The Cellular Mechanism of Orcadian Rhythms–A View on Evidence, Hypotheses and Problems

References

• Ha ken H. Synergetics–An Introduction. Springer, Heidelberg 1987
   Google Scholar
• Rensing L., Jaeger N. Temporal Order. Springer, Heidelberg 1985
   Google Scholar
• Edmunds L. N., Jr. Cellular and Molecular Bases of Biological Clocks. Springer, Heidelberg 1988
   Google Scholar
• Rosbash M., Hall J. The molecular biology of circadian rhythms. Neuron 1989; 3: 387–398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Njus D., Gooch V. D., Hastings J. W. Precision of the Gonyaulax circadian clock. Cell Biophys 1981; 3: 223–231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodwin B. C. Temporal Organization in Cells. Academic Press, London 1963
   Google Scholar
• Pavlidis R. Biological Oscillators: Their Mathematical Analysis. Academic Press, New York 1973
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd D., Edwards S. W., Fry J. C. Temperature-compensated oscillations in respiration and cellular protein content in synchronous cultures of Acanlhamoeba castellanii. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982a; 79: 3785–3788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel U., Hardeland R. On the chronobiology of Tetrahymena. III. Temperature compensation and temperature dependence in the ultradian oscillation of tyrosine aminotransferase. J. Interdiscipl. Cycle Res., 16: 17–23
   Google Scholar
• Kippert F. Temperature compensation of ultradian rhythms in ciliates. J Interdiscipl Cycle Res 1985; 16: 272–273
   Google Scholar
• Balzer I., Hardeland R. Influence of temperature on biological rhythms. Int J Biometeorol 1988; 32: 231–241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd D., Kippert F. Temperature-compensated ultradian clocks time protozoan cell cycles. Chronobiologia 1987; 14: 197–198
   Google Scholar
• Adams K. J. Circadian clock control of an ultradian rhythm in Euglena gracilis. J Interdiscipl Cycle Res 1988; 19: 153–154
   Google Scholar
• Klevecz R R. Quantized generation time in mammalian cells as an expression of the cellular clock. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1976; 73: 4012–4016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klevecz R. R., Kauffman S. A., Shymko R. M. Cellular clocks and oscillators. Int Rev Cytology 1985; 86: 97–128
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd D., Poole R. K., Edwards S. W. The Cell Division Cycle. Academic Press, London 1982b
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd D., Edwards S. W. Ultradian rhythms in lower eukaryotes: timers for cell cycles. J Interdiscipl Cycle Res 1985; 16: 283
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd D., Edwards S. W. Temperature-compensated ultradian rhythms in lower eukaryotes indicate timing for cell division and perhaps circadian events. J Interdiscipl Cycle Res 1986; 17: 145–146
   Google Scholar
• Ehret C. F., Dobra K. W. The infradian eukaryotic cell: a circadian energy-reserve escapement. Proc XII Int Conf Int Soc Chronobiol. II Ponte, Milano 1977; 663–570
   Google Scholar
• Edmunds L. N., Jr. Circadian and infradian rhythms. The Biology of Euglena, D. E. Buetow. Academic Press, New York 1982; Vol. 3: 53–124
   Google Scholar
• Edmunds L. N., Jr., Laval-Martin D. L. Cell division cycles and circadian oscillators. Cell Cycle Clocks, L. N. Edmunds, Jr. Marcel Dekker, New York, 295–324
   Google Scholar
• Edmunds L. N., Jr., Laval-Martin D. L. Cell division cycles and circadian oscillators in Euglena. Chronobiol Int 1984b; 1: 1–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vicker M., Becker J., Gebauer G., Schill W., Rensing L. Circadian rhythms of cell cycle processes in the marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra. Chronobiology 1988; 5: 5–17
   Google Scholar
• Homma K., Hastings J. W. Cell cycle synchronization of Gonyaulax polyedra by filtration: Quantized generation times. J Biol Rhythms 1988; 3: 49–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jerebzoff S. Are there ultradian rhythms at the molecular level?. J Inter discipl Cycle Res 1987; 18: 916
   Google Scholar
• Feldman J. P., Dunlap J. C. Neurospora crassa: A unique system for studying circadian rhythms. Photochem Photobiol Rev 1983; 7: 319
   Google Scholar
• Hardeland R., Neuhaus-Steinmetz U., Michel U., Balzer I. Ultradian rhythms of tyrosine aminotransferase activity in Tetrahymena thermophila and Euglena gracilis. J Interdiscipl Cycle Res 1988; 19: 177
   Google Scholar
• Balzer I., Neuhaus-Steinmetz U., Quentin E., van Wiitlen M., Hardeland R. Concomitance of circadian and ca.-4-hour ultradian rhythms in Euglena gracilis. J Interdiscipl Cycle Res 1989; 20: 15–24
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd D., Edwards S. W., Kippert F., Jenkins H., Griffiths A. Ultradian rhythms: internal timekeeping in lower eukaryotes. Bull Gr El Rhythms Biol 1988; 20: 10
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins H. A., Griffith A. J., Lloyd D. Simultaneous operation of ultradian and circadian rhythms in Chlamydomonas reinhardii. J Interdiscipl Cycle Res 1989; 20: 257–264
   Google Scholar
• Tyson J. Size control of cell division. J Theor biol 1987; 126: 381
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Draetta G., Luca F., Westendorf J., Brizuela L., Ruderman J., Beach D. Cdc 2 protein kinase is complexed with both cyclin A and B: evidence for proteolytic inactivation of MPF. Cell 1989; 56: 829–838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ptashne M., Jeffrey A., Johnson A. D., Maurer R., Meyer B. J., Pabo C. O., Toberts T. M., Sauer R. T. How the X-repressor and cro work. Cell 1980; 19: 1–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura M., Jinks-Robertson S., Miura A. Regulation of ribosome biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Interaction of Translational and Transcriptional Controls in the Regulation of Gene Expression, M. Grunberg Manago, B. Safer. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1983
   Google Scholar
• Hayflick L. The limited in vitro life of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res 1965; 37: 614–636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winfree A. The Geometry of Biological Time. Springer, Heidelberg 1980
   Google Scholar
• Cornelius G., Rensing L. Can phase response curves of various treatments of circadian rhythms be explained by effects on protein synthesis and degradation?. Bio Systems 1980; 15: 35–47
   Google Scholar
• Rensing L., Schill W. Perturbations of cellular circadian rhythms by light and temperature. Temporal Disorder in Human Oscillatory Systems, L. Rensing, U. Heidenander, M. C. Mackey. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg 1987; 233–245
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin B. C. Oscillatory behaviour in enzymatic control processes. Adv Enzyme Regul 1965; 3: 425–438
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Drescher K., Cornelius G., Rensing L. Phase response curves obtained by perturbing different variables of a 24 h model oscillator based on translational control. J Theor Biol 1982; 94: 345–353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastings J. W., Dunlap J. C., Taylor W. R. Protein synthesis and protein turnover in circadian cycles. Current Topics in Cellular Regulation 18, B. Horecker, E. Stadtman. Academic Press, New York 1981; 519–529
   Google Scholar
• Feldman J. F. Lengthening the period of a biological clock in Euglena by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1967; 57: 108021087
   Google Scholar
• Stahr N., Holzapfel G., Hardeland R. Phase shifting of the Gonyaulax clock by puromycin. Jlnterdiscipl Cycle Res 1980; 11: 277–284
   Google Scholar
• Ehrhardt V., Krug H. F., Hardeland R. On the role of gene expression in the circadian oscillator mechanism. J lnterdiscipl Cycle Res, 11: 257–276
   Google Scholar
• Karakashian M. W., Hastings J. W. The effects of inhibitors of macromolecular biosynthesis upon the persistent rhythm of luminescence in Gonyaulax polyedra. J Gen Physiol 1963; 47: 1–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karakashian M. W., Schweiger H. G. 80 S protein synthesis provides a component of the Acetabularia circadian clock. J Cell Biol 1975; 67: 200A
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karakashian W. W., Schweiger H. G. Evidence for a cycloheximide-sensitive component in the biological clock of Acetabularia. Exp Cell Res 1976a; 98L: 303–312
