Management of angioedema without urticaria in the emergency department

References

• WintersM. Clinical practice guideline: initial evaluation and management of patients presenting with acute urticaria or angioedema. American Academy of Emergency Medicine web site. 2006. Available at: http://www.aem.org/em-resources/position-statements/2006/clinical-practice-guidelines (accessed 6 February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• KaplanAP, GreavesMW. Angioedema. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53:373–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BasM, AdamsV, SuvoravaT, NiehuesT, HoffmannTK, KojdaG. Nonallergic angioedema: role of bradykinin. Allergy. 2007;62:842–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WeldonD. Differential diagnosis of angioedema. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2006;26:603–13.
   Google Scholar
• BernsteinJA, MoellmanJ. Emerging concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with undifferentiated angioedema. Int J Emerg Med. 2012;5:39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• StevensonDD. Aspirin and NSAID sensitivity. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2004;24:491–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CicardiM, AbererW, BanerjiA, BasM, BernsteinJA, BorkK, et al. Classification, diagnosis and approach to treatment in angioedema: Consensus report from the Hereditary Angioedema International Working Group. Allergy. 2014;69:602–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• StoneKD, PrussinC, MetcalfeDD. IgE, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(2 Suppl 2):S73–80.
   Google Scholar
• ComminsSP, BorishL, SteinkeJW. Immunologic messenger molecules: cytokines, interferons, and chemokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;125(2 Suppl 2):S53–72.
   Google Scholar
• SchwartzL, MetcalfeD, MillerJ, EarlH, SullivanT. Tryptase levels as an indicator of mast-cell activation in systemic anaphylaxis and mastocytosis. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1622–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DurhamSR. Allergic inflammation: cellular aspects. Allergy. 1999;54(Suppl 5):18–20.
   Google Scholar
• GrigoriadouS, LonghurstHJ. An approach to the patient with angio-oedema. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009;155:367–77.
   Google Scholar
• TheoharidesTC, KempurajD, TagenM, ContiP, KalogeromitrosD. Differential release of mast cell mediators and the pathogenesis of inflammation. Immunol Rev. 2007;217:65–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CicardiM, BergamaschiniL, ZingaleLC, GioffréD, AgostoniA. Idiopathic nonhistaminergic angioedema. Am J Med. 1999;106:650–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BjörkqvistJ, Sala-CunillA, RennéT. Hereditary angioedema: a bradykinin-mediated swelling disorder. Thromb Haemost. 2013;109: 368–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaplanAP, GhebrehiwetB. The plasma bradykinin-forming pathways and its interrelationships with complement. Mol Immunol. 2010;47:2161–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BlanchA, RocheO, López-GranadosE, FontánG, López-TrascasaM. Detection of C1 inhibitor (SERPING1/C1NH) mutations in exon 8 in patients with hereditary angioedema: evidence for 10 novel mutations. Hum Mutation. 2002;20:405–6.
   Google Scholar
• DavisAE. The pathophysiology of hereditary angioedema. Clin Immunol. 2005;114:3–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NussbergerJ, CugnoM, CicardiM. Bradykinin-mediated angioedema. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:621–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CastelliR, DeliliersD, ZingaleLC, PoglianiE, CicardiM. Lymphoproliferative disease and acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency. Haematologica. 2007;92:716–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barilla-LaBarcaM, GioffreD, ZanichelliA, CicardiM, AtkinsonJP. Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency in two patients presenting with a lupus-like syndrome and anticardiolipin antibodies. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;47:223–6.
   Google Scholar
• FarkasH, SzongothM, BélyM, VargaL, FeketeB, KarádiI, et al. Angiooedema due to acquired deficiency of C1-esterase inhibitor associated with leucocytoclastic vasculitis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2001;81:298–300.
   Google Scholar
• FarkasH, CsepregiA, NemesánszkyE. Acquired angioedema associated with chronic hepatitis C. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103:711–12.
   Google Scholar
• AlsenzJ, BorkK, LoosM. Autoantibody-mediated acquired deficiency of C1 inhibitor. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1360–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PonceIM, CaballeroT, RecheM, PiteiroAB, López-SerranoMC, FontánG, et al. Polyclonal autoantibodies against C1 inhibitor in a case of acquired angioedema. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002; 88:632–7.
   Google Scholar
• MarcosC, López LeraA, VarelaS, LiñaresT, Alvarez-EireMG, Lopez-TrascasaM. Clinical, biochemical, and genetic characterization of type III hereditary angioedema in 13 Northwest Spanish families. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2012;109:195–200.e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MartinL, Raison-PeyronN, NöthenMM, CichonS, DrouetC. Hereditary angioedema with normal C1 inhibitor gene in a family with affected women and men is associated with the p.Thr328Lys mutation in the F12 gene. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:975–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BouilletL, PonardD, RoussetH, CichonS, DrouetC. A case of hereditary angio-oedema type III presenting with C1-inhibitor cleavage and a missense mutation in the F12 gene. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:1063–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BorkK. Hereditary angioedema with normal C1 inhibitor activity including hereditary angioedema with coagulation factor XII gene mutations. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2006;26:709–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DewaldG, BorkK. Missense mutations in the coagulation factor XII (Hageman factor) gene in hereditary angioedema with normal C1 inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;343:1286–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-TraseiraC, López-LeraA, DrouetC, López-TrascasaM, Pérez-FernándezE, FavierB, et al. Hereditary angioedema caused by the p. Thr309-Lys mutation in the F12 gene: a multifactorial disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;6:986–9.
   Google Scholar
• CichonS, MartinL, HenniesHC, MüllerF, Van DriesscheK, KarpushovaA, et al. Increased activity of coagulation factor XII (Hageman factor) causes hereditary angioedema type III. Am J Hum Genet. 2006;79: 1098–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DefendiF, CharignonD, GhannamA, BarosoR, CsopakiF, Allegret-CadetM, et al. Enzymatic assays for the diagnosis of bradykinin-dependent angioedema. PLoS One. 2013;8:e70140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BorkK, FischerB, DewaldG. Recurrent episodes of skin angioedema and severe attacks of abdominal pain induced by oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy. Am J Med. 2003;114:294–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BouilletL, LonghurstH, Boccon-GibodI, BorkK, BucherC, BygumA, et al. Disease expression in women with hereditary angioedema. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199:484.e1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CasasJP, ChuaW, LoukogeorgakisS, VallanceP, SmeethL, HingoraniAD, et al. Effect of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and other antihypertensive drugs on renal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2005;366:2026–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SheikhIA, KaplanAP. Mechanism of digestion of bradykinin and lysylbradykinin (kallidin) in human serum. Role of carboxipeptidase, angiotensin converting enzyme and determination of final degradation products. Biochem Pharmacol. 1989;38:993–1000.
   Google Scholar
• SlaterEE, MerrillDD, GuessHA, RoylancePJ, CooperWD, InmanWH, et al. Clinical profile of angioedema associated with angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibition. JAMA. 1988;260:967–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-BorgesM, González-AveledoLA. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angioedema. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2010;2:195–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MakaniH, MesserliFH, RomeroJ, Wever-PinzonO, KorniyenkoA, BerriosRS, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized trials of angioedema as an adverse event of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:383–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CaldeiraD, DavidC, SampaioC. Tolerability of angiotensin-receptor blockers in patients with intolerance to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2012;12:263–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ByrdJB, ShreevatsaA, PutlurP, ForetiaD, McAlexanderL, SinhaT, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV deficiency increases susceptibility to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced peritracheal edema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:403–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ByrdJB, TouzinK, SileS, GainerJV, YuC, NadeauJ, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV in angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor–associated angioedema. Hypertension. 2008;51:141–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BrownNJ, ByiersS, CarrD, MaldonadoM, AnnB. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor use associated with increased risk of ACE inhibitor- associated angioedema. Hypertension. 2009;54:516–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaplanAP. Angioedema. World Allergy Organ J. 2008;1:103–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CugnoM, NussbergerJ, CicardiM, AgostoniA. Bradykinin and the pathophysiology of angioedema. Int Immunopharmacol. 2003;3: 311–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MontinaroV, LoizzoG, ZitoA, CastellanoG, GesualdoL. Successful treatment of a facial attack of angioedema with icatibant in a patient with idiopathic angioedema. Am J Emerg Med. 2013;31:1295.e5–6.
   Google Scholar
• Del CorsoI, PuxedduI, SardanoE, GeraciS, BreggiaM, RocchiV, et al. Treatment of idiopathic nonhistaminergic angioedema with bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist icatibant. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2012;108:460–1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JenneckC, JuergensU, BuechelerM, NovakN. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of aspirin intolerance. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007;99:13–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CaballeroT, BaezaML, CabañasR, CamposA, CimbollekS, Gómez-TraseiraC, et al. Consensus statement on the diagnosis, management, and treatment of angioedema mediated by bradykinin. Part I. Classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, genetics, clinical symptoms, and diagnosis. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2011;21: 333–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CaballeroT, BaezaML, CabañasR, CamposA, CimbollekS, Gómez-TraseiraC, et al. Consensus statement on the diagnosis, management, and treatment of angioedema mediated by bradykinin. Part II. Treatment, follow-up, and special situations. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2011;21:422–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WilkersonRG. Angioedema in the emergency department: an evidence-based review. Emerg Med Pract. 2012;14:1–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AgostoniA, CicardiM. Hereditary and acquired C1-inhibitor deficiency: biological and clinical characteristics in 235 patients. Medicine. 1992;71:206–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AgostoniA, Aygören-PürsünE, BinkleyKE, BlanchA, BorkK, BouilletL, et al. Hereditary and acquired angioedema: problems and progress: proceedings of the third C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency workshop and beyond. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;114(3 Suppl): S51–131.
   Google Scholar
• CarreerFM. The C1 inhibitor deficiency. A review. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1992;30:793–807.
   Google Scholar
• FarkasH, HarmatG, FáyA, FeketeB, KarádiI, VisyB, et al. Erythema marginatum preceding an acute oedematous attack of hereditary angioneurotic oedema. Acta Derm Venereol. 2001;81:376–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BentsianovBL, ParhiscarA, AzerM, Har-ElG. The role of fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy in the management of the acute airway in angioneurotic edema. Laryngoscope. 2000;110:2016–19.
   Google Scholar
• IshooE, ShahUK, GrilloneGA, StramJR, FuleihanNS. Predicting airway risk in angioedema: staging system based on presentation. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999;121:263–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NzeakoUC. Diagnosis and management of angioedema with abdominal involvement: a gastroenterology perspective. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:4913.
   Google Scholar
• CohenN, SharonA, GolikA, ZaidensteinR, ModaiD. Hereditary angioneurotic edema with severe hypovolemic shock. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1993;16:237–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BorkK.[Hypovolemic shock caused by ascites in hereditary angioedema]. Med Klin (Munich). 1998;93:554.
   Google Scholar
• SabroeR, BlackA. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angio-oedema. Br J Dermatol. 1997;136:153–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TosiM. Molecular genetics of C1 inhibitor. Immunobiology. 1998;199:358–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PappalardoE, CicardiM, DuponchelC, CarugatiA, ChoquetS, AgostoniA, et al. Frequent de novo mutations and exon deletions in the C1inhibitor gene of patients with angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:1147–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PedrosaM, CaballeroT, Gómez-TraseiraC, OlveiraA, López- SerranoMC, López-SerranoC. Usefulness of abdominal ultrasonography in the follow-up of patients with hereditary C1-inhibitor deficiency. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009;102:483–6.
   Google Scholar
• SadeghiN, Van DaeleD, HainauxB, EngelholmL, MichelO. Hereditary angio-edema involving the gastrointestinal tract: CT findings. Eur Radiol. 2001;11:99–101.
   Google Scholar
• SchwartzLB, YungingerJW, MillerJ, BokhariR, DullD. Time course of appearance and disappearance of human mast cell tryptase in the circulation after anaphylaxis. J Clin Invest. 1989;83:1551–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadopoulou-AlatakiE. Upper airway considerations in hereditary angioedema. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;10:20–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FrigasE, ParkMA. Acute urticaria and angioedema: diagnostic and treatment considerations. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2009;10:239–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SimonsFER, ArdussoLRF, BilòMB, DimovV, EbisawaM, El-GamalYM, et al. 2012 Update: World Allergy Organization Guidelines for the assessment and management of anaphylaxis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;12:389–99.
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez-BorgesM, AseroR, AnsoteguiIJ, BaiardiniI, BernsteinJA, CanonicaGW, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of urticaria and angioedema: a worldwide perspective. World Allergy Organ J. 2012;5:125–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• ZuberbierT, AseroR, Bindslev-JensenC, Walter CanonicaG, ChurchMK, Giménez-ArnauAM, et al. EAACI/GA(2)LEN/EDF/WAO guideline: management of urticaria. Allergy. 2009;64:1427–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChooK, SimonsFE, SheikhA. Glucocorticoids for the treatment of anaphylaxis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;4:CD007596.
   Google Scholar
• RoweB, SpoonerC, DucharmeF, BretzlaffJ, BotaG. Early emergency department treatment of acute asthma with systemic corticosteroids (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(1):CD002178.
   Google Scholar
• SimonsFER. Anaphylaxis: recent advances in assessment and treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:625–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SimonsFER, ArdussoLRF, BilòMB, El-GamalYM, LedfordDK, RingJ, et al. World Allergy Organization anaphylaxis guidelines: summary. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:587–93.e1–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CicardiM, BorkK, CaballeroT, CraigT, LiHH, LonghurstH, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for the therapeutic management of angioedema owing to hereditary C1 inhibitor deficiency: consensus report of an International Working Group. Allergy. 2012;67:147–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaurerM, AbererW, BouilletL, CaballeroT, FabienV, KannyG, et al. Hereditary angioedema attacks resolve faster and are shorter after early icatibant treatment. PLoS One. 2013;8:e53773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CicardiM, BanerjiA, BrachoF, MalbránA, RosenkranzB, RiedlM, et al. Icatibant, a new bradykinin-receptor antagonist, in hereditary angioedema. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:532–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Public Assessment Report (EMEA 925383/2011) for Firazyr (Icatibant). 2011. Available at: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema (accessed 18 August 2013).
   Google Scholar
• CicardiM, LevyR, McNeilD, LiHH, ShefferAL, CampionM, et al. Ecallantide for treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:523–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LumryWR, BernsteinJA, LiHH, MacGinnitieAJ, RiedlM, SoteresDF, et al. Efficacy and safety of ecallantide in treatment of recurrent attacks of hereditary angioedema: open-label continuation study. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2013;34:155–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CaballeroT, López-SerranoMC. Anaphylactic reaction and antibodies to DX-88 (kallikrein inhibitor) in a patient with hereditary angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:476–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShefferAL, AustenKF, RosenFS. Tranexamic acid therapy in hereditary angioneurotic edema. N Engl J Med. 1972;287:452–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PremattaM, GibbsJG, PrattEL, StoughtonTR, CraigTJ. Fresh frozen plasma for the treatment of hereditary angioedema. Ann allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007;98:383–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CastelliR, ZanichelliA, CicardiM, CugnoM. Acquired C1-inhibitor deficiency and lymphoproliferative disorders: a tight relationship. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2013;87:323–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BorkK. Diagnosis and treatment of hereditary angioedema with normal C1 inhibitor. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2010;6:15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• FlatteryMP, SicaDA. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-related angioedema: recognition and treatment. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2007;22:47–51.
   Google Scholar
• BasM, GreveJ, StelterK, BierH, StarkT, HoffmannTK, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of icatibant in angioedema induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a case series. Ann Emerg Med. 2010; 56:278–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BasM, KojdaG, StelterK. [Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor induced angioedema: new therapy options]. Anaesthesist. 2011; 60:1141–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DoñaI, Blanca-LópezN, Cornejo-GarcíaJA, TorresMJ, LagunaJJ, FernándezJ, et al. Characteristics of subjects experiencing hypersