem, 105, 484–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harighi MJ, Zamani MR, Motallebi M. (2007). Evaluation of antifungal activity of purified chitinase 42 from Trichoderma atroviride PTCC5220. Biotechnology, 6, 28–33
   Google Scholar
• Harman GE, Hayes CK, Lorito M, et al. (1993). Chitinolytic enzymes of Trichoderma harzianum: purification of chitobiosidase and endochitinase. Phytopathology, 83, 313–18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartl L, Zach S, Seidl-Seiboth V. (2012). Fungal chitinases: diversity, mechanistic properties and biotechnological potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 93, 533–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harutyunyan M, Christiansen M, Johansen JS, et al. (2012). The inflammatory biomarker YKL-40 as a new prognostic marker for all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure. Immunobiology, 217, 652–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hide GA. (1981). Fungus diseases on potato seed tubers planted in England and Wales, 1963–76. Ann Appl Biol, 98, 377–93
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofte H, Whiteley HR. (1989). Insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis. Microbiol Rev, 53, 242–55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollak CE, van Weely S, van Oers MH, Aerts JM. (1994). Marked elevation of plasma chitotriosidase activity: a novel hallmark of gaucher disease. J Clin Invest, 93, 1288–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horsch M, Mayer C, Sennhauser U, Rast DM. (1997). β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase: a target for the design of antifungal agents. Pharmacol Ther, 76, 187–218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou WC, Chen YC, Lin YH. (1998). Chitinase activity of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam var. Tainong 57). Bot Bull Acad Sin, 39, 93–7
   Google Scholar
• Huang CJ, Chen CY. (2008). Synergistic interactions between chitinase ChiCW and fungicides against plant fungal pathogens. J Microbiol Biotechnol, 18, 784–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang CJ, Wang TK, Chung SC, Chen CY. (2005). Identification of an antifungal chitinase from a potential biocontrol agent, Bacillus cereus 28–9. J Biochem Mol Biol, 38, 82–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hung TH, Chang YM, Sung HY, Chang CT. (2002). Purification and characterization of hydrolase with chitinase and chitosanase activity from commercial stem bromelain. J Agric Food Chem, 50, 4666–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husson F, Couturier A, Kermanshah S, Belin JM. (1998). Induction and localization of a lipoxygenase from Fusarium proliferatum. J Mol Catal B Enzym, 5, 159–63
   Google Scholar
• Huynh QK, Hironaka CM, Levine EB, et al. (1992). Antifungal proteins from plants. Purification, molecular cloning, and antifungal properties of chitinases from maize seed. J Biol Chem, 267, 6635–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda M, Miyauchi K, Mochizuki A, Matsumiya M. (2009). Purification and characterization of chitinase from the stomach of silver croaker Pennahia argentatus. Protein Expr Purif, 65, 214–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglis PW, Peberdy JF. (1997). Production and purification of a chitinase from Ewingella americana, a recently described pathogen of the mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 157, 189–94
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh Y, Takahashi K, Takizawa H, et al. (2003). Family 19 chitinase of Streptomyces griseus HUT6037 increases plant resistance to the fungal disease. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 67, 847–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaga K, Brosius D. (1999). Pesticide exposure: human cancers on the horizon. Rev Environ Health, 14, 39–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiang X, Chen D, Hong S, et al. (2012). Identification, characterization and functional analysis of a GH-18 chitinase from Streptomyces roseolus. Carbohydr Polym, 87, 2409–15
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobin G, Couture G, Goyer C, et al. (2005). Streptomycete spores entrapped in chitosan beads as a novel biocontrol tool against common scab of potato. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 68, 104–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS. (2006). Studies on serum YKL-40 as a biomarker in diseases with inflammation, tissue remodelling, fibroses and cancer. Dan Med Bull, 53, 172–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen JS, Jensen BV, Roslind A, et al. (2006). Serum YKL-40, a new prognostic biomarker in cancer patients? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 15, 194–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joo GJ. (2005). Purification and characterization of an extracellular chitinase from the antifungal biocontrol agent Streptomyces halstedii. Biotechnol Lett, 27, 1483–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabir KE, Hirowatari D, Watanabe K, Koga D. (2006a). Purification and characterization of a novel isozyme of chitinase from Bombyx mori. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 70, 252–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabir KE, Sugimoto H, Tado H, et al. (2006b). Effect of Bombyx mori chitinase against Japanese pine sawyer (Monochamus alternatus) adult as a biopesticide. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 70, 219–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang SC, Park S, Lee DG. (1997). Purification and characterization of an extracellular chitinase from the entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae. Can J Microbiol, 43, 276–81
