3,254
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Review Article

Designing AAC Systems for Children with Autism: Evidence from Eye Tracking Research

&
Pages 160-171 | Received 31 May 2013, Accepted 28 Feb 2014, Published online: 30 Apr 2014

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-V). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Ames, C., & Fletcher-Watson, S. (2010). A review of methods in the study of attention in autism. Developmental Review, 30, 52–73.
  • Bar-Haim, Y., Shulman, C., Lamy, D., & Reuveni, A. (2006). Attention to eyes and mouth in high-functioning children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 131–137.
  • Barton, A., Sevcik, R. A., & Romski, M. A. (2006). Visual-graphic symbol acquisition by pre-school age children with developmental and language delays. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 22, 10–20.
  • Benson, V., & Fletcher-Watson, S. (2011). Eye movements in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In S. Liversedge, I. Gilchrist, & S. Everling (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of eye movements (pp. 709–730). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Benson, V., Piper, J., & Fletcher-Watson, S. (2009). Atypical saccadic scanning in autistic spectrum disorder. Neuropsychologia, 47, 1178–1182.
  • Bloomberg, K., Karlan, G. R., & Lloyd, L. L. (1990). The comparative translucency of initial lexical items represented in five graphic symbol systems and sets. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 33, 717.
  • Charlop, M. H., & Haymes, L. K. (1994). Speech and language acquisition and intervention: Behavioural approaches. In J. L. Matson (Ed.), Autism in children and adults: Etiology, assessment, and intervention (pp. 213–240). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  • Dawson, G., Meltzoff, A. N., Osterling, J., Rinaldi, J., & Brown, E. (1998). Children with autism fail to orient to naturally occurring social stimuli. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28, 479–485.
  • Durand, V. M., & Carr, E. G. (1991). Functional communication training to reduce challenging behaviour: Maintenance and application in new set things. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 24, 251–264.
  • Fletcher-Watson, S., Leekam, S. R., Benson, V., Frank, M. C., & Findlay, J. M. (2009). Eye-movements reveal attention to social information in autism spectrum disorder. Neuropsychologia, 47, 248–257.
  • Flores, M., Musgrove, K., Renner, S., Hinton, V., Strozier, S., Franklin, S., & Hill, D. (2012). A comparison of communication using the Apple iPad and a picture-based system. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 28, 74–84.
  • Foss-Feig, J. H., Tadin, D., Schauder, K. B., & Cascio, C. J. (2013). A substantial and unexpected enhancement of motion perception in autism. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 8243–8249.
  • Freeth, M., Chapman, P., Ropar, D., & Mitchell, P. (2010). Do gaze cues in complex scenes capture and direct the attention of high functioning adolescents with ASD? Evidence from eye-tracking. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 534–547.
  • Frith, U. (2003). Autism: Explaining the enigma (2nd edn). Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Fuller, D. R., Lloyd, L. L., & Stratton, M. M. (1997). Aided AAC symbols. In: L.L. Lloyd, D.R. Fuller, & H. Arvidson (Eds.), Augmentative and alternative communication (pp. 48–79). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Fuller, D., & Stratton, M. (1991). Representativeness versus translucency: Different theoretical backgrounds, but are they really different concepts?. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 7, 51–58.
  • Ganz, L. B., Simpson, R. L., & Corbin-Newsome, J. (2008). The impact of the Picture Exchange Communication System on requesting and speech development in pre-schoolers with autism spectrum disorders and similar characteristics. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2, 157–169.
  • Gillespie-Smith, K., Riby, D., Hancock, P., & Doherty-Sneddon, G. (2014a). Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) attend typically to faces and objects presented within their picture communication systems. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research,58, 459–470.
  • Gillespie-Smith, K., Hancock, P., Doherty-Sneddon, G., & Riby, D. (2014b). An exploration of how children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) attend to faces depicting emotions within their picture communication systems and educational environments. Manuscript submitted for publication.
  • Grossman, J. B., Klin, A., Carter, A. S., & Volkmar, F.R. (2000). Verbal bias in recognition of facial emotions in children with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 369–379.
  • Hagopian, L. P., Fisher, W. W., Sullivan, M. T., Acquisto, J., & LeBlanc, L. A. (1998). Effectiveness of functional communication training with and without extinction and punishment: A summary of 21 inpatient cases. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 31, 211–235.
  • Hanley, M., McPhillips, M., Mulhern, G., & Riby, D. M. (2013). Spontaneous attention to faces in Asperger syndrome using ecologically valid static stimuli. Autism, 17, 754–761.
  • Happé, F. (1995). The role of age and verbal ability in the theory of mind task. Child Development, 66, 843–855.
  • Happé, F., & Frith, U. (2006). The weak coherence account: Detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 5–25.
  • Hernandez, N., Metzger, A., Magne, R., Bonnet-Brilhault, F., Roux, S., Barthelemy, C., & Martineau, J. (2009). Exploration of core features of a human face by healthy and autistic adults analyzed by visual scanning. Neuropsychologia, 47, 1004–1012.
  • Hutt, C., & Ounsted, C. (1966). The biological significance of gaze aversion with particular reference to the syndrome in infantile autism. Behavioural Science, 11, 346–356.
  • Joseph, R. M., Brandon, K., Connolly, C., Wolfe, J., & Horowitz, T. S. (2009). Why is visual search superior in autism spectrum disorder?. Developmental Science, 12, 1083–1096.
  • Kagohara, D. M., van der Meer, L., Ramdoss, S., O’Reilly, M. F., Lancioni, G. E., Davis, T. N., . . . Sigafoos, J. (2013). Using iPods® and iPads® in teaching programs for individuals with developmental disabilities: A systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 147–156.
  • Karatekin, C. (2007). Eye tracking studies of normative and atypical development. Developmental Review, 27, 283–348.
  • Kemner, C., van der Geest, J. N. , Verbaten , M. N., & van Engeland, H. (2007). Effects of object complexity and type on the gaze behavior of children with pervasive developmental disorder. Brain and Cognition, 65, 107–111.
  • Kemner, C., Van Ewijk, L., Van Engeland, H., & Hooge, I. (2008). Brief report: Eye movements during visual search tasks indicate enhanced stimulus discriminability in subjects with PDD. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 553–557.
  • Kozleski, E. (1991). Visual symbol acquisition by students with autism. Exceptionality, 2, 175–194.
  • Kylliäinen, A., & Hietanen, J. K. (2006). Skin conductance responses to another person's gaze in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 517–525.
  • Kylliäinen, A., Wallace, S., Coutanche, M. N., Leppänen, J. M., Cusack, J., Bailey, A. J., & Hietanen, J. K. (2012). Affective–motivational brain responses to direct gaze in children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 790–797.
  • Manjiviona, J., & Prior, M. (1999). Neuropsychological profiles of children with Asperger Syndrome and autism. Autism, 3, 327–356.
  • Milne, E., Swettenham, J., & Campbell, R. (2005). Motion perception and autistic spectrum disorder: A review. Current Psychology of Cognition, 23, 3.
  • Mirenda, P. (2003). Toward functional augmentative and alternative communication for students with autism: Manual signs, graphic symbols, and voice output communication aids. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 34, 203–216.
  • Mirenda, P. (2008). A back door approach to autism and AAC. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 24, 220–234.
  • Mirenda, P., & Iacono, T. (2009). Autism spectrum disorders and AAC. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.
  • Mottron, L., Dawson, M., Soulieres, I., Hubert, B., & Burack, J. (2005). Enhanced perceptual functioning in autism: An update and eight principles of autistic perception. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 27–43.
  • Nakano, T., Tanaka, K., Endo, Y., Yamane, Y., Yamamoto, T., Nakano, Y., … Kitazawa S. (2010). Atypical gaze patterns in children and adults with autism spectrum disorders dissociated from developmental changes in gaze behaviour. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277, 2935–2943.
  • Nation, K., & Penny, S. (2008). Sensitivity to eye gaze in autism: Is it normal? Is it automatic? Is it social?. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 79.
  • Norbury, C. F., Brock, J., Cragg, L., Einav, S., Griffiths, H., & Nation, K. (2009). Eye-movement patterns are associated with communicative competence in autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 834–842.
  • O’Riordan, M. (2004). Superior visual search in adults with autism. Autism, 8, 229–248.
  • O’Riordan, M. A., Plaisted, K. C., Driver, J., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2001). Superior visual search in autism. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 27, 719–730.
  • Pelphrey, K. A., Sasson, N. J., Reznick, J. S., Paul, G., Goldman, B. D., & Piven, J. (2002). Visual scanning of faces in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 249–261.
  • Plaisted, K.C., O’Riordan, M.A. and Baron-Cohen, S. (1998). Enhanced visual search for a conjunctive target in autism: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 39, 777–783.
  • Ramdoss, S., Lang, R., Mulloy, A., Franco, J., O’Reilly, M., Didden, R., & Lancioni, G. (2011). Use of computer-based interventions to teach communication skills to children with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Journal of Behavioral Education, 20, 55–76.
  • Remington, A., Swettenham, J., Campbell, A., & Coleman, M. (2009). Selective attention and perceptual load in autism spectrum disorder. Psychological Science, 20, 1388–1393.
  • Riby, D. M., & Hancock, P. J. (2008). Viewing it differently: Social scene perception in Williams syndrome and autism. Neuropsychology, 46, 2855–2860.
  • Riby, D. M., & Hancock, P. J. B. (2009a). Do faces capture the attention of individuals with Williams syndrome or autism? Evidence from tracking eye movements.. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39, 421–31.
  • Riby, D. M., & Hancock, P. J. B. (2009b). Looking at movies and cartoons: Eye-tracking evidence from Williams syndrome and autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53, 169–181.
  • Rice, K., Moriuchi, J. M., Jones, W., & Klin, A. (2012). Parsing heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorders: Visual scanning of dynamic social scenes in school-aged children. Journal of he American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(3), 238–247.
  • Richer, J.M., & Coss, R. G. (1976). Gaze aversion in autistic and normal children. Journal of Scandinavian Psychology, 53, 193–210.
  • Rutherford, M., & Towns, A. (2008). Scan path differences and similarities during emotion perception in those with and without autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1371–1381.
  • Rutter, M., & Schopler, E. (1987). Autism and pervasive developmental disorders: Concepts and diagnostic issues. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 159–186.
  • Sasson, N. J. (2006). The development of face processing in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 381–394.
  • Sasson, N. J., Turner-Brown, L. M., Holtzclaw, T. N., Lam, K. S., & Bodfish, J. W. (2008). Children with autism demonstrate circumscribed attention during passive viewing of complex social and non-social picture arrays. Autism Research, 1, 31–42.
  • Schopler, E., Reichler, R., & Rocher-Renner, B. (1998). The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
  • Speer, L. L., Cook, A. E., McMahon, W. M., & Clark, E. (2007). Face processing in children with autism: Effects of stimulus contents and type. Autism, 11, 265–277.
  • Spezio, M. L., Adolphs, R., Hurley, R. S. E., & Piven, J. (2007). Analysis of face gaze in autism using “Bubbles.”. Neuropsychologia, 45, 144–151.
  • Sterling, L., Dawson, G., Webb, S., Murias, M., Munson, J., Panagiotides, H., & Aylward, E. (2008). The role of face familiarity in eye tracking of faces by individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 1666–1675.
  • Swettenham, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Charman, T., Cox, A., Baird, G., Drew, A., … Wheelwright, S. (1998). The frequency and distribution of spontaneous attention shifts between social and non-social stimuli in autistic, typically developing, and non-autistic developmentally delayed infants. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 747–753.
  • Takarae, Y., Minshew, N., Luna, B., & Sweeney, J. A. (2004). Oculomotor abnormalities parallel cerebellar histopathology in autism. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 75, 1359–1361.
  • van der Geest, J. N., Kemner, C., Camfferman, G., Verbaten, M. N., & van Engeland, H. (2002a). Gaze behaviour of children with pervasive developmental disorder toward human faces: A fixation time study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 669–681.
  • van der Geest, J. N., Kemner, C., Camfferman, G., Verbaten, M. N., & van Engeland, H. (2002b). Looking at images with human figures: Comparison between autistic and normal children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 69–75.
  • Volkmar, F. R., Lord, C., Bailey, A., Schultz, R. T., & Klin, A. (2004). Autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 135–170.
  • Volkmar, F. R., & Mayes, L. C. (1990). Gaze behavior in autism. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 61–69.
  • Wilkinson, K. M., & Jagaroo, V. (2004). Contributions of principles of visual cognitive science to AAC system design display. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 20, 123–136.
  • Wilkinson, K., & Light, J. (2011). Preliminary investigation of visual attention to human figures in photographs: Potential considerations for the design of aided AAC visual scene displays. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 54, 1644–1657.
  • Wilkinson, K. M., Light, J., & Drager, K. (2012). Considerations for the composition of visual scene displays: Potential contributions of information from visual and cognitive sciences. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 28, 137–147.
  • Wilkinson, K., O’Neill, T., & McIlvane, W. J. (2014). Eye tracking measures reveal how changes in the design of aided AAC displays influence the efficiency of locating symbols by school-aged children without disabilities. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. doi: 10.1044/2013_JSLHR-L-12-0159

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.