Is There Diurnal Variation in Initial and Delayed Orthostatic Hypotension During Standing and Head-up Tilt?

REFERENCES

• Ainslie PN, Duffin J. (2009). Integration of cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity and chemoreflex control of breathing: mechanisms of regulation, measurement, and interpretation. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 296:R1473–R1495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ainslie PN, Murrell C, Peebles K, Swart M, Skinner MA, Williams MJ, Taylor RD. (2007). Early morning impairment in cerebral autoregulation and cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity in healthy humans: relation to endothelial function. Exp. Physiol. 92:769–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson G. (2002). Analysis of repeated measurements in physical therapy research: multiple comparisons amongst level means and multi-factorial designs. Physical Therapy Sport 3:191–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brignole M, Alboni P, Benditt DG, Bergfeldt L, Blanc JJ, Bloch Thomsen PE, van Dijk JG, Fitzpatrick A, Hohnloser S, Janousek J, Kapoor W, Kenny RA, Kulakowski P, Masotti G, Moya A, Raviele A, Sutton R, Theodorakis G, Ungar A, Wieling W. (2004). Guidelines on management (diagnosis and treatment) of syncope-update 2004. Europace 6:467–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckey JC , Lane LD, Levine BD, Watenpaugh DE, Wright SJ, Moore WE, Gaffney FA, Blomqvist CG. (1996). Orthostatic intolerance after spaceflight. J. Appl. Physiol. 81:7–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy DA, Spielman AJ, Scott RQ. (2005). Daily rhythm of cerebral blood flow velocity. J. Circadian Rhythms 3:3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diamant M, Harms MP, Immink RV, Van Lieshout JJ, Van Montfrans GA. (2002). Twenty-four-hour non-invasive monitoring of systemic haemodynamics and cerebral blood flow velocity in healthy humans. Acta Physiol. Scand. 175:1–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Douglas NJ, White DP, Weil JV, Pickett CK, Zwillich CW. (1982). Hypercapnic ventilatory response in sleeping adults. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 126:758–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganzeboom KS, Mairuhu G, Reitsma JB, Linzer M, Wieling W, van Dijk N. (2006). Lifetime cumulative incidence of syncope in the general population: a study of 549 Dutch subjects aged 35–60 years. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 17:1172–1176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbons CH, Freeman R. (2006). Delayed orthostatic hypotension: a frequent cause of orthostatic intolerance. Neurology 67:28–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gisolf J, Wilders R, Immink RV, van Lieshout JJ, Karemaker JM. (2004). Tidal volume, cardiac output and functional residual capacity determine end-tidal CO2 transient during standing up in humans. J. Physiol. 554:579–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones H, George K, Edwards B, Atkinson G. (2008). Effects of time of day on post-exercise blood pressure: circadian or sleep-related influences? Chronobiol. Int. 25:987–998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan NM. (2003). Morning surge in blood pressure. Circulation 107:1347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor WN, Smith MA, Miller NL. (1994). Upright tilt testing in evaluating syncope: a comprehensive literature review. Am. J. Med. 97:78–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavi S, Gaitini D, Milloul V, Jacob G. (2006). Impaired cerebral CO2 vasoreactivity: association with endothelial dysfunction. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 291:H1856–H1861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine BD, Giller CA, Lane LD, Buckey JC, Blomqvist CG. (1994). Cerebral versus systemic hemodynamics during graded orthostatic stress in humans. Circulation 90:298–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis NC, Atkinson G, Lucas SJ, Grant EJ, Jones H, Tzeng YC, Horsman H Ainslie PN. (2010). Diurnal variation in time to presyncope and associated circulatory changes during a controlled orthostatic challenge. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 299:R55–R61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mineda Y, Sumiyoshi M, Tokano T, Yasuda M, Nakazato K, Nakazato Y, Nakata Y, Yamaguchi H. (2000). Circadian variation of vasovagal syncope. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. 11:1078–1080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosqueda-Garcia R, Furlan R, Fernandez-Violante R, Desai T, Snell M, Jarai Z, Ananthram V, Robertson RM, Robertson D. (1997). Sympathetic and baroreceptor reflex function in neurally mediated syncope evoked by tilt. J. Clin. Invest. 99:2736–2744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olde Nordkamp LR, van Dijk N, Ganzeboom KS, Reitsma JB, Luitse JS, Dekker LR, Shen WK, Wieling W. (2009). Syncope prevalence in the ED compared to general practice and population: a strong selection process. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 27:271–279.
   Google Scholar
• Omboni S, Smit AA, van Lieshout JJ, Settels JJ, Langewouters GJ, Wieling W. (2001). Mechanisms underlying the impairment in orthostatic tolerance after nocturnal recumbency in patients with autonomic failure. Clin. Sci. (Lond). 101:609–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagani M, Somers V, Furlan R, Dell'Orto S, Conway J, Baselli G, Cerutti S, Sleight P, Malliani A. (1988). Changes in autonomic regulation induced by physical training in mild hypertension. Hypertension 12:600–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panza JA, Epstein SE, Quyyumi AA. (1991). Circadian variation in vascular tone and its relation to alpha-sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity. N. Engl. J. Med. 325:986–990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portaluppi F, Smolensky MH, Touitou Y. (2010). Ethics and methods for biological rhythm research on animals and human beings. Chronobiol. Int. 27:1911–1929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romme JJ, van Dijk N, Boer KR, Dekker LR, Stam J, Reitsma JB, Wieling W. (2008). Influence of age and gender on the occurrence and presentation of reflex syncope. Clin. Auton. Res. 18:127–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrador JM, Picot PA, Rutt BK, Shoemaker JK, Bondar RL. (2000). MRI measures of middle cerebral artery diameter in conscious humans during simulated orthostasis. Stroke 31:1672–1678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spengler CM, Czeisler CA, Shea SA. (2000). An endogenous circadian rhythm of respiratory control in humans. J. Physiol. 526:683–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprangers RL, Wesseling KH, Imholz AL, Imholz BP, Wieling W. (1991). Initial blood pressure fall on stand up and exercise explained by changes in total peripheral resistance. J. Appl. Physiol. 70:523–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephenson R, Mohan RM, Duffin J, Jarsky TM. (2000). Circadian rhythms in the chemoreflex control of breathing. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 278:R282–R286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thijs RD, Wieling W, Kaufmann H, van Dijk G. (2004). Defining and classifying syncope. Clin. Auton. Res. 14:4–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas KN, Cotter JD, Galvin SD, Williams MJ, Willie CK, Ainslie PN. (2009a). Initial orthostatic hypotension is unrelated to orthostatic tolerance in healthy young subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 107:506–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas KN, Galvin SD, Williams MJ, Willie CK, Ainslie PN. (2009b). Identical pattern of cerebral hypoperfusion during different types of syncope. J. Hum. Hypertens. 24:458–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzeng YC, Sin PY, Lucas SJ, Ainslie PN. (2009). Respiratory modulation of cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity. J. Appl. Physiol. 107:718–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaddadi G, Lambert E, Corcoran SJ, Esler MD. (2007). Postural syncope: mechanisms and management. Med. J. Aust. 187:299–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdueza JM, Balzer JO, Villringer A, Vogl TJ, Kutter R, Einhaupl KM. (1997). Changes in blood flow velocity and diameter of the middle cerebral artery during hyperventilation: assessment with MR and transcranial Doppler sonography. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 18:1929–1934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dijk N, Boer MC, De Santo T, Grovale N, Aerts AJ, Boersma L, Wieling W. (2007). Daily, weekly, monthly, and seasonal patterns in the occurrence of vasovagal syncope in an older population. Europace 9:823–828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieling W, Krediet CT, van Dijk N, Linzer M, Tschakovsky ME. (2007). Initial orthostatic hypotension: review of a forgotten condition. Clin. Sci. (Lond). 112:157–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoghi M, Duygu H, Gungor H, Nalbantgil S, Ozerkan F, Akilli A, Akin M. (2008). Circadian and infradian rhythms of vasovagal syncope in young and middle-aged subjects. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 31:1581–1584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar