Dyslipidemia is a strong predictor of myocardial infarction in subjects with chronic kidney disease

References

• Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, Coresh J, Culleton B, Hamm LL, . Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2003;108:2154–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manjunath G, Tighiouart H, Ibrahim H, MacLeod B, Salem DN, Griffith JL, . Level of kidney function as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:47–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugts JJ, Knetsch AM, Mattace-Raso FU, Hofman A, Witteman JC. Renal function and risk of myocardial infarction in an elderly population: the Rotterdam Study. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:2659–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muntner P, He J, Hamm L, Loria C, Whelton PK. Renal insufficiency and subsequent death resulting from cardiovascular disease in the United States. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:745–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muntner P, Hamm LL, Kusek JW, Chen J, Whelton PK, He J. The prevalence of nontraditional risk factors for coronary heart disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:9–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shlipak MG, Fried LF, Cushman M, Manolio TA, Peterson D, Stehmann-Breen C, . Cardiovascular mortality risk in chronic kidney disease: comparison of traditional and novel risk factors. JAMA. 2005;293:1737–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muntner P, He J, Astor BC, Folsom AR, Coresh J. Traditional and nontraditional risk factors predict coronary heart disease in chronic kidney disease: results from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:529–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parikh NI, Hwang SJ, Larson MG, Meigs JB, Levy D, Fox CS. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in chronic kidney disease: overall burden and rates of treatment and control. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1884–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaziri ND, Moradi H. Mechanisms of dyslipidemia of chronic renal failure. Hemodial Int. 2006;10:1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samuelsson O, Attman PO, Knight-Gibson C, Kron B, Larsson R, Mulec H, . Lipoprotein abnormalities without hyperlipidaemia in moderate renal insufficiency. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1994;9:1580–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer IH, Astor BC, Kramer H, Palmas W, Seliger SL, Shlipak MG, . Lipoprotein abnormalities associated with mild impairment of kidney function in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;3:125–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elovson J, Chatterton JE, Bell GT, Schumaker VN, Reuben MA, Puppione DL, . Plasma very low density lipoproteins contain a single molecule of apolipoprotein B. J Lipid Res. 1988;29:1461–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walldius G, Jungner I, Aastveit AH, Holme I, Furberg CD, Sniderman AD. The apoB/apoA-I ratio is better than the cholesterol ratios to estimate the balance between plasma proatherogenic and antiatherogenic lipoproteins and to predict coronary risk. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2004;42:1355–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamarche B, Moorjani S, Lupien PJ, Cantin B, Bernard PM, Dagenais GR, . Apolipoprotein A-I and B levels and the risk of ischemic heart disease during a five-year follow-up of men in the Quebec cardiovascular study. Circulation. 1996; 94:273–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pischon T, Girman CJ, Sacks FM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in the prediction of coronary heart disease in men. Circulation. 2005;112:3375–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walldius G, Jungner I, Holme I, Aastveit AH, Kolar W, Steiner E. High apolipoprotein B, low apolipoprotein A-I, and improvement in the prediction of fatal myocardial infarction (AMORIS study): a prospective study. Lancet. 2001;358:2026–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benn M, Nordestgaard BG, Jensen GB, Tybjaerg-Hansen A. Improving prediction of ischemic cardiovascular disease in the general population using apolipoprotein B: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:661–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Rifai N, Cook NR, Bradwin G, Buring JE. Non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and B100, standard lipid measures, lipid ratios, and CRP as risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women. JAMA. 2005; 294:326–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharrett AR, Ballantyne CM, Coady SA, Heiss G, Sorlie PD, Catellier D, . Coronary heart disease prediction from lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a), apolipoproteins A-I and B, and HDL density subfractions: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation. 2001;104:1108–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Steeg WA, Boekholdt SM, Stein EA, El-Harchaoui K, Stroes ES, Sandhu MS, . Role of the apolipoprotein B-apolipoprotein A-I ratio in cardiovascular risk assessment: a case-control analysis in EPIC-Norfolk. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:640–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingelsson E, Schaefer EJ, Contois JH, McNamara JR, Sullivan L, Keyes MJ, . Clinical utility of different lipid measures for prediction of coronary heart disease in men and women. JAMA. 2007;298:776–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jungner I, Marcovina SM, Walldius G, Holme I, Kolar W, Steiner E. Apolipoprotein B and A-I values in 147576 Swedish males and females, standardized according to the World Health Organization–International Federation of Clinical Chemistry First International Reference Materials. Clin Chem. 1998;44:1641–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jungner I, Walldius G, Holme I, Kolar W, Steiner E. Apolipoprotein B and A-I in relation to serum cholesterol and triglycerides in 43,000 Swedish males and females. Int J Clin Lab Res. 1992;21:247–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Talmud PJ, Hawe E, Miller GJ, Humphries SE. Nonfasting apolipoprotein B and triglyceride levels as a useful predictor of coronary heart disease risk in middle-aged UK men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:1918–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18:499–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, Manzi, Kusek JW, Eggers P, . Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2007;298:2038–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey A, Greene T, Kusek JW, Beck GJ. A simplified equation to predict glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;(155A).
   Google Scholar
• Rothman KJ, Greenland S. Modern epidemiology. 2. 2nd. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998.
   Google Scholar