References
- Abdel-Aal E-SM, Akhtar H, Zaheer K, Ali R. (2013). Dietary sources of lutein and zeaxanthin carotenoids and their role in eye health. Nutrients, 5, 1169–85
- Aimjongjun S, Sutheerawattananonda M, Limpeanchob N. (2013). Silk lutein extract and its combination with vitamin E reduce UVB-mediated oxidative damage to retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Photochem Photobiol B, 124, 34–41
- Alexandra Alves-Rodrigues AS. (2004). The science behind lutein. Toxicol Lett, 150, 57–83
- Alinezhad H, Azimi R, Zare M, et al. (2013). Antioxidant and antihemolytic activities of ethanolic extract of flowers, leaves, and stems of Hyssopus officinalis L. var. angustifolius. Int J Food Prop, 16, 1169–78
- Allen D. Cataract. BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2011;2011:0708
- Alves-Rodrigues A, Shao A. (2004). The science behind lutein. Toxicol Lett, 150, 57–83
- Andrew Shao JNH. (2006). Risk assessment for the carotenoids lutein and lycopene. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol, 45, 289–98
- Arnal E, Miranda M, Johnsen-Soriano S, et al. (2009). Beneficial effect of docosahexanoic acid and lutein on retinal structural, metabolic, and functional abnormalities in diabetic rats. Curr Eye Res, 34, 928–38
- Baskaran VST, Nagao A. (2003). Phospholipids affect the intestinal absorption of carotenoids in mice. Lipids, 38, 705–11
- Bernstein PS, Khachik F, Carvalho LS, et al. (2001). Identification and quantitation of carotenoids and their metabolites in the tissues of the human eye. Exp Eye Res, 72, 215–23
- Berthoud VM, Beyer EC. (2009). Oxidative stress, lens gap junctions, and cataracts. Antioxid Redox Signal, 11, 339–53
- Bhosale P, Li B, Sharifzadeh M, et al. (2009). Purification and partial characterization of a lutein-binding protein from human retina. Biochemistry, 48, 4798–807
- Bone R, Landrum J, Fernandez L, Tarsis S. (1988). Analysis of the macular pigment by HPLC: retinal distribution and age study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 29, 843–9
- Bowen PE, Herbst-Espinosa SM, Hussain EA, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M. (2002). Esterification does not impair lutein bioavailability in humans. J Nutr, 12, 3668–73
- Branen A. (1975). Toxicology and biochemistry of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. J Am Oil Chem Soc, 52, 59–63
- Brian G, Taylor H. (2001). Cataract blindness: challenges for the 21st century. Bull World Health Organ, 79, 249–56
- Brown L, Rimm EB, Seddon JM, et al. (1999). A prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction in US men. Am J Clin Nutr, 70(4), 517–24
- Brunner G. (2005). Supercritical fluids: technology and application to food processing. J Food Eng, 67, 21–33
- Burton GW, Ingold KU. (1984). Beta-carotene: an unusual type of lipid antioxidant. Science, 224(4649), 569–73
- Campbell DC, Lim M, Muir MK, et al. (1993). A prospective randomised study of local versus general anaesthesia for cataract surgery. Anaesthesia, 48, 422–8
- Carper DA, Sun JK, Iwata T, et al. (1999). Oxidative stress induces differential gene expression in a human lens epithelial cell line. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 40, 400–6
- Castenmiller JJ, West CE, Linssen JP, et al. (1999). The food matrix of spinach is a limiting factor in determining the bioavailability of b-carotene and to a lesser extent of lutein in humans. J Nutr, 129, 349–55
- Chasan-Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, et al. (1999). A prospective study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract extraction in US women. Am J Clin Nutr, 70, 509–16
- Chitchumroonchokchai C, Bomser JA, Glamm JE, Failla ML. (2004). Xanthophylls and α-tocopherol decrease UVB-induced lipid peroxidation and stress signaling in human lens epithelial cells. J Nutr, 134, 3225–32
- Chucair AJ, Rotstein NP, SanGiovanni JP, et al. (2007). Lutein and zeaxanthin protect photoreceptors from apoptosis induced by oxidative stress: relation with docosahexaenoic acid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 48, 5168–77
- Croce R, Müller MG, Bassi R, Holzwarth AR. (2001). Carotenoid-to-chlorophyll energy transfer in recombinant major light-harvesting complex (LHCII) of higher plants. I. Femtosecond transient absorption measurements. Biophys J, 80, 901–15
- Curti V, Capelli E, Boschi F, et al. (2014). Modulation of human miR-17–3p expression by methyl 3-O-methyl gallate as explanation of its in vivo protective activities. Mol Nutr Food Res, 58, 1776–84
- Cuthbertson FM, Peirson SN, Wulff K, et al. (2009). Blue light-filtering intraocular lenses: review of potential benefits and side effects. J Cataract Refract Surg, 35, 1281–97
- Dagnelie G, Zorge IS, McDonald, TM. (2000). Lutein improves visual function in some patients with retinal degeneration: a pilot study via the Internet. Optometry, 71, 147–64
- Dawson CR, Schwab IR. (1981). Epidemiology of cataract – a major cause of preventable blindness. B World Health Organiz, 59(4), 493
- Del Campo JA, Moreno J, Rodriguez H, et al. (2000). Carotenoid content of chlorophycean microalgae: factors determining lutein accumulation in Muriellopsis sp. (Chlorophyta). J Biotechnol, 76, 51–9
- Del Campo J, Rodriguez H, Moreno J, et al. (2004). Accumulation of astaxanthin and lutein in Chlorella zofingiensis (Chlorophyta). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 64, 848–54
- Dherani M, Murthy GV, Gupta SK, et al. (2008). Blood levels of vitamin C, carotenoids and retinol are inversely associated with cataract in a North Indian population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 49, 3328–35
- Duncan IL, Aleman TS, Gardner LM, et al. (2002). Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in choroideremia. Exp Eye Res, 74, 371–81
- Faulks RM, Southon S. (2005). Challenges to understanding and measuring carotenoid bioavailability. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1740, 95–100
- Fernandez MM, Afshari NA. (2011). Cataracts: we have perfected the surgery, but is it time for prevention? Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 22, 2–3
- Forman MR, Beecher GR, Lanza E, et al. (1995). Effect of alcohol consumption on plasma carotenoid concentrations in premenopausal women: a controlled dietary study. Am J Clin Nutr, 62, 131–135
- Gale CR, Hall NF, Phillips DI, Martyn CN. (2001). Plasma antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids and age-related cataract. Ophthalmology, 108, 1992–8
- Gao Y, Nagy B, Liu X, et al. (2009). Supercritical CO2 extraction of lutein esters from marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) enhanced by ultrasound. J Supercrit Fluids, 49, 345–50
- Gao S, Qin T, Liu Z, et al. (2011). Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation reduces H2O2-induced oxidative damage in human lens epithelial cells. Mol Vis, 17, 3180–90
- Giblin FJ, McCready JP, Reddy VN. (1982). The role of glutathione metabolism in the detoxification of H2O2 in rabbit lens. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 22, 330–5
- Giblin FJ. (2000). Glutathione: a vital lens antioxidant. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther, 16, 121–35
- Gritz DC, Srinivasan M, Smith SD, et al. (2006). The Antioxidants in Prevention of Cataracts Study: effects of antioxidant supplements on cataract progression in South India. Br J Ophthalmol, 90, 847–51
- Harikumar KB, Nimita CV, Preethi KC, et al. (2008). Toxicity profile of lutein and lutein ester isolated from marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta). Int J Toxicol, 27, 1–9
- Hayashi R, Hayashi S, Arai K, et al. (2012). Effects of antioxidant supplementation on mRNA expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, β-actin and 18S rRNA in the anterior capsule of the lens in cataract patients. Exp Eye Res, 96, 48–54
- Hennig A, Puri L, Sharma H, et al. (2014). Foldable vs rigid lenses after phacoemulsification for cataract surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Eye, 28, 567–75
- Hirschberg J. (2001). Carotenoid biosynthesis in flowering plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol, 4, 210–8
- Hojnik M, Škerget M, Knez Ž. (2008). Extraction of lutein from Marigold flower petals – experimental kinetics and modelling. LWT-Food Sci Technol, 41, 2008–16
- Hu Y, Xu Z. (2008). Effects of lutein on the growth and migration of bovine lens epithelial cells in vitro. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci, 28, 360–3
- Iannone A, Rota C, Bergamini S, et al. (1998). Antioxidant activity of carotenoids: an electron-spin resonance study on β-carotene and lutein interaction with free radicals generated in a chemical system. J Biochem Mol Toxicol, 12, 299–304
- Jacques PF, Chylack LT, Hankinson SE, et al. (2001). Long-term nutrient intake and early age-related nuclear lens opacities. Arch Ophthalmol, 119, 1009–19
- Javitt JC, Wang F, West SK. (1996). Blindness due to cataract: epidemiology and prevention. Annu Rev Public Health, 17, 159–77
- Jenkins MY, Mitchell GV, Grundel E. (2000). Natural tocopherols in a dietary supplement of lutein affect tissue distribution of tocopherols in young rats. Nutr Cancer, 37, 207–14
- Karppi J, Laukkanen JA, Kurl S. (2012). Plasma lutein and zeaxanthin and the risk of age-related nuclear cataract among the elderly Finnish population. Br J Nutr, 108(1), 148–54
- Kathleen Dorey C, Granata L, Nichols CR, et al. (2005). Dietary modulation of lens zeaxanthin in quail. Exp Eye Res, 81, 464–77
- Kijlstra A, Tian Y, Kelly ER, Berendschot TT. (2012). Lutein: more than just a filter for blue light. Prog Retin Eye Res, 31, 303–15
- Klaver CC, Wolfs RC, Vingerling JR, et al. (1998). Age-specific prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in an older population: the Rotterdam Study. Arch Ophthalmol, 116, 653–8
- Kopsell DA, Kopsell DE. (2006). Accumulation and bioavailability of dietary carotenoids in vegetable crops. Trends Plant Sci, 11, 1360–85
- Krinsky NI, Landrum JT, Bone RA. (2003). Biologic mechanisms of the protective role of lutein and zeaxanthin in the eye. Annu Rev Nutr, 23, 171–201
- Krinsky NI, Yeum K-J. (2003). Carotenoid–radical interactions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 305, 754–60
- Kruger CL, Murphy M, DeFreitas Z, et al. (2002). An innovative approach to the determination of safety for a dietary ingredient derived from a new source: case study using a crystalline lutein product. Food Chem Toxicol, 40, 1535–49
- Lakshminarayana R, Raju M, Krishnakantha TP, Baskaran V. (2006). Enhanced lutein bioavailability by lyso-phosphatidylcholine in rats. Mol Cell Biochem, 281, 103–10
- Landrum JT, Bone RA. (2001). Lutein, zeaxanthin, and the macular pigment. Arch Biochem Biophys, 385, 28–40
- Li SY, Fu ZJ, Ma H, et al. (2009). Effect of lutein on retinal neurons and oxidative stress in a model of acute retinal ischemia/reperfusion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 50, 836–43
- Li SY, Fung FK, Fu ZJ, et al. (2012). Anti-inflammatory effects of lutein in retinal ischemic/hypoxic injury: in vivo and in vitro studies. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 53, 5976–84
- Liu XH, Yu RB, Liu R, et al. (2014). Association between lutein and zeaxanthin status and the risk of cataract: a meta-analysis. Nutrients, 6, 452–65
- Lo H-M, Chen C-L, Yang C-M, et al. (2013). The carotenoid lutein enhances matrix metalloproteinase-9 production and phagocytosis through intracellular ROS generation and ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and RARβ activation in murine macrophages. J Leukoc Biol, 93, 723–35
- Lu S, Li L. (2008). Carotenoid metabolism: biosynthesis, regulation, and beyond. J Integr Plant Biol, 50, 778–85
- Lyle BJ, Mares-Perlman JA, Klein BE, et al. (1999a). Antioxidant intake and risk of incident age-related nuclear cataracts in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Am J Epidemiol, 149, 801–9
- Lyle BJ, Mares-Perlman JA, Klein BE, et al. (1999b). Serum carotenoids and tocopherols and incidence of age-related nuclear cataract. Am J Clin Nutr, 69, 272–7
- Ma L, Hao Z-x, Liu R-r, et al. (2014). A dose–response meta-analysis of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake in relation to risk of age-related cataract. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 252, 63–70
- Mamatha BS, Baskaran V. (2011). Effect of micellar lipids, dietary fiber and beta-carotene aged rats with lutein deficiency. Nutrition, 27, 960–6
- Manikandan R, Thiagarajan R, Beulaja S, et al. (2009). Anti-cataractogenic effect of curcumin and aminoguanidine against selenium-induced oxidative stress in the eye lens of Wistar rat pups: an in vitro study using isolated lens. Chem Biol Interact, 181, 202–9
- Manikandan R, Thiagarajan R, Beulaja S, et al. (2010). Curcumin prevents free radical-mediated cataractogenesis through modulations in lens calcium. Free Radic Biol Med, 48, 483–92
- Mares-Perlman JA, Brady WE, Klein B, et al. (1995). Serum carotenoids and tocopherols and severity of nuclear and cortical opacities. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 36, 276–88
- Mares-Perlman JA, Millen AE, Ficek TL, Hankinson SE. (2002). The body of evidence to support a protective role for lutein and zeaxanthin in delaying chronic disease. Overview. J Nutr, 132, 518S–24S
- Marisiddaiah R, Baskaran V. (2009). Bioefficacy of β-carotene is improved in rats after solubilized as equimolar dose of β-carotene and lutein in phospholipid-mixed micelles. Nutr Res, 29, 588–95
- McCarty C, Taylor H. (2002). A review of the epidemiologic evidence linking ultraviolet radiation and cataracts. Dev Ophthalmol, 35, 21–31
- Miller JJ, Scott IU, Flynn Jr HW, et al. (2005). Acute-onset endophthalmitis after cataract surgery (2000–2004): incidence, clinical settings, and visual acuity outcomes after treatment. Am J Ophthalmol, 139, 983–7
- Mitri K, Shegokar R, Gohla S, et al. (2011a). Lipid nanocarriers for dermal delivery of lutein: preparation, characterization, stability and performance. Int J Pharm, 414, 267–75
- Mitri K, Shegokar R, Gohla S, et al. (2011b). Lutein nanocrystals as antioxidant formulation for oral and dermal delivery. Int J Pharm, 420, 141–6
- Miyake S, Sasaki M, Takahashi N, et al. (2012). Photo-damage mechanisms and anti-apoptotic effect of lutein in the mouse retina. Inflamm Regen, 32, 208–12
- Moeller SM, Jacques PF, Blumberg JB. (2000). The potential role of dietary xanthophylls in cataract and age-related macular degeneration. J Am Coll Nutr, 19, 522S–7S
- Molldrem KL, Li J, Simon PW, Tanumihardjo SA. (2004). Lutein and beta-carotene from lutein-containing yellow carrots are bioavailable in humans. Am J Clin Nutr, 80, 131–6
- Nabavi SF, Daglia M, Moghaddam AH, et al. (2014). Curcumin and liver disease: from chemistry to medicine. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf, 13, 62–77
- Nabavi S, Habtemariam S, Daglia M, et al. (2015). Anthocyanins as a potential therapy for diabetic retinopathy. Curr Med Chem, 22, 51–8
- Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM, Ebrahimzadeh MA, et al. (2013a). Biological activities of freshwater algae, Spirogyra singularis Nordstedt. J Aquat Food Prod Technol, 22, 58–65
- Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM, Ebrahimzadeh MA, et al. (2013b). In vitro antioxidant and antihemolytic activities of hydroalcoholic extracts of Allium scabriscapum boiss. & Ky. aerial parts and bulbs. Int J Food Prop, 16, 713–22
- Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM, Habtemariam S, et al. (2013c). Hepatoprotective effect of gallic acid isolated from Peltiphyllum peltatum against sodium fluoride-induced oxidative stress. Ind Crops Prod, 44, 50–5
- Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM, Mirzaei M, Moghaddam AH. (2012a). Protective effect of quercetin against sodium fluoride induced oxidative stress in rat's heart. Food Funct, 3, 437–41
- Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM, Moghaddam AH, et al. (2012b). Protective effects of Allium paradoxum against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. Food Funct, 3, 28–9
- Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM, Setzer W, et al. (2013d). Antioxidant and antihemolytic activity of lipid-soluble bioactive substances in avocado fruits. Fruits, 68(3), 185–93
- Nabavi SM, Nabavi SF, Eslami S, Moghaddam AH. (2012c). In vivo protective effects of quercetin against sodium fluoride-induced oxidative stress in the hepatic tissue. Food Chem, 132, 931–5
- Navarrete-Bolaños JL, Rangel-Cruz CL, Jiménez-Islas H, et al. (2005). Pre-treatment effects on the extraction efficiency of xanthophylls from marigold flower (Tagetes erecta) using hexane. Food Res Int, 38, 159–65
- Olmedilla B, Granado F, Blanco I, Vaquero M. (2003). Lutein, but not α-tocopherol, supplementation improves visual function in patients with age-related cataracts: a 2-y double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Nutrition, 19, 21–4
- Palozza P, Luberto C, Calviello G, et al. (1997). Antioxidant and prooxidant role of [beta]-carotene in murine normal and tumor thymocytes: effects of oxygen partial pressure. Free Radic Biol Med, 22, 1065–73
- Perry A, Rasmussen H, Johnson EJ. (2009). Xanthophyll (lutein, zeaxanthin) content in fruits, vegetables and corn and egg products. J Food Compost Anal, 22, 9–15
- Piccaglia R, Marotti M, Grandi S. (1998). Lutein and lutein ester content in different types of Tagetes patula and T. erecta. Ind Crops Prod, 8, 45–51
- Pollreisz A, Schmidt-Erfurth U. (2010). Diabetic cataract – pathogenesis, epidemiology and treatment. J Ophthalmol, 2010, 608751
- Rao R. (2003). Lutein diesters extract from super critical fluid extraction process. Agro Food Ind Hi-Tech, 14, 19–22
- Rapp LM, Maple SS, Choi JH. (2000). Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in rod outer segment membranes from perifoveal and peripheral human retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 41, 1200–9
- Räsänen P, Krootila K, Sintonen H, et al. (2006). Cost-utility of routine cataract surgery. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 4, 74
- Ravikrishnan R, Rusia S, Ilamurugan G, et al. (2011). Safety assessment of lutein and zeaxanthin (Lutemax™ 2020): subchronic toxicity and mutagenicity studies. Food Chem Toxicol, 49, 2841–8
- Reddy VN. (1990). Glutathione and its function in the lens – an overview. Exp Eye Res, 50, 771–8
- Renzi LM, Johnson EJ. (2008). Lutein and age-related ocular disorders in the older adult: a review. J Nutr Elder, 26(3–4), 139–57
- Rhone M, Basu A. (2008). Phytochemicals and age-related eye diseases. Nutr Rev, 66, 465–72
- Rice-Evans CA, Sampson J, Bramley PM, Holloway DE. (1997). Why do we expect carotenoids to be antioxidants in vivo? Free Radic Res, 26, 381–98
- Roberts RL, Green J, Lewis B. (2009). Lutein and zeaxanthin in eye and skin health. Clin Dermatol, 27, 195–201
- Roodenburg AJ, Leenen R, van het Hof KH, et al. (2000). Amount of fat in the diet affects bioavailability of lutein esters but not of a-carotene, b-carotene, and vitamin E in humans. Am J Clin Nutr, 71, 1187–93
- Saeidnia S, Abdollahi M. (2013). Toxicological and pharmacological concerns on oxidative stress and related diseases. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 273, 442–55
- Sasaki M, Ozawa Y, Kurihara T, et al. (2009). Neuroprotective effect of an antioxidant, lutein, during retinal inflammation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 50, 1433–9
- Sasaki M, Yuki K, Kurihara T, et al. (2012). Biological role of lutein in the light-induced retinal degeneration. J Nutr Biochem, 23, 423–9
- Sato Y, Kondo Y, Sumi M, et al. (2013). Intracellular uptake mechanism of lutein in retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Pharm Pharm Sci, 16, 494–501
- Shanmugam S, Baskaran R, Balakrishnan P, et al. (2011). Solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) containing phosphatidylcholine for enhanced bioavailability of highly lipophilic bioactive carotenoid lutein. Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 79, 250–7
- Shi X-M, Zhang X-W, Chen F. (2000). Heterotrophic production of biomass and lutein by Chlorella protothecoides on various nitrogen sources. Enzyme Microb Technol, 27, 312–18
- Shumskaya M, Wurtzel ET. (2013). The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway: thinking in all dimensions. Plant Sci, 208, 58–63
- Siriamornpun S, Kaisoon O, Meeso N. (2012). Changes in colour, antioxidant activities and carotenoids (lycopene, β-carotene, lutein) of marigold flower (Tagetes erecta L.) resulting from different drying processes. J Funct Foods, 4, 757–66
- Sommerburg O, Keunen JE, Bird AC, van Kuijk FJ. (1998). Fruits and vegetables that are sources for lutein and zeaxanthin: the macular pigment in human eyes. Br J Ophthalmol, 82, 907–10
- Sowbhagya H, Sampathu S, Krishnamurthy N. (2004). Natural colorant from marigold-chemistry and technology. Food Rev Int, 20, 33–50
- Spector A. (1995). Oxidative stress-induced cataract: mechanism of action. FASEB J, 9, 1173–82
- Stahl W, Sies H. (2003). Antioxidant activity of carotenoids. Mol Aspects Med, 24, 345–51
- Sugawara T, Kushiro M, Zhang H, et al. (2001). Lysophosphatidylcholine enhances carotenoid uptake from mixed micelles by caco-2 human intestinal cells. J Nutr, 131, 2921–7
- Tan AG, Mitchell P, Flood VM, et al. (2008). Antioxidant nutrient intake and the long-term incidence of age-related cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 87, 1899–905
- Trevithick-Sutton CC, Foote CS, Collins M, Trevithick JR. (2006). The retinal carotenoids zeaxanthin and lutein scavenge superoxide and hydroxyl radicals: a chemiluminescence and ESR study. Mol Vis, 12, 1127–35
- Trumbo PR, Ellwood KC. (2006). Lutein and zeaxanthin intakes and risk of age-related macular degeneration and cataracts: an evaluation using the Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review system for health claims. Am J Clin Nutr, 84, 971–4
- Truscott RJ. (2005). Age-related nuclear cataract – oxidation is the key. Exp Eye Res, 80, 709–25
- van het Hof KH, Brouwer IA, West CE, et al. (1999). Bioavailability of lutein from vegetables is 5 times higher than of beta-carotene. Am J Clin Nutr, 70, 261–8
- van Velthoven ME, van der Linden MH, de Smet MD, et al. (2006). Influence of cataract on optical coherence tomography image quality and retinal thickness. Br J Ophthalmol, 90, 1259–62
- Varsha MS, Raman T, Manikandan R. (2014). Inhibition of diabetic-cataract by vitamin K1 involves modulation of hyperglycemia-induced alterations to lens calcium homeostasis. Exp Eye Res, 128, 73–82
- Vasudevan P, Kashyap S, Sharma S. (1997). Tagetes: a multipurpose plant. Bioresour Technol, 62, 29–35
- Vinson JA. (2006). Oxidative stress in cataracts. Pathophysiology, 13, 151–62
- Waudby CJ, Berg RL, Linneman JG, et al. (2011). Cataract research using electronic health records. BMC Ophthalmol, 11, 32
- Wegner A, Khoramnia R. (2011). Cataract is a self-defence reaction to protect the retina from oxidative damage. Med Hypotheses, 76, 741–4
- Weikel KA, Garber C, Baburins A, Taylor A. (2014). Nutritional modulation of cataract. Nutr Rev, 72, 30–47
- Wilson JA. (1998). Vitamin deficiency and excess. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher K, eds. Harrison's principles of internal medicine, 14th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 481--28
- Wong T, Klein B, Klein R, Tomany S. (2002). Relation of ocular trauma to cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular cataracts: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Br J Ophthalmol, 86, 152–5
- Yeum KJ, Russell RM. (2002). Carotenoid bioavailability and bioconversion. Annu Rev Nutr, 22, 483–504
- Yeum K-J, Shang F, Schalch W, et al. (1999). Fat-soluble nutrient concentrations in different layers of human cataractous lens. Curr Eye Res, 19, 502–5
- Yeum K-J, Taylor A, Tang G, Russell RM. (1995). Measurement of carotenoids, retinoids, and tocopherols in human lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 36, 2756–61
- Zuorro A, Lavecchia R. (2010). New functional food products containing lutein and zeaxanthin from marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) flowers. J Biotechnol, 150, 296