Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: The State of Art

References

• Allen M. J. Mycorrhizal Functioning: An Integrative Plant-Fungal Process. Chapman & Hall, London 1992
   Google Scholar
• Anderson A. J. The influence of the plant root on mycorrhizal formation. Mycorrhizal Functioning: An Integrative Plant-Fungal Process, M. J. Allen. Chapman and Hall, New York 1994; 37–64
   Google Scholar
• Andrade G., Barea J. M. Germination and growth of Glomus clarum with maize (Zea mays L.) under aseptic conditions in minirhizotron. 4th European Symposium on Mycorrhizas, J. M. Barea, Spain 1994; 129
   Google Scholar
• Bagyaraj D. J., Varma A. Interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plants, and their importance in sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid tropics. Advances in Microbial Ecology. Plenum Press, London, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Baltruschat H., Schonbeck F. Studies on the influence of endotrophic mycorrhizae on the injection of tobacco by. Thielaviopsis basicola. Phytopathol. Z. 1975; 84: 172–188
   Google Scholar
• Barea J. M., Jeffries P. Arbuscular mycorrhizas in sustainable soil-plant systems. Mycorrhiza: Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, A. Varma, B. Hock. Springer-Verlag, Germany 1995; 521–560
   Google Scholar
• Becard G. Axenic culture of AM fungi: present prospects. 4th European Symposium on Mycorrhizas, J. M. Barea, Spain 1994; 131
   Google Scholar
• Becard G., Fortin J. A. Early events of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza formation in Ri-TDNA transformed roots. New Phytol. 1988; 108: 211–218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becard G., Pfeffer P. E. Status on nuclear division in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in vitro development. PROTA 1993; 174: 62–68
   Google Scholar
• Becard G., Piche Y. Establishment of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in root organ culture: review and proposed methodology. Methods in Microbiology, J. R. Norris, D. J. Read, A. K. Varma. Academic Press, London 1992; Vol. 24: 89–108
   Google Scholar
• Berta G., Fusconi A., Trotta A., Scannerini S. Morphogenetic modifications induced by the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus strain E3 on the root system of Allium porrum L. New Phytol. 1990; 114: 207–215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berta G., Trotta A., Fusconi A., Hooker J. E., Monro M., Atkinson D., Giovannetti M., Marini S., Loreti F., Tisserant B., Gianinazzi-Pearson V., Gianinazzi S. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal infection on plant growth. Root system morphology and soluble protein content in Prunus cerasifera L. Tree Physiol, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Mycorrhizae in Sustainable Agriculture, G. J. Bethlenfalvay, R. G. Linderman. ASA Special Publication No. 54, ASA, Madison, WI 1992
   Google Scholar
• Bianciotto V., Bonfante P. Quantification of the nuclear DNA contents of two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycol. Res. 1992; 96: 1071–1076
   Google Scholar
• Bianciotto V., Bonfante P. Evidence of DNA replication in an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in the absence of the host plant. PROTA 1993; 176: 100–105
   Google Scholar
• Bonfante P. Ultrastructural analysis reveals the complex interactions between root cells and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Impact of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas on Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Ecosystems, S. Gianinazzi, H. Schüepp. Birkhauser-Verlag, Switzerland 1994; 73–88
   Google Scholar
• Bonfante P., Bianciotto V. Pre-symbiotic versus symbiotic phase in arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi: morphology and cytology. Mycorrhiza: Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, A. Varma, B. Hock. Springer-Verlag, Germany 1995; 229–250
   Google Scholar
• Bonfante-Fasolo P. Anatomy and morphology of VA mycorrhizae. VA Mycorrhizas, C. L. Powell, D. J. Bagyaraj. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1984; 5–33
   Google Scholar
• Bonfante P., Faccio A., Perotto S., Schubert A. Correlation between chitin distribution and cell wall morphology in the mycorrhizal fungus. Glomus versiforme. Mycol. Res. 1990; 94: 157–165
   Google Scholar
• Bonfante-Fasolo P., Scannerini S. The cellular bases of plant-fungus interchanges in mycorrhizal associations. Mycorrhizal Functioning: An Integrative Plant-Fungal Process, M. J. Allen. Chapman and Hall, New York 1992; 65–101
   Google Scholar
• Bonfante-Fasolo P., Spanu P. Pathogenic and endomycorrhizal associations. Techniques in Mycorrhizal Research, J. R. Norris, D. J. Read, A. K. Varma. Academic Press, London 1994; 601–628
   Google Scholar
• Caron M. Potential use of mycorrhizae in control of soil-borne diseases. Can. J. Plant. Pathol. 1989; 11: 177–179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chabot S., Becard G., Piche Y. Life cycle of Glomus intraradix in root organ culture. Mycologia 1992; 84: 315–321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins N., Pfleger F. L. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and cultural stresses. Mycorrhizae in Sustainable Agriculture, G. J. Bethlenfalvay, R. G. Linderman. ASA Special publication No. 54, ASA, Madison, WI 1992; 71–100
   Google Scholar
• Dehne H. W., Schonbeck F., Baltruschat H. The influence of endotrophic mycorrhiza on plant diseases. III. Chitinase activity and ornithine cycle. Z. Pflkrank. 1978; 85: 666–678
   Google Scholar
• Dixon R. A., Choudhary A. D., Dalkin K. Molecular biology of stress induced phenylpropanoid and isoflavonoid biosynthesis in alfalfa. Phenolic Metabolism in Plants, H. Stafford, R. K. Ibrahim. Plenum Press, New York 1992; 91–97
   Google Scholar
• Dodd J. C., Gianinazzi-Pearson V., Rosendahl S., Walker C. European bank of Glomales — an essential tool for efficient international and interdisciplinary collaboration. Arbuscular Mycorrhizas on Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Ecosystems, S. Gianinazzi, H. Schüepp. Birkhauser-Verlag, Switzerland 1994; 41–46
   Google Scholar
• Fitter A. H. Costs and benefits of mycorrhizas: implications for functioning under natural conditions. Experientia 1992; 47: 350–154
   Google Scholar
• Francis R., Read D. J. Mycorrhizal or not — that is the question. 4th European Symposium on Mycorrhizas, J. M. Barea, Spain 1994; 48
   Google Scholar
• Frank A. B. Ueber die auf Wurzelsymbiose beruhende ernahrung gewisser Baume durch unterirdische Pilze. Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesell 1885; 3: 128–145
   Google Scholar
• Franken P., Gnadinger F. Analysis of Parsley arbuscular endomycorrhiza: infection development and mRNA levels of defense-related genes. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 1994; 7: 612–620
   Google Scholar
• Garcia-Garrido J. M., Garcia-Romera I., Ocampo J. Cellulose production by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe. New Phytol. 1992; 121: 221–226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Garrido J. M., Garcia-Romera J. A., Ocampo J. A. Purification of an arbuscular mycorrhizal endoglucanase from colonized roots. 4th European Symposium on Mycorrhizas, J. M. Barea, Spain 1994; 112
   Google Scholar
• Gemma J. N., Koske R. E. Pre-infection interactions between roots and the mycorrhizal fungus Giagaspora gigantea: chemotropism of germ tubes and root growth response. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 1988; 91: 123–135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianinazzi S., Schüepp H. Arbuscular Mycorrhizas on Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Ecosystems, S. Gianinazzi, H. Schüepp. Birkhauser-Verlag, Switzerland 1994
   Google Scholar
• Gianinazzi-Pearson V., Gianinazzi S., Guillemin J. P., Trouvelot A., Due G. Genetic and cellular analysis of resistance of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi in pea mutants. Advances in Molecular Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, H. Hennecke, D. P. S. Verma. Kluwer, Dordrecht 1991; 336–342
   Google Scholar
• Gianinazzi-Pearson V., Gollotte A., Dumas-Gaudot E., Giovannetti M., Lherminier J., Berta G., Gianinazzi S. Studies of cellular and molecular processes involved in the development of arbuscular mycorrhiza using plant mutants. 4th European Symposium on Mycorrhizas, J. M. Barea, Spain 1994; 86
   Google Scholar
• Giovannetti M., Avio L., Salutini L. Morphological, cytochemical, and ontogenic characteristics of a new species of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Can. J. Bot. 1991; 69: 161–167
   Google Scholar
• Gollotte A., Gianinazzi-Pearson V., Giovannetti M., Sbrana C., Avio L., Gianinazzi S. Cellular localization and cytochemical probing of resistance reactions to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a “locus a” myc- mutant of Pisum sativum L. Planta 1993; 191: 112–122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn A., Gianinazzi-Pearson C., Hock B. Characterization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by the immunological methods. Arbuscular Mycorrhizas on Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Ecosystems, S. Gianinazzi, H. Schüepp. Birkhauser-Verlag, Switzerland 1994; 25–40
   Google Scholar
• Hahn A., Horn K., Hock B. Serological properties of mycorrhizas. Mycorrhiza: Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, A. Varma, B. Hock. Springer-Verlag, Germany 1995; 181–204
   Google Scholar
• Harley J. L. The Biology of Mycorrhiza. Leonard Hill Books Limited, London 1959
   Google Scholar
• Harley J. L. Introduction: the state of art. Methods in Microbiology, J. R. Norris, D. J. Read, A. K. Varma. Academic Press, London 1991; Vol. 23: 1–24
   Google Scholar
• Harrison M. J., Dixon R. A. Spatial patterns of expression of flavonoid/isoflavonoid pathway genes during interactions between roots of Medicago truncatula and the mycorrhizal fungus. Glomus versiforme. Plant J. 1994; 6: 9–20
   Google Scholar
• Hepper C. M., Sen R., Azcon-Aguilar C., Grace C. Variation in certain enzymes amongst different geographical isolates of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus clarum, Glomus monosporum. Glomus mosseae. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1988; 20: 52–59
   Google Scholar
• Hosny M., Dulieu H. Organization of the genome of Scutellospora castenea, an endomycorrhizal fungus. 4th European Symposium on Mycorrhizas, J. M. Barea, Spain 1994; 90
   Google Scholar
• Hooker J. E., Gianinazzi S., Vestberg M., Barea J. M., Atkinson D. The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to micropropagated systems: an opportunity to reduce inputs. Agric. Sci. Finland, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Jalali B. L. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas — progress and protections. Mycorrhiza Round Table, A. K. Varma, A. K. Oka, K. G. Mukerji, K. V. B. R. Tilak, J. Raj. IDRC, Canada 1988; 226–237
   Google Scholar
• Jalali B. L., Jalali I. Mycorrhiza in plant disease control. Handbook of Applied Mycology. Soil and Plants, K. Arora, B. Rai, K. G. Mukerji, G. R. Knudsen. Marcel Dekker, New York 1991; Vol. 1: 131–154
   Google Scholar
• Koske R. E., Gemma J. N. Fungal interactions to plants prior to mycorrhizal formation. Mycorrhizal Func- lioning: An Integrative Plant-Fungal Process, M. J. Allen. Chapman and Hall, New York 1994; 3–36
   Google Scholar
• Mathew J., Shankar A., Neeraj, Varma A. K. Glomalaceous fungi associated with spineless cactii, a fodder supplement in deserts. Trans. Mycol. Soc. 1991; 32: 225–233
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell C. A., Harrison J. A., Dixon R. A. Molecular characterization and expression of alfalfa isoliquirti-genin 2-O-methyltransferase, an enzyme specifically involved in the biosynthesis of an inducer of Rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes. Plant J. 1993; 4: 971–981
   Google Scholar
• Mayer F., Madkour M., Nolte A., Varma A. K. Fine-structural analysis of mycorrhizal fungi and root systems: negative staining and cryoelectron microscopic techniques. Methods in Microbiology, J. R. Norris, D. J. Read, A. K. Varma. Academic Press, London 1991; Vol. 23: 341–364
   Google Scholar
• Miller-Wideman M. A., Watrud L. S. Sporulation of Gigospora margarita on root cultures of tomato. Can. J. Bot. 1984; 30: 642–646
   Google Scholar
• Morton J. B. Problems and solutions for the integration of Glomalean taxonomy, systematic biology, and the study of endomycorrhizal phenomena. Mycorrhiza 1993; 2: 97–109
   Google Scholar
• Morton J. B., Franke M., Bentivenga S. P. Developmental foundations for morphological diversity among endomycorrhizal fungi in Glomales. Mycorrhiza: Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, A. Varma, B. Hock. Springer-Verlag, Germany 1995; 669–684
   Google Scholar
• Mosse B., Hepper C. M. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in root organ culture. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 1975; 5: 215–223
   Google Scholar
• Neeraj S hankar A., Mathew J., Varma A. K. Occurrence of VA mycorrhizae within the Indian semi-arid soils. Biol. Fertil. Soils 1991; 11: 140–144
   Google Scholar
• Neeraj S hankar A., Verma S., Velayutham M., Hahn A., Horn K., Varma A. Functions of mycorrhizal fungi with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in stressed soils and serological characteristics of spores. Trends in Microbial Ecology, R. Guerrero, C. Pedros-Alios. Spanish Society of Microbiology, Spain 1993; 247–253
   Google Scholar
• Norman J. R., Hooker J. E., Atkinson D. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induced reduction of root rot in strawberry caused by Phytophthora fragariae. 4th European Symposium on Mycorrhizas, J. M. Barea, Spain 1994; 201
   Google Scholar
• Perotto R., Perotto S., Faccio A., Bonfante P. Cell surface in Calluna vulgaris L. hair roots. PROTA 1990; 155: 1–18
   Google Scholar
• Perotto S., Brewin N. J., Bonfante P. Colonisation of pea roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia: an immunological comparison using monoclonal antibodies as probes for plant cell surface components. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact 1994; 7: 91–98
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perotto S., Perotto R., Faccio A., Schubert A., Bettini A., Varma A., Bonfante P. Cellular and molecular bases of mycorrhizal establishment in the ericales. Can. J. Bot., in press.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson R. L., Bradbury S. M. Use of plant mutants, intraspecific variants, and non-hosts in studying mycorrhiza formation and function. Mycorrhiza: Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, A. Varma, B. Hock. Springer-Verlag, Germany 1995; 157–180
   Google Scholar
• Ramiah A., Bagyaraj D. J. Root diseases and mycorrhizae — a review. J. Phytol. Res. 1989; 2: 1–6
   Google Scholar
• Rejon-Palomares A., Garcia-Romera I., Ocampo J. A. Xyloglucan-specific endoglucanase activities in onion plants colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. 4th European Symposium on Mycorrhizas., J. M. Barea, Spain 1994; 119
   Google Scholar
• Rosendahl S., Dodd J. C., Walker C. Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Glomales. Impact of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas on Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Ecosystems, S. Gianinazzi, H. Schüepp. Birkhauser-Verlag, Switzerland 1994; 1–12
   Google Scholar
• Rosendahl S., Sen R. Isozyme analysis of mycorrhizal fungi and their mycorrhiza. Techniques for Mycorrhizal Research, J. R. Norris, D. J. Read, A. K. Varma. Academic Press, London 1994; 629–654
   Google Scholar
• Rygiewicz P. T., Armstrong J. L. Ectomycorrhizal DNA: isolation, RFLPs, and probe hybridization. Techniques for Mycorrhizal Research, J. R. Norris, D. J. Read, A. K. Varma. Academic Press, London 1994; 253–280
   Google Scholar
• Sanders I. R., Koide R. T., Shumway D. L. Community-level interactions between plants and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza: Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, A. Varma, B. Hock. Springer-Verlag, Germany 1995; 607–626
   Google Scholar
• Schellenbaum L., Gianinazzi S., Gianinazzi-Pearson V. Comparison of acid soluble protein synthesis in roots of endomycorrhizal wild type Pisum sativum and corresponding isogenic mutants. J. Plant Physiol. 1992; 144: 1–26
   Google Scholar
• Schenck N. C. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the control of fungal root diseases. Innovative Approaches to Plant Disease Control., I. Chet. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1987
   Google Scholar
• Schenez F., Padilla J. E., Perez H., Lara M. Control of nodulin genes in root-nodule development and metabolism. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1991; 42: 507–528
   Google Scholar
• Schreiner R. P., Koide R. T. Antifungal compounds from the roots of mycotrophic and non-mycotrophic plant species. New Phytol. 1993; 123: 99–105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert A., Allara P. Metabolism of sucrose in mycorrhizal roots of soybean. 4th European Symposium on Mycorrhizas, J. M. Barea, Spain 1994; 122
   Google Scholar
• Shankar A., Varma A. Isozyme analysis in VAM spores, help in taxonomic enumeration. Curr. Sci. 1993; 65: 165–168
   Google Scholar
• Sharma A. K., Johri B. N., Gianinazzi S. Vesicular arbuscular rnycorrhizae to plant diseases. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1992; 8: 550–563
   Google Scholar
• Sieverding E. Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Management in Tropical Agrosystems. Deutsche GTZ, GmbH, EschbornGermany 1991
   Google Scholar
• Simon L., Bousquet J., Levesque R. C., Lalonde M. Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants. Nature 1993; 363: 67–69
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh K., Varma A. K., Mukerji K. G. Study on healthy and diseased hosts of fodder legume Vicia faba in relation to VAM. Mycorrhiza Round Table, A. K. Varma, A. K. Oka, K. G. Mukerji, K. V. B. R. Tilak, J. Raj. IDRC, Canada 1988; 535–549
   Google Scholar
• Siqueira O. J., Safir G. R., Nair M. G. Stimulation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi formation and growth of white clover by flavonoid compounds. New Phytol. 1991; 118: 87–93
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siqueira J. O., Sylvia D. M., Gibson J., Hubbell D. H. Spore, germination, and germ tubes of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Can. J. Microbiol. 1985; 31: 965–972
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith S. E. Discoveries, discussions and directions. Mycorrhiza: Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, A. Varma, B. Hock. Springer-Verlag, Germany 1995; 3–24
   Google Scholar
• Smith S. E., Gianinazzi-Pearson V. Physiological interactions between symbionts in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1988; 39: 221–244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sylvia D. M., Williams S. Vesicular-arbuscular rnycorrhizae and environmental stresses. Mycorrhizae in Sustainable Agriculture., G. J. Bethlenfalvay, R. G. Linderman. ASA Special publication, no. 54, ASA, WI 1992; 101–124
   Google Scholar
• van Tuinen D., Dulieu H., Zeze A., Gianinazzi-Pearson V. Biodiversity and characterization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at the molecular level. Impact of Arbuscular Mycorrhizas on Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Ecosystems, S. Gianinazzi, H. Schüepp. Birkhauser-Verlag, Switzerland 1994; 13–24
   Google Scholar
• Varma A. (1988) Some aspects of nitrogen and sulfur metabolism in xerophytic fungi. Proceedings of the First Asian Conference on Mycorrhizae. 1988, A. Mahadevan, N. Raman, K. Natarajan. 41–47
   Google Scholar
• Varma A. History of mycorrhizal research in India — current status. Indian J. Microbiol. 1991; 31: 323–332
   Google Scholar
• Varma A. Ecophysiology and application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in arid soils. Mycorrhiza: Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, A. Varma, B. Hock. Springer-Verlag, Germany 1995; 561–592
   Google Scholar
• Varma A., Bonfante P. Utilisation of cell wall related carbohydrates by ericoid mycorrhizal endophytes. Symbiosis 1994; 16: 301–313
   Google Scholar
• Varma A., Bonfante P. (1995) Hydrolytic enzymes in plant-mycorrhizae interactions. Proceedings of the Third National Symposium on Mycorrhizae. 1995, A. Adholeya, S. Singh. 451–456
   Google Scholar
• Varma A., Hock B. Mycorrhiza: Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, A. Varma, B. Hock. Springer-Verlag, Germany 1995
   Google Scholar
• Varma A., Shankar A. Mycorrhizae. Botany in India, History and Progress, B. N. Johri. Oxford & IBH Publishing House, New Delhi 1994; 345–360
   Google Scholar
• Walker C. Systematics and taxonomy of endomycorrhizal fungi (Glomales): a possible way forward. Agronomie 1992; 12: 887–898
   Google Scholar
• Walker C. AM or VAM: What's in a World?. Mycorrhiza: Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, A. Varma, B. Hock. Springer-Verlag, Germany 1995; 25–28
   Google Scholar