   Google Scholar
• Karakashian M. W., Schweiger H. G. Temperature dependence of cycloheximide-sensitive phase of circadian cycle in Acetabularia medilerranea. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1976b; 73: 3216–3219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweiger H. G., Schweiger M. Circadian rhythms in unicellular organisms: an endeavor to explain the molecular mechanism. Int Rev Cytol 1977; 51: 315–342
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunlap J. C., Taylor W., Hastings J. W. The effects of protein synthesis inhibitors on the Gonyaulax clock. I. Phase shifting effects of cycloheximide. J Comp Physiol B 1980; 138: 1–8
   Google Scholar
• Rensing L., Taylor W., Dunlap J., Hastings J. W. The effects of protein synthesis inhibitors on the Gonyaulax clock. II. The effect of cycloheximide on ultrastructural parameters. J Comp Physiol B 1980; 138: 9–18
   Google Scholar
• Taylor W., Hastings J. W. Minute-long pulses of anisomycin phase-shift the biological clock in Gonyaulax by hours. Naturwissenschaften 1982; 69: 94–96
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor W., Dunlap J. C., Hastings J W. Inhibitors of protein synthesis on 80 S ribosomes phase shift the Gonyaulax clock. J Exp Biol 1982c; 97: 121–136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor W., Krasnow R., Dunlap J. C., Broda H., Hastings J. W. Critical pulses of anisomycin drive the circadian oscillator in Gonyaulax towards its singularity. J Comp Physiol B 1982b; 148: 11–25
   Google Scholar
• Nakashima H., Perlman J., Feldman J. F. Cycloheximide-induced phase shifting of the circadian clock of Neurospora. Am J Physiol 1981; 241: R31–R35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schulz R., Pilatus U., Rensing L. On the role of energy metabolism in Neurospora circadian clock function Chronobioll. 1985; 223–233
   Google Scholar
• Rothman B. S., Strumwasser F. Phase shifting the circadian rhythm of neuronal activity in the isolated Aplysia eye with puromycin and cycloheximide: electrophysiological and biochemical studies. J Gen Physiol 1976; 68: 359–384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothman B. S., Strumwasser F. Manipulation of a neuronal circadian oscillator with inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis. Fed Proc 1977; 36: 2050–2055
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacklet J. W. Neuronal circadian rhythm: phase shifting by a protein synthesis inhibitor. Science 1977; 198: 69–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacklet J. W. Circadian rhythm from eye of Aplysia: temperature compensation of the effects of protein synthesis inhibitors. J Exp Biol 1980a; 84: 1–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacklet J. W. Protein synthesis requirement of the Aplysia circadian clock tested by active and inactive derivatives of the inhibitor anisomycin. J Exp Biol 1980b; 85: 33–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweiger H. G., Hartwig R., Schweiger M. Cellular aspects of circadian rhythms. J Cell Sci 1986; 181–200, Suppl. 4
   Google Scholar
• Hobohm U., Cornelius G., Taylor W., Rensing L. Is the circadian clock of Gonyaulax held stationary after a strong pulse of anisomycin?. Comp Biochem Physiol 1984; 79A: 371–378
   Google Scholar
• Ehret C. F., Trucco E. Molecular models for the circadian clock. I. The chronon concept. J Theor Biol 1967; 15: 240–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karakashian M. W., Hastings J. W. The inhibition of a biological clock byactinomycin D. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1962; 48: 2130–2136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanden Driessche T., Bonotto S., Brachet J. Inability of rifampicin to inhibit circadian rhythmicity in Acetabularia despite inhibition of RNA synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1970; 224: 631–634
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mergenhagen D., Schweiger H. G. The effect of different inhibitors of transcription and translation on the gene expression and control of circadian rhythm in individual cells of Acetabularia. Exp Cell Res 1975; 94: 321–326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder-Lorenz A., Rensing L. Circadian clock mechanisms and synthesis rates of individual protein species in Gonyaulax polyedra. Comp Biochem Physiol 1986; 85B: 315–323
   Google Scholar
• Sweeney B. M., Haxo F. T. Persistence of a photosynthetic rhythm in enucleated Acetabularia. Science 1961; 134: 1361–1363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter G. Die Tagsperiodik der Photosynthese bei Acetabularia and ihre Abhangigkeit von Kernaktivitat, RNS-und Protein-Synthese. Z Naturforsch 1963; 18b: 1085–1089
   Google Scholar
• Schweiger E., Wallraff H. G., Schweiger H. G. Über tagesperiodische Schwankungen der Sauerstoffbilanz kernhaltiger und kernioser Acetabularia mediterranea. Z Naturforsch 1964; 19b: 499–505
   Google Scholar
• Nagel G., Rensing L. Circadian rhythm in size and 'H-uridine incorporation of single puffs of Drosophila salivary glands in vitro. Exp Cell Res 1974; 89: 436–439
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosbash M., Colot H., Dushay M., Ewer J., Hardin P., Liu X., Rutila J., Siwicki K., Zerr D., Hall J. The per gene and circadian rhythms. Eur J Cell Biol 1990; 51(Suppl. 30)5
   Google Scholar
• Loros J. J., Denome S. A., Dunlap J. C. Molecular cloning of genes under control of the circadian clock in Neurospora. Am J Physiol 1981; 241: R31–R35
   Google Scholar
• Leong T.-Y., Schweiger H. G. The role of chloroplast membrane protein synthesis in the circadian clock. Occurrence of a polypeptide which tentatively is involved in the clock. Chloroplast Development, G. Akoyunoglou. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam 1978; 323–332
   Google Scholar
• Paulsen H., Bogorad L. Diurnal and circadian rhythms in the accumulation and synthesis of mRNA for the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein in Tobacco. Plant Physio! 1988; 89: 1104–1109
   Google Scholar
• Nagy F., Kay S. A., Chua N. J. A circadian clock regulates transcription of the wheat cab-1 gene. Genes Dev 1988; 2: 376–382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer H., Thinel U., Piechulla B. Molecular characterization of the diurnal circadian expression of the chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins in leaves of tomato and other dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plant species. Planta 1989; 180: 5–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloppstech K. Diurnal and circadian rhythmicity in the expression of light-induced plant nuclear messenger RNAs. Planta 1985; 165: 502–506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuliano G., Hoffmann N. E., Ko K., Scolnik P. A., Cashmore A. R. A light-entrained circadian clock controls transcription of several plant genes. EMBO J 1988; 7: 3635–3642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stayton M., Brosio P., Dunsmuir P. Photosynthetic genes of Petunia (Mitchell) are differentially expressed during the diurnal cycle. Plant Physiol. 1989; 89: 776–782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor W. C. Transcriptional regulation by a circadian rhythm. Plant Cell 1989; 1: 259–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strumwasser F. The demonstration and manipulation of a circadian rhythm in a single neuron. Circadian Clocks, J. Ashoff. North Holland, Amsterdam 1965; 442–462
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder-Lorenz A., Rensing L. Circadian changes in protein synthesis rate and protein phosphorylation in cell-free extracts of Gonyaulax polyedra. Planta 1987; 170: 7–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse D., Milos P. M., Roux E., Hastings J. W. Circadian regulation of bioluminescence in Gonyaulax involves translational control. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 172–176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milos P., Morse D., Hastings J. W. Circadian control over synthesis of many Gonyaulax proteins is at the translational level. Naturwiss 1990; 77: 87–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leong T.-Y., Schweiger H. G. The role of chloroplast membrane-protein synthesis in the circadian clock. Purification and partial characterization of a polypeptide which is suggested to be involved in the clock. Eur J Biochem 1979; 98: 187–194