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang SC, Park S, Lee DG. (1999). Purification and characterization of a novel chitinase from the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae. J Invertebr Pathol, 73, 276–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karasuda S, Tanaka S, Kajihara H, et al. (2003). Plant chitinase as a possible biocontrol agent for use instead of chemical fungicides. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 67, 221–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastrup J. (2012). Can YKL-40 be a new inflammatory biomarker in cardiovascular disease? Immunobiology, 217, 483–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastrup J, Johansen JS, Winkel P, et al. (2009). High serum YKL-40 concentration is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J, 30, 1066–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato T, Shizuri Y, Izumidia H, et al. (1995). Styloguanidines, new chitinase inhibitors from the marine sponge Stylotella aurantium. Tetrahedron Lett, 36, 2133–6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawachi I, Fujieda T, Ujita M, et al. (2001). Purification and characterization of chitinases from the parasitic fungus Isaria japonica. J Biosci Bioeng, 92, 544–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khandelwal P, Bhatnagar NB. (2003). Insecticidal activity associated with the outer membrane vesicles of Xenorhabdus nematophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol, 69, 2032–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KJ, Yang YJ, Kim JG. (2003). Purification and characterization of chitinase from Streptomyces sp. M-20. J Biochem Mol Biol, 36, 185–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim YS, Lee MY, Park YM. (1992). Purification and characterization of chitinase from green onion. Korean Biochem J, 25, 171–7
   Google Scholar
• Kirsch C, Hahlbrock K, Kombiunk E. (1993). Purification and characterization of extracellular, acidic chitinase isoenzymes from elicitor-stimulated parsley cells. Eur J Biochem, 213, 419–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kishimoto K, Nishizawa Y, Tabei Y, et al. (2004). Transgenic cucumber expressing an endogenous class III chitinase gene has reduced symptoms from Botrytis cinerea. J Gen Plant Pathol, 70, 314–20
   Google Scholar
• Kishore GK, Pande S, Podile AR. (2005). Biological control of late leaf spot of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) with chitinolytic bacteria. Phytopathology, 95, 1157–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitamoto Y, Mori N, Yamamoto M, et al. (1988). Simple method for protoplast formation and improvement of protoplast regeneration from various fungi using an enzyme from Trichoderma harzianum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 28, 445–50
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knorr T, Obermayr F, Bartnik E, et al. (2003). YKL-39 (chitinase 3-like protein 2), but not YKL-40 (chitinase 3-like protein 1), is up regulated in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Ann Rheum Dis, 62, 995–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koga D, Isogai A, Sakuda S, et al. (1987). Specific inhibition of Bombyx mori chitinase by allosamidin. Agric Bio Chem, 51, 471–6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koga D, Sasaki Y, Uchiumi Y, et al. (1997). Purification and characterization of Bombyx mori chitinase. Insect Biochem Mol Biol, 27, 757–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koga D, Sueshige N, Orikono K, et al. (1988). Efficiency of chitinolytic enzymes in the formation of Tricholoma sutake protoplasts. Agric Biol Chem, 52, 2091–3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konagaya Y, Tsuchiya C, Sugita H. (2006). Purification and characterization of chitinases from Clostridium sp. E-16 isolated from the intestinal tract of the South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens). Lett Appl Microbiol, 43, 187–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo K, Matsumoto M, Kojo A, Maeda R. (2002). Purification and characterization of chitinase from pupae of Pieris rapae crucivora boisduval. J Chem Eng Jpn, 35, 241–6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopparapu NK, Liu Z, Fei F, et al. (2011). Purification and characterization of a chitinase (sAMC) with antifungal activity from seeds of Astragalus membranaceus. Process Biochem, 46, 1370–74
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan HB, Kim KY, Krishnan AH. (1999). Expression of a Serratia marcescens chitinase gene in Sinorhizobium fredii usda191 and Sinorhizobium meliloti rcr2011 impedes soybean and alfalfa nodulation. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact, 12, 748–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnaveni S, Liang GH, Muthukrishnan S, Manickam A. (1999). Purification and partial characterization of chitinases from sorghum seeds. Plant Sci, 144, 1–7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kzhyshkowska J. (2010). Multifunctional receptor stabilin-1 in homeostasis and disease. ScientificWorldJournal, 10, 2039–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kzhyshkowska J, Gratchev A, Goerdt S. (2007). Human chitinases and chitinase-like proteins as indicators for inflammation and cancer. Biomark Insights, 2, 128–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kzhyshkowska J, Krusell L. (2009). Cross-talk between endocytic clearance and secretion in macrophages. Immunobiology, 214, 576–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kzhyshkowska J, Mamidi S, Gratchev A, et al. (2006). Novel stabilin-1 interacting chitinase-like protein (SI-CLP) is up-regulated in alternatively activated macrophages and secreted via lysosomal pathway. Blood, 107, 3221–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang L. (1993). Are pesticides a problem? Environ Health Perspect, 101, 578–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DM, Noh HJ, Lee KM. (1990). Purification and characterization of a chitinase from Cytophaga sp. HJ. Isolated from sea sand. J Microbiol Biotechnol, 9, 839–46
   Google Scholar
• Lee YG, Chung KC, Wi SG, et al. (2009). Purification and properties of a chitinase from Penicillium sp. LYG 0704. Protein Expr Purif, 65, 244–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legrand M, Kauffmann S, Geoffroy P, Fritig B. (1987). Biological function of pathogenesis-related proteins: four tobacco pathogenesis-related proteins are chitinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 84, 6750–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leong SL, Hocking AD, Pitt JI. (2004). Occurrence of fruit rot fungi (Aspergillus section Nigri) on some drying varieties of irrigated grapes. Aust J Grape Wine Res, 10, 83–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letuve S, Kozhich A, Arouche N, et al. (2008). YKL-40 is elevated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and activates alveolar macrophages. J Immunol, 181, 5167–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li DC, Zhang SH, Liu KQ, Lu J. (2004). Purification and partial characterization of a chitinase from the mycoparasitic fungus Trichothecium roseum. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 50, 35–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JG, Jiang ZQ, Xu LP, et al. (2008). Characterization of chitinase secreted by Bacillus cereus strain CH2 and evaluation of its efficacy against Verticillium wilt of eggplant. Biocontrol, 53, 931–44
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YC, Chang CT, Hsiao ESL, et al. (2003). Purification and characterization of an antifungal chitinase in jelly fig (Ficus awkeotsang) achenes. Plant Cell Physiol, 44, 1162–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang TW, Chen YJ, Yen YH, Wang SL. (2007). The antitumor activity of the hydrolysates of chitinous materials hydrolyzed by crude enzyme from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens V656. Process Biochem, 42, 527–34
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lien TS, Wu ST, Yu ST, Too JR. (2007). Purification and characterization of a thermophilic chitinase produced by Aeromonas sp. DYU-Too7. Korean J Chem Eng, 24, 806–11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CC, Aronson JM. (1970). Chitin and cellulose in the cell walls of the oomycete, Apodachlya sp. Arch Mikrobiol, 72, 111–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ling H, Recklies AD. (2004). The chitinase 3-like protein human cartilage glycoprotein 39 inhibits cellular responses to the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor-α. Biochem J, 380, 651–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu M, Cai QX, Liu HZ, et al. (2002). Chitinolytic activities in Bacillus thuringiensis and their synergistic effects on larvicidal activity. J Appl Microbiol, 93, 374–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu M, Zhang H, Hu X, Wei Q. (2010). Purification and characterization of a chitinase from Bombyx mori. Chin J Biotechnol, 26, 404–9
   Google Scholar
• Loiseau PM, Bories C, Sanon A. (2002). The chitinase system from Trichomonas vaginalis as a potential target for antimicrobial therapy of urogenital trichomoniasis. Biomed Pharmacother, 56, 503–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorito M, Harman GE, Hayes CK, et al. (1993). Chitinolytic enzymes produced by Trichoderma harzianum: antifungal activity of purified endochitinase and chitobiosidase. Phytopathology, 83, 302–7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorito M, Woo SL, Fernandez IG, et al. (1998). Genes from mycoparasitic fungi as a source for improving plant resistance to fungal pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95, 7860–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margino S, Nugroho AJ, Asmara W. (2010). Purification and characterization of Streptomyces sp. IK chitinase. I J Biotech, 15, 29–36
   Google Scholar
• Martinez-Toledo MV, Salmeron V, Gonzalez-Lopez J. (1992a). Effect of the insecticides methylpyrimifos and chlorpyrifos on soil microflora in an agricultural loam. Plant Soil, 147, 25–30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Toledo MV, Salmeron V, Gonzalez-Lopez J. (1992b). Effect of an organophosphorus insecticide, profenofos, on agricultural soil microflora. Chemosphere, 24, 71–80
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Toledo MV, Salmeron V, Rodelas B, Gonzalez-Lopez J. (1993). Response of soil microflora to the insecticides fonofos and parathion. Toxicol Environ Chem, 39, 139–45
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathivanan N, Kabilan V, Murugesan K. (1998). Purification, characterization, and antifungal activity of chitinase from Fusarium chlamydosporum, a mycoparasite to groundnut rust, Puccinia arachidis. Can J Microbiol, 44, 646–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto KS. (2006). Fungal chitinases. Adv Agric Food Biotechnol, 289–304 . ISBN: 81-7736-269-0
   Google Scholar
• Mauch F, Hadwiger LA, Boller T. (1988). Antifungal hydrolases in pea tissue. I. Purification and characterization of two chitinases and two β-1,3-glucanases differentially regulated during development and in response to fungal infection. Plant Physiol, 87, 325–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehmood MA, Xiao X, Hafeez FY, et al. (2009). Purification and characterization of a chitinase from Serratia proteamaculans. World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 25, 1955–61
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melent’ev AI, Helisto P, Kuz’mina LY, et al. (2006). Use of antagonistic bacilli for biocontrol of fungi degrading fresh wood. Appl Biochem Microbiol, 42, 62–6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller LH. (1992). The challenge of malaria. Science, 257, 36–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsutomi M, Hata T, Kuwahara T. (1995). Purification and characterization of novel chitinases from Streptomyces griseus HUT 6037. J Ferment Bioeng, 80, 153–8
   Google Scholar
• Mizuno K, Kimura O, Tachiki T. (1997). Protoplast formation from Schizophyllum commune by a culture filtrate of Bacillus circulans KA-304 grown on a cell-wall preparation of S. commune as a carbon source. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 61, 852–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monte E. (2001). Understanding Trichoderma: between biotechnology and microbial ecology. Int Microbiol, 4, 1–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monte E, Llobell A. (2003). Trichoderma in organic agriculture. V World Avocado Congress, 19–24 October; Malaga, Spain, 725–33
   Google Scholar
• Mukherjee G, Sen SK. (2006). Purification, characterization, and antifungal activity of chitinase from Streptomyces venezuelae P10. Curr Microbiol, 53, 265–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mushak EW, Piver WT. (1992). Agricultural chemical utilization and human health. Environ Health Perspect, 97, 269–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagpure A, Gupta RK. (2013). Purification and characterization of an extracellular chitinase from antagonistic Streptomyces violaceusniger. J Basic Microbiol, DOI 10.1002/jobm.201100648
   Google Scholar
• Nawani NN, Kapadnis BP. (2001). One-step purification of chitinase from Serratia marcescens NK1, a soil isolate. J Appl Microbiol, 90, 803–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawani NN, Kapadnis BP, Das AD, et al. (2002). Purification and characterization of a thermophilic and acidophilic chitinase from Microbispora sp. V2. J Appl Microbiol, 93, 965–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neeraja C, Anil K, Purushotham P, et al. (2010). Biotechnological approaches to develop bacterial chitinases as a bioshield against fungal diseases of plants. Crit Rev Biotechnol, 30, 231–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen NV, Kim YJ, Oh KT, et al. (2008). Antifungal activity of chitinases from Trichoderma aureoviride DY-59 and Rhizopus microsporus VS-9. Curr Microbiol, 56, 28–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen VN, Oh IJ, Kim YJ, et al. (2009). Purification and characterization of chitinases from Paecilomyces variotii DG-3 parasitizing on Meloidogyne incognita eggs. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 36, 195–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen AR, Erikstrup C, Johansen JS, et al. (2008). Plasma YKL-40: a BMI-independent marker of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 57, 3078–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nirala NK, Das DK, Srivastava PS, et al. (2010). Expression of a rice chitinase gene enhances antifungal potential in transgenic grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Vitis, 49, 181–7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novotna Z, Fliegerova K, Simunek J. (2008). Characterization of chitinases of polycentric anaerobic rumen fungi. Folia Microbiol, 53, 241–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa K, Yoshida N, Kariya K, et al. (2002). Purification and characterization of a novel chitinase from Burkholderia cepacia strain KH2 isolated from the bed log of Lentinus edodes, Shiitake mushroom. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 48, 25–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oji EO. (1982). Mycolase II: an enzyme antifungal agent interacts with the polyene antibiotic pimaricin in the treatment of keratomycosis. Int Ophthalmol, 5, 175–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omura S, Arai N, Yamaguchi Y, et al. (2000). Argifin, a new chitinase inhibitor, produced by Gliocladium sp. FTD-0668. J Antibiot, 53, 603–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onaga S, Taira T. (2008). A new type of plant chitinase containing LysM domains from a fern (Pteris ryukyuensis): roles of LysM domains in chitin binding and antifungal activity. Glycobiology, 18, 414–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oranusi NA, Trinci AP. (1985). Growth of bacteria on chitin, fungal cell walls and fungal biomass, and the effect of extracellular enzymes produced by these cultures on the antifungal activity of amphotericin B. Microbios, 43, 17–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oshima H, Miyazaki R, Ohe Y, et al. (2002). Isolation and sequence of a novel amphibian pancreatic chitinase. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 132, 381–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pae HO, Seo WG, Kim NY, et al. (2001). Induction of granulocytic differentiation in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) by water-soluble chitosan oligomer. Leuk Res, 25, 339–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park HY, Pan CH, So MY, et al. (2001). Purification, characterization and cDNA cloning of Rice class III chitinase. Mol Cells, 13, 69–76
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SH, Lee JH, Lee HK. (2000). Purification and characterization of chitinase from a marine bacterium, Vibrio sp. 98CJ11027. J Microbiol, 38, 224–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel AK, Singh VK, Yadav RP, et al. (2010). Purification and characterization of a new chitinase from latex of Ipomoea carnea. Process Biochem, 45, 675–81
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne JM, Davidson EW. (1984). Insecticidal activity of crystalline parasporal inclusions and other components of the Bacillus sphaericus 1593 spore complex. J Invertebr Pathol, 43, 383–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peberdy JF. (1980). Protoplasts fusion – a tool for genetic manipulation and breeding in industrial microorganisms. Enzyme Microbiol Technol, 2, 23–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peberdy JF. (1989). Fungi without coats-protoplasts as tools for mycological research. Mycol Res, 93, 1–20
   Google Scholar
• Pedraza-Reyes M, Lopez-Romero E. (1989). Purification and some properties of two forms of chitinase from mycelial cells of Mucor rouxii. J Gen Microbiol, 135, 211–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pereira JL, Franco OL, Noronha EF. (2006). Production and biochemical characterization of insecticidal enzymes from Aspergillus fumigatus toward Callosobruchus maculates. Curr Microbiol, 52, 430–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope AMS, Davies DAL. (1979). The influence of carbohydrases on the growth of fungal pathogens in vitro and in vivo. Postgrad Med J, 55, 674–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzebon A, Duso C, Pavanetto E. (2002). Side effect of some fungicides on phytoseiid mites (Acari, Phytoseiidae) in north-Italian vineyards. J Pest Sci, 75, 132–6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabavathy VR, Mathivanan N, Sagadevan E, et al. (2006). Self-fusion of protoplasts enhances chitinase production and biocontrol activity in Trichoderma harzianum. Bioresour Technol, 97, 2330–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prapagdee B, Kuekulvong C, Mongkolsuk S. (2008). Antifungal potential of extracellular metabolites produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus against phytopathogenic fungi. Int J Biol Sci, 4, 330–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratissoli D, Milanez AM, Barbosa WF, et al. (2010). Side effects of fungicides used in cucurbitaceous crop on Trichogramma atopovirilia oatman & platner (Hymenoptera: Trichogramatidae). Chilean J Agric Res, 70, 323–7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabeeth M, Anitha A, Srikanth G. (2011). Purification of an antifungal endochitinase from a potential biocontrol agent Streptomyces griseus. Pak J Biol Sci, 14, 788–97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Radjacommare R, Venkatesan S, Samiyappan R. (2010). Biological control of phytopathogenic fungi of vanilla through lytic action of Trichoderma species and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Arch Phytopathol Pfl, 43, 1–17
   Google Scholar
• Raman R, Bhatnagar RK. (2002). Insecticidal toxic proteins produced by Photorhabdus luminescens akhurstii, a symbiont of Heterorhabditis indica. J Nematol, 34, 23–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rattanakit N, Yano S, Plikomol A, et al. (2007). Purification of Aspergillus sp. S1–13 chitinases and their role in saccharification of chitin in mash of solid-state culture with shellfish waste. J Biosci Bioeng, 103, 535–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rattanakit N, Yano S, Wakayama M, et al. (2003). Saccharification of chitin using solid-state culture of Aspergillus sp. S1–13 with shellfish waste as a substrate. J Biosci Bioeng, 95, 391–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regev A, Keller M, Strizhov N, et al. (1996). Synergistic activity of a Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin and a bacterial endochitinase against Spodoptera littoralis larvae. Appl Environ Microbiol, 62, 3581–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renkema GH, Boot RG, Muijsers AO, et al. (1995). Purification and characterization of human chitotriosidase, a novel member of the chitinase family of protein. J Biol Chem, 270, 2198–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roby D,Esquerre-Tugaye MT. (1987). Purification and some properties of chitinases from melon plants infected by Colletotrichum lagenarium. Carbohydr Res, 165, 93–104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romaguera A, Tschech A, Bender S, et al. (1993). Protoplast formation by a mycolase from Streptomyces olivaceoviridis and purification of chitinases. Enzyme Microb Technol, 15, 412–17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai K, Yokota A, Kurokawa H, et al. (1998). Purification and characterization of three thermostable endochitinases of a noble Bacillus strain, MH-1, isolated from chitin-containing compost. Appl Environ Microbiol, 64, 3397–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai S, Nishide T, Munir E, et al. (2006). Subcellular localization of glyoxylate cycle key enzymes involved in oxalate biosynthesis of wood-destroying basidiomycetes Fomitopsis palustris grown on glucose. Microbiology, 152, 1857–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakudaa S, Isogai A, Matsumoto S, Suzuki A. (1987). Search for microbial insect growth regulators II. Allosamidin, a novel insect chitinase inhibitor. J Antibiot, 40, 296–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanborn MD, Cole D, Abelsohn A, Weir E. (2002). Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 4. Pesticides. Can Med Assoc J, 166, 1431–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandalli C, Kacagan M, Canakci S, Belduz AO. (2008). Cloning, expression, purification and characterisation of a thermostable chitinase from Bacillus licheniformis A1. Ann Microbiol, 58, 245–51
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanon A, Bories C, Loiseau PM. (1998). Chitinolytic activities in Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasite, 5, 75–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schickler H, Chet I. (1997). Heterologous chitinase gene expression to improve plant defense against phytopathogenic fungi. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 19, 196–201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidl V. (2008). Chitinases of filamentous fungi: a large group of diverse proteins with multiple physiological functions. Fungal Biol Rev, 22, 36–42
   Google Scholar
• Shah JM, Raghupathy V, Veluthambi K. (2009). Enhanced sheath blight resistance in transgenic rice expressing an endochitinase gene from Trichoderma virens. Biotechnol Lett, 31, 239–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma V, Shanmugam V. (2011). Purification and characterization of an extracellular 24 kDa chitobiosidase from the mycoparasitic fungus Trichoderma saturnisporum. J Basic Microbiol, 51, 1–8
   Google Scholar
• Sharma N, Sharma, KP, Gaur RK, Gupta VK. (2011). Role of chitinase in plant defense. Asian J Biochem, 6, 29–37
   Google Scholar
• Shinshi H, Neuhaus JM, Ryals J, Meins E. (1990). Structure of a tobacco endochitinase gene-evidence that different chitinase genes can arise by transposition of sequences encoding a cysteine-rich domain. Plant Mol Biol, 14, 357–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirota K, Sato T, Sekiguchi J, et al. (2008). Purification and characterization of chitinase isozymes from a red algae, Chondrus verrucosus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 72, 3091–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shternshis MV, Beljaev AA, Shpatova TV, et al. (2002). Field testing of BACTICIDE®, PHYTOVERM® and CHITINASE for control of the raspberry midge blight in Siberia. BioControl, 47, 697–706
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shternshis MV, Beljaev AA, Shpatova TV, et al. (2006). The effect of chitinase on Didymella applanata, the causal agent of raspberry cane spur blight. BioControl, 51, 311–22
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sietsma JH, Child JJ, Nesbitt LR, Haskins RH. (1975). Ultrastructure aspects of wall regeneration by Pythium protoplasts. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 41, 17–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh AK, Chhatpar HS. (2011). Purification and characterization of chitinase from Paenibacillus sp. D1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 164, 77–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh PP, Shin YC, Park CS, Chung YR. (1999). Biological control of fusarium wilt of cucumber by chitinolytic bacteria. Phytopathology, 89, 92–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Someya N, Nakajima M, Hirayae K, et al. (2001). Synergistic antifungal activity of chitinolytic enzymes and prodigiosin produced by biocontrol bacterium, Serratia marcescens strain B2 against gray mold pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. J Gen Plant Pathol, 67, 312–17
   Google Scholar
• Stafferton, J. (2007). Polysaccharide: their structure and function. Available at: http://molecular-biology.suite101.com/article.cfm/polysaccharides [last accessed Dec 2010].
   Google Scholar
• Steck E, Breit S, Breusch SJ, et al. (2002). Enhanced expression of the human chitinase 3-like 2 gene (YKL-39) but not chitinase 3-like 1 gene (YKL-40) in osteoarthritic cartilage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 299, 109–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefani FOP, Hamelin RC. (2010). Current state of genetically modified plant impact on target and non-target fungi. Environ Rev, 18, 441–75
   Google Scholar
• Subramaniam S, Ravi V, Narayanan GK. (2012). Studies on production of enzyme chitinase from Streptomyces sp. and its anti-fungal activity. J Pharm Res, 5, 1409–13
   Google Scholar
• Taira T, Toma N, Ishihara M. (2005). Purification, characterization, and antifungal activity of chitinases from pineapple (Ananas comosus) leaf. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 69, 189–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanabe T, Kawase T, Watanabe T, et al. (2000). Purification and characterization of a 49 kDa chitinase from Streptomyces griseus HUT 6037. J Biosci Bioeng, 89, 27–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang Y, Zhao J, Ding S, et al. (2001). Purification and properties of chitinase from Enterobacter aerogenes. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao (Acta Microbiol Sin), 41, 82–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor G, Jabaji-Hare S, Charest PM, Khan W. (2002). Purification and characterization of an extracellular exochitinase, β-N-acetylhexosaminidase, from the fungal mycoparasite Stachybotrys elegans. Can J Microbiol, 48, 311–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tikhonov VE, Lopez-Llorca LV, Salinas J, Jansson HB. (2002). Purification and characterization of chitinases from the nematophagous fungi Verticillium chlamydosporium and V. suchlasporium. Fungal Genet Biol, 35, 67–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmer LW, Mondal SN, Peres NAR, Bhatia A. (2004). Fungal diseases of fruit and foliage of citrus trees. Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables, 1, 191–227. ISBN: 978-1-4020-1822-0
   Google Scholar
• Tjoelker LW, Gosting L, Frey S, et al. (2000). Structural and functional definition of the human chitinase chitin-binding domain. J Biol Chem, 275, 514–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toharisman A, Suhartono MT, Spindler-Barth M, et al. (2005). Purification and characterization of a thermostable chitinase from Bacillus licheniformis Mb-2. World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 21, 733–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi AK, Khanuja SPS, Kumar S. (2002). Chitin synthesis inhibitors as insect-pest control agents. J Med Arom Plant Sci, 24, 104–22
   Google Scholar
• Tsirilakis K, Kim C, Vicencio AG, et al. (2012). Methylxanthine inhibit fungal chitinases and exhibit antifungal activity. Mycopathologia, 173, 83–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsujibo H, Yoshida Y, Miyamoto K, et al. (1992). Purification, properties, and partial amino acid sequence of chitinase from a marine Alteromonas sp. strain O-7. Can J Microbiol, 38, 891–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsujibo H, Minoura K, Miyamoto K, et al. (1993). Purification and properties of a thermostable chitinase from Streptomyces thermoviolaceus OPC-520. Appl Environ Microbiol, 59, 620–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukamoto T, Koga D, Ide A, et al. (1984). Purification and some properties of chitinases from yam, Dioscorea opposita THUMB. Agric Biol Chem, 48, 931–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueda M, Kotani Y, Sutrisno A, et al. (2005). Purification and characterization of chitinase B from moderately thermophilic bacterium Ralstonia sp. A-471. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 69, 842–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueno H, Miyashita K, Swada Y, Oba Y. (1990). Purification and some properties of extracellular chitinase from Streptomyces sp. S-84. J Gen Appl Microbiol, 36, 377–92
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidya R, Roy S, Macmil S, et al. (2003). Purification and characterization of chitinase from Alcaligenes xylosoxydans. Biotechnol Lett, 25, 715–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidya RJ, Shah IM, Vyas PR, Chhatpar HS. (2001). Production of chitinase and its optimization from a novel isolate Alcaligenes xylosoxydans: potential in antifungal biocontrol. World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 17, 691–6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vannini A, Caruso C, Leonardi L, et al. (1999). Antifungal properties of chitinases from Castanea sativa against hypovirulent and virulent strains of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol, 55, 29–35
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazquez-Torres A, Balish E. (1997). Macrophages in resistance to candidiasis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 61, 170–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verburg JG, Huynh QK. (1991). Purification and characterization of an antifungal chitinase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol, 95, 450–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicencio AG, Narain S, Du Z, et al. (2008). Pulmonary cryptococcosis induces chitinase in the rat. Respir Res, 9, 1–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinsova J, Vavrikova E. (2008). Recent advances in drugs and prodrugs design of chitosan. Curr Pharm Des, 14, 1311–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadsworth SA, Zikaki JP. (1984). Chitinase from soybean seeds: purification and some properties of the enzyme system. J Agric Food Chem, 32, 1284–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Chen Z, Du J, et al. (2005). Novel insect resistance in Brassica napus developed by transformation of chitinase and scorpion toxin genes. Plant Cell Rep, 24, 549–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Zhou Z, Sakuda S, Yamada Y. (1993). Purification of allosamidin sensitive and insensitive chitinases produced by allosamidin producing Streptomyces. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 57, 467–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S, Moyne A, Thottappilly G, et al. (2001). Purification and characterization of Bacillus cereus exochitinase. Enzyme Microb Technol, 28, 492–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S, Ye X, Chen J, Rao P. (2012). A novel chitinase isolated from Vicia faba and its antifungal activity. Food Res Intl, 45, 116–22
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang SL, Chang WT. (1997). Purification and characterization of two bifunctional chitinases/lysozymes extracellularly produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa K-187 in shrimp and crab shell powder medium. Appl Environ Microbiol, 63, 380–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang SL, Chao CH, Liang TW, Chen CC. (2009). Purification and characterization of protease and chitinase from Bacillus cereus TKU006 and conversion of marine wastes by these enzymes. Mar Biotechnol, 11, 334–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang SL, Hsiao WJ, Chang WT. (2002a). Purification and characterization of an antimicrobial chitinase extracellularly produced by Monascus purpureus CCRC31499 in a shrimp and crab shell powder medium. J Agric Food Chem, 50, 2249–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang SL, Lin BS, Liang TW, et al. (2010). Purification and characterization of chitinase from a new species strain, Pseudomonas sp. TKU008. J Microbiol Biotechnol, 20, 1001–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang SL, Shih IL, Liang TW, Wang CH. (2002b). Purification and characterization of two antifungal chitinases extracellularly produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens V656 in a shrimp and crab shell powder medium. J Agric Food Chem, 50, 2241–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe T, Kanai R, Kawase T, et al. (1999). Family 19 chitinases of Streptomyces species: characterization and distribution. Microbiology, 145, 3353–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe T, Oyanagi W, Suzuki K, Tanaka H. (1990). Chitinase system of Bacillus circulans WL-12 and importance of chitinase A1 in chitin degradation. J Bacteriol, 172, 4017–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiwat C, Siwayaprahm P, Bhumiratana A. (1999). Purification and characterization of chitinase from Bacillus circulans no. 4.1. Curr Microbiol, 39, 134–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo SL, Scala F, Ruocco M, Lorito M. (2006). The molecular biology of the interactions between Trichoderma sp. phytopathogenic fungi and plants. Phytopathology, 96, 181–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia JL, Xiong J, Xu T, et al. (2009). Purification and characterization of extracellular chitinase from a novel strain Aspergillus fumigatus CS-01. J Cent South Univ Technol, 16, 0552–7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao-Jing X, Li-Qun Z, You-Yong Z, Wen-Hua T. (2005). Improving biocontrol effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens P5 on plant diseases by genetic modification with chitinase gene. Chin J Agric Biotechol, 2, 23–7
   Google Scholar
• Yamagami T, Mine Y, Aso Y, Ishiguro M. (1997). Purification and characterization of two chitinase isoforms from the bulbs of gladiolus (Gladiolus gandavensis). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 61, 2140–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto T, Iketani H, Ieki H, et al. (2000). Transgenic grapevine plants expressing a rice chitinase with enhanced resistance to fungal pathogens. Plant Cell Rep, 19, 639–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto Y, Fukunaga Y, Aoyagi H, Tanaka H. (1995). Purification and characteristics of chitinase secreted by cultured Wasabia japonica cells. J Ferment Bioeng, 80, 148–52
   Google Scholar
• Yamaoka H, Hayashi H, Karita S, et al. (1999). Purification and some properties of a chitinase from Xanthomonas sp. strain AK. J Biosci Bioeng, 88, 328–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan P, Zheng-sheng Z, Yu-xian X, Shui-qing S. (1993). Purification and some properties of chitinase from Momordica charantia. Acta Bot Sin, 35, 486–9
   Google Scholar
• Yano S, Rattanakit N, Honda A, et al. (2008). Purification and characterization of chitinase A of Streptomyces cyaneus SP-27: an enzyme participates in protoplast formation from Schizophyllum commune mycelia. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 72, 54–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yano S, Rattanakit N, Wakayama M, Tachiki T. (2004). A chitinase indispensable for formation of protoplast of Schizophyllum commune in basidiomycete-lytic enzyme preparation produced by Bacillus circulans KA-304. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 68, 1299–305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yong T, Hong J, Zhangfu L, et al. (2005). Purification and characterization of an extracellular chitinase produced by bacterium C4. Ann Microbiol, 55, 213–18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan WM, Crawford DL. (1995). Characterization of Streptomyces lydicus WYEC108 as a potential biocontrol agent against fungal root and seed rots. Appl Environ Microbiol, 61, 3119–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Gratchev A, Riabov V, et al. (2009). A novel GGA-binding site is required for intracellular sorting mediated by stabilin-1. Mol Cell Biol, 29, 6097–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Yuen GY. (2000). The role of chitinase production by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain C3 in biological control of Bipolaris sorokiniana. Phytopathology, 90, 384–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong Q, Hiruki C. (1993). Chitinase purified from alfalfa infected by clover proliferation mycoplasmalike organism. Proc Japan Acad, 69, 255–8
   Google Scholar
• Zhu Z, Zheng T, Homer RJ, et al. (2004). Acidic mammalian chitinase in asthmatic Th2 inflammation and IL-13 pathway activation. Science, 304, 1678–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar