The Production of Pyrethrins by In Vitro Systems

References

• Aoki S., Kaneteo K., Hashimoto S., Oogai H. Production of pyrethrins by tissue culture. Jpn. Appl. Sho. 1976; 51, 97868 (Patent 78:24097, March, 1978)(.
   Google Scholar
• Balandrin M. F., Klocke J. A. Medical, aromatic and industrial materials from plants. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 4, Medical and Aromatic Plants., Y. P. S. Bajaj. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1988; 19–21
   Google Scholar
• Breteler H., Tramper J. Cell suspensions of compositae as a source of natural biocides. The Netherlands, Busy in Biotechnology. Proc. Symp. Delft, May 29, 1985
   Google Scholar
• Brewer J. G. Microhistological examination of the secretory tissue in pyrethrum florets. Pyrethrum Post 1973; 12: 17–22
   Google Scholar
• Cashyap M. M., Kueh J. S. H., MacKenzie I. A., Pattenden G. In vitro synthesis of pyrethrins from tissue culture of. Tanacetum cinerariifolium. Phytochemistry 1978; 17: 544–545
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casida J. E. Biochemistry of pyrethrins. Pyrethrum: The Natural Insecticide., J. E. Casida. Academic Press, New York 1973; 101–116
   Google Scholar
• Casida J. E. Development of synthetic insecticides from natural products: case history of pyrethroids from pyrethrins. Natural Products for Innovative Pest Management., D. L. Whitehead, W. S. Bowers. Pergamon Press, New York 1983; 109–123
   Google Scholar
• Chandler S. E. Pyrethrum Post 1954; 3: 6
   Google Scholar
• Chumsri P., Staba E. J. Pyrethrin content and larvicidal activity of Chrysanthemum plants and tissue cultures. Acad. Pharm. Sci. Abrtr. 1975; 5: 169–172
   Google Scholar
• Crombie L. Chemistry and biochemistry of natural pyrethrins. Pestic. Sci. 1980; 11: 102–118
   Google Scholar
• Elliott M., Janes N. F. Chemistry of the natural pyrethrins. Pyrethrum: The Natural Insecticide., J. E. Casida. Academic Press, New York 1973; 56–91
   Google Scholar
• Elliott M. The pyrethroids: early discovery, recent advances and the future. Pestic. Sci. 1989; 27: 337–351
   Google Scholar
• Fowler M. Plant-cell culture: natural products and industrial applications. Biotechnology of Higher Plants., G. E. Russel. Intercept, Wimbrone, Dorset 1988; 112–113
   Google Scholar
• Groneman A. F., Posthumus M. A., Tuinstra L. G. M., Traag W. A. Identification and determination of metabolites in plant cell biotechnology by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta 1984; 163: 43–54
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Head S. W. Composition of pyrethrum extract and analysis of pyrethrins. Pyrethrum: The Natural Insecticide., J. E. Casida. Academic Press, New York 1973; 25–48
   Google Scholar
• Head S. W. A study of insecticidal constituents in. Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Pyrethrum Post 1966; 8: 32–37
   Google Scholar
• Holmestead R. L., Soderlund D. M. Separation and analysis of the pyrethrins by combined gas-liquid chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J. AOAC 1977; 60(3)685–689
   Google Scholar
• Jain S. C. Chemical investigation of Tagetes tissue cultures. Planta Med. 1977; 31: 68–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanna P., Sharma R., Khanna R. Pyrethrins from in vivo, in vitro tissue culture of Tagetes erecta Linn. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1975; 13(5)508–509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanna P., Khanna R. Endogenous free ascorbic acid and effect of exogenous ascorbic acid on growth and production of pyrethrins from in vitro tissue culture of Tagetes erecta L. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1976; 14(5)630–631
   Google Scholar
• King G. AgriDyne Technologies Inc., USA 1993, Personal communication(.
   Google Scholar
• Kudakasseril G. J., Staba E. J. Insecticidal phytochemicals. Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics of Plants, F. Constabel, I. K. Vasil. Academic Press, New York 1988; Vol. 5: 537–552
   Google Scholar
• Kueh J. S. H., MacKenzie I. A., Pattenden G. Production of chrysanthemic acid and pyrethrins by tissue cultures of. Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Plant Cell Rep. 1985; 4: 118–119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin G. A. History of pyrethrum. Pyrethrum: The Natural Insecticide., J. E. Casida. Academic Press, New York 1973; 1–15
   Google Scholar
• Mourot D., Boisseau J., Gayot G. Separation of pyrethrins by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta 1978; 97: 191–193
   Google Scholar
• Nikiforov A., Kohlmann H. Characterisation of natural and synthetic pyrethrins by EI, CI, FI/FD mass spectra and computer averaged integrated FD mass spectrometry (CAI-FD). Int. J. Mass Spectrosc. Ion Phys. 1983; 48: 141–144
   Google Scholar
• Nirmala C., Suvarnalatha G., Ravishankar G. A., Venkataraman L. V. Influence of formaldehyde in control of bacterial and fungal contaminants in plant cell cultures: its effect on growth and secondary metabolite production. Biotechnol. Tech. 1992; 6(5)463–468
   Google Scholar
• Otieno D. A. Natural pyrethrins as an insecticide: problems of chemical activity, industrialization and use. Natural Products for Innovative Pest Management., D. L. Whitehead, W. S. Bowers. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1983; 93–107
   Google Scholar
• Payne G., Bringi V., Prince C., Shuler M. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture in Liquid Systems. Oxford University Press, New York 1992
   Google Scholar
• Purseglove J. W. Tropical Crops: Dicotiledons. Longmans, London 1968; 58, 1968.
   Google Scholar
• Rajasekaran T., Rajendran L., Ravishankar G. A., Venkataraman L. V. Influence of medium constituents on growth and pyrethrins production in callus tissue of Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vis.). Pyrethrum Post 1990; 17(4)121–124
   Google Scholar
• Rajasekaran T., Rajendran L., Ravishankar G. A., Venkataraman L. V. Influence of nutrient stress on pyrethrin production by cultured cells of Pyrethrum. (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium). Curr. Sci. 1991a; 60(12)705–707
   Google Scholar
• Rajasekaran T., Ravishankar G. A., Rajendran L., Venkataraman L. V. Bioefficacy of pyrethrins extracted from callus tissue of. Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Pyrethrum Post 1991b; 18(2)52–54
   Google Scholar
• Ravishankar G. A., Rajasekaran T., Sarma K. S., Venkataraman L. V. Production of pyrethrins in cultured tissue of pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vis.). Pyrethrum Post 1989; 17(2)66–69
   Google Scholar
• Roest S. Flowering and Vegetative Propagation of Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Vis.) in vivo, in vitro, Centre of Agriculture Publishing and Documentation. WageningenThe Netherlands 1976; 104–109
   Google Scholar
• Sahai O., Knuth M. Commercializing plant tissue culture processes: economics, problems and prospects. Biotechnol. Prog. 1985; 1(1)1–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sahai O. ESCA Genetics Corporation. USA 1993, Personal communication(.
   Google Scholar
• Sasson A. Biotechnology and Natural Products: Prospects for Commercial Production. Acts Press, NairobiKenya 1992; 42
   Google Scholar
• Shand H. Genetic Engineering of Pyrethrins: Early Warning for East African Pyrethrum Farmers. RAFI communique. June, 1992
   Google Scholar
• Sihnya B. M. Kenya's pyrethrum export under pressure. Biotechnol. Dev. Monitor 1992; 13: 11
   Google Scholar
• Sims M. Process uses liquid CO2 for botanical extractions. Chem. Eng. 1982; 50–51, (Jan. 25).
   Google Scholar
• Soderlund D. M. Metabolic consideration in pyrethroid design. Xenobiotica 1992; 22: 1185–1194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staba E. J., Zito S. W. The production of pyrethrins by Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (Trev) Boccone. Primary and Secondary Metabolism of Plant Cell Cultures., B arz Neuman, Reinhard. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg 1985; 209–214
   Google Scholar
• Staba E. J., Nygaard B. G., Zito S. W. Light effects on pyrethrum shoot cultures. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 1984; 3: 211–214
   Google Scholar
• Stafford A., Fowler M. W. Plant cell culture and product opportunities. Agro-Ind. Hi-Tech 1991; 3: 19–23
   Google Scholar
• van Latum E. B. J., Gerrits R. Bio-Pesticides in Developing Countries: Prospects and Research Priorities. ACTS Press, NairobiKenya 1991
   Google Scholar
• Venkataraman L. V. Autotrophic Cell Culture Discipline. Central Food Technological Research Institute, India 1993, Personal communication(.
   Google Scholar
• Verpoorte R., van der Heijden R., Schripsema J. Plant cell biotechnology for the production of alkaloids: present status and prospects. J. Nat. Prod. 1993; 56(2)186–207
   Google Scholar
• Whitney P. J. Novel bioreactors for the growth of roots transformed by. Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Enzyme Microb. Tech. 1992; 14: 13–17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshihiko K., Yanagihara K. H., Bevenue A. Analytical studies of pyrethrin formulations by gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 1974; 90: 119–128
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zieg R. G., Zito S. W., Staba E. J. Selection of high pyrethrin producing tissue cultures. Planta Med. 1983; 48: 88–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zito S. W., Zieg R. G., Staba E. J. Distribution of pyrethrins in oil glands and leaf tissue of. Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Planta Med. 1983; 47: 205–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zito S. W., Tio C. D. Constituents of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium in leaves, regenerated plantlets and callus. Phytochemistry 1990; 29(8)2533–2534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zito S. W., Srivastava V., Adebayo-Olojo E. Incorporation of [1-14C]-isopentenyl pyrophosphate into monoterpenes by a cell-free homogenate prepared from the callus culture of. Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Planta Med. 1991; 57: 425–427
   Google Scholar