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hartwig R., Schweiger M., Schweiger R., Schweiger H. G. Identification of a high molecular weight polypeptide that may be part of the circadian clockwork in Acetabularia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 6899–6902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volknandt W., Hardeland R. Circadian rhythmicity of protein synthesis in the dinoflagellate, Gonyaulax polyedra: a biochemical and radioautographic investigation. Comp Biochem Physiol 1984; 77B: 493–500
   Google Scholar
• Krug H. F., Hardeland R. Diurnal rhythms of hepatic mRNA activities for integral membrane proteins, as determined by in vitro translation in a cell-free system from rat liver. J Interdiscipl Cycle Res 1981; 12: 35–40
   Google Scholar
• Krug H. F., Hardeland R. Effect of cycloheximide and changes in lighting regimen on the diurnal rhythm of rat liver protein synthesis. J Interdiscipl Cycle Res 1984; 15: 119–132
   Google Scholar
• Krug H. F., Hardeland R. Diurnal rhythmicity in cytosolic control of cell-free hepatic protein synthesis. J Interdiscipl Cycle Res 1985; 16: 193–201
   Google Scholar
• Walla O. J., de Groot E. The 41000 Mr essential circadian clock protein of Chlorella: Identity with 3 phosphoglycerate kinase?. Eur J Cell Biol 1990; 51(Suppl. 30)54
   Google Scholar
• Wildemann J., Schweiger M. A 64 kD protein may be part of the biological clock in Chlamydomonas reinhardii. Eur J Cell Biol 1990; 51(Suppl. 30)54
   Google Scholar
• Reddy P., Jacquier A. C., Abovich N., Peterson G., Rosbash M. The period clock locus of D. melanogaster codes for a proteoglycan. Cell 1986; 46: 53–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargiello T. A., Saez L., Baylies M. K., Gasic G., Young M. W., Spray D. S. The Drosophila clock gene per affects intercellular junctional communication. Nature 1987; 328: 486–491
   Google Scholar
• Ewer J., Rosbash M., Hall J. C. An inducible promoter fused to the period gene in Drosophila conditionally rescues adult per-mutant arrhythmicity. Nature 1988; 333: 82–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siwicki K. K., Eastman E., Peterson G., Rosbash M., Hall J. Antibodies to the period gene product of Drosophila reveal diverse tissue distribution and rhythmic changes in the visual system. Neuron 1988; 1: 141–156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rensing L., Bos A., Kroeger J., Cornelius G. Possible link between circadian rhythm and heat shock response. Chronobiol Int 1987; 4: 543–549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindquist S., Craig E. A. The heat-shock proteins. Annu Rev Genet 1988; 22: 631–677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ananthan J., Goldberg A. J., Voellmy R. Abnormal proteins serve as eukaryotic stress signals and trigger the activation of heat shock genes. Science 1986; 232: 522–524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo T. Phase shift of the circadian rhythm of Lemna caused by pulses of a leucine analog trifluoroleucine. Plant Physiol 1988; 88: 953–958
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kondo T. Comparison of phase shifts of the circadian rhythm of ff uptake in Lemna gibba G3 by various amino acid analogs. Plant Physiol 1989; 90
   Google Scholar
• Hastings J. W., Broda H., Johnson C. H. Phase and period effects of physical and chemical factors. Do cells communicate?. Temporal Order, L. Rensing, N. Jaeger. Springer, Heidelberg 1985; 213–221
   Google Scholar
• Cornelius G., Rensing L. Circadian rhythm of heat shock protein synthesis of Neurospora crassa. Eur J Cell Biol 1986; 40: 130–132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kippert F. Circadian control of heat tolerance in stationary phase cultures of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Arch Microbiol 1989; 151: 177–179
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Otto B., Grimm B., Ottersbach P., Klopstech K. Circadian control of the accumulation of mRNA for light- and heat-inducible chloroplast proteins in pea. Plant Physiol 1988; 88: 21–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallberg R. L., Kraus K. W., Hallberg E. M. Induction of acquired thermotolerance in Tetrahymena thermophila: Effects of protein synthesis inhibitors. Mol Cell Biol 2061–2069; 5
   Google Scholar
• Hardeland R., Harnau G., Rusenberg M., Balzer I. Multiplicity or uniformity of cellular temperature compensation mechanisms?. J Interdiscipl Cycle Res 1986; 17: 121–123
   Google Scholar
• Cornelius G., Schroeder-Lorenz A., Rensing L. Circadian clock control of protein synthesis and degradation in Gonyaulax polyedra. Planta 1985; 166: 365–370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harnau G., Balzer I., Hardeland R. Temperature compensation of protein synthesis in the dinoflagellate. Gonyaulax polyedra. Proc 11th lnt Congr Biometeorol. 1989, (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Brinkmann K. Metabolic control of temperature compensation in the circadian rhythm of Euglena gracilis. Biochronometry, M. Menaker. National Academy of Sciences, Washington 1971; 567–593
   Google Scholar
• Olesiak W., Ungar A., Johnson C. H., Hastings W. J. Are protein synthesis inhibition and phase shifting of the circadian clock in Gonyaulax correlated?. J Biol Rhythms 1987; 2: 121–138
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thorey I., Rode I., Harnau G., Hardeland R. Conditionality of phase resetting by inhibitors of 80 S translation in Gonyaulax polyedra. J Comp Physiol B 1987; 157: 85–89
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balzer I., Possehl C, Rode I., Hardeland R. Novel temperature effects on circadian rhythmicity of Gonyaulax. Proc llth lnt Congr Biometeorol. West Lafayette. 1989, (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Dunlap J. C., Feldman J. F. On the role of protein synthesis in the circadian clock oi Neurospora crassa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 1096–1100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelmann W., Schrempf W. Membrane models for circadian rhythms. Photochem Photobiol Rev 1980; 5: 49–87
   Google Scholar
• Njus D., Sulzman F. M., Hastings J. W. Membrane model for the circadian clock. Nature 1974; 248: 116–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balzer J. U., Hardeland R. Advance shifts of the bioluminescence rhythms in Gonyaulax polyedra by pharmaca potentially acting on membranes. J Interdiscipl Cycle Res 1981; 12: 29–34
   Google Scholar
• Taylor W., Hastings J. W. Aldehydes phase shift in the Gonyaulax clock. J Comp Physiol 1979; 130: 359–362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heat Shock Response of Eukaryotic Cells, L. Nover. Springer, Heidelberg
   Google Scholar
• Scholübbers H. G., Taylor W., Rensing L. Are membrane properties essential for the circadian rhythm of Gonyaulax?. Am J Physiol 1984; 247: R250–256
   Google Scholar
• Block G. D, Khalsa S. B. S. Cellular basis of circadian rhythmicity in Bulla: a model system. Trends in Chronobiology, W. T. J. M. Hekkens, G. A. Kerkhof, W. J. Rietveld. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1988; 55–66
   Google Scholar
• Brody S., Martins S. A. Circadian rhythms in Neurospora crassa: Effects of unsaturated fatty acids. J Bacteriol 1979; 137: 912–915
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sweeney B. M. Freeze-fracture studies of thecal membranes of Gonyaulax polyedra. Circadian changes in the particles of one membrane face. J Cell Biol 1976; 68: 451–461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody S., Dieckmann C., Mikolajczyk S. Circadian rhythms in Neurospora crassa: The effects of point mutations on the proteolipid portion of the mitochondrial ATP synthetase. Mol Gen Genet 1985; 200: 155–161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goto K., Laval-Martin D., Edmunds L. N., Jr. Biochemical modelling of an autonomously oscillatory clock in Euglena. Science 1985; 228: 1284–1288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kippert F. Endocytobiotic coordination, intracellular calcium signalling, and the origin of endogenous rhythms. Ann NY Acad Sci 1987; 503: 476–477
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woolum J. C., Strumwasser F. Is the period of the circadian oscillation in the eye of Aplysia directly homeostatically regulated?. J Comp Physiol 1983; 151: 253–259
   Google Scholar
• Techel D., Gebauer G., Kohler W., Braumann T., Jastorff B., Rensing L. On the role of Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent and cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation in the circiadian rhythm of Neurospora crassa. J Comp Physiol B 1990; 159: 695–706
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakashima H. Calcium inhibits phase shifting of the circadian conidation rhythm of Neurospora crassa by the calcium ionophore A 23187. Plant Physiol 1984; 76: 612–614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelius G., Gebauer G., Techel D. Inositol trisphosphate induces calcium release from Neurospora crassa vacuoles. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1989; 162: 852–856
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raeburn D. Calcium entry blocking drugs: Their classification and sites of action in smooth muscle cells. Medical Biol 1987; 65: 178–180
   Google Scholar
• Nakashima J. Phase shifting of the circadian conidiation rhythm in Neurospora crassa by calmodulin antagonists. J Biol Rhythms 1986; 1: 163–169
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lonergan T. A. A possible second role for calmodulin in biological clock-controlled processes in Euglena. Plant Physiol 1986; 82: 226–229, 1986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkon D. L., Rasmussen H. A spatial-temporal model of cell activation. Science 1988; 239: 998–1005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskin A., Corrent G., Lin C. Y., McAdoo D. J. Mechanism for shifting the phase of a circadian rhythm by serotonin: Involvement of cAMP. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982; 79: 660–664
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lotshaw D. P., Jacklet J. W. Serotonin induced protein phosphorylation in the Aplysia eye. Comp Biochem Physiol 1987; 86C: 27–32
   Google Scholar
• Eskin A., Takahashi J. S., Zatz M., Block G. D. Cyclic guanosine 3′,5′ monophosphate mimics the effects of light on a circadian pacemaker in the eye of Aplysia. J Neurosci 1984; 4: 2466–2471
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cotton G., Vanden Driessche T. Identification of calmodulin in Acetabularia: its distribution and physiological significance. J Cell Sci 1987; 87: 337–347
   Google Scholar
• Vanden Driessche Th. 1988 Research on the molecular basis of circadian rhythmicity. The cellular approach. Trendsin Chronobiology, W. T. J. M. Hekkens, G. A. Kerkhof, W. J. Rietveld. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1988
   Google Scholar
• Hasunuma L., Funadera K., Shinohara Y., Furukawa K., Watanabe M. Circadian oscillation and light-induced changes in the concentration of cyclic nucleotides in Neurospora. Curr Genet 1987; 12: 127–133
   Google Scholar
• Binkley S. The Pineal: Endocrine and Non-endocrine Function. Prentice-HallCliffs, Englewood, NJ 1988
   Google Scholar
• Brulfert J., Vidal J., Le Marechal P., Gadal P., Queiroz O., Kluge M., Kruger J. Phosphorylation-dephosphorylation process as a probable mechanism for the diurnal regulatory changes of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in CAM plants. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1986; 136: 151–159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echevarria Ch., Vidal J., Le Marechal P., Brulfert J., Rancheva R., Gadal P. The phosphorylation of Sorghum leaf phosphoenolpuyruvate carboxylase is a Ca2+-calmodulin dependent process. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1988; 155: 835–840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluge M., Maier P., Brulfert J., Faist K., Wollny E. Regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi. Biochem J 1988; 239: 213–220
   Google Scholar
• Nimmo G. A., Wilkins M. B., Fewson C. A., Nimmo H. G. Persistent circadian rhythms in the phosphorylation state of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Bryophyllum fedtschenkoi leaves and its sensitivity to inhibition by malate. Planta 1987; 170: 408–415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerebzoff-Quintin S., Jerebzoff S. Reversible self-phosphorylation of asparaginase complex in Leptophaeria michotii: characterization of associated protein kinase and protein phosphatase activities. Biochem Biophys Res. Comm 1986; 140: 1135–1142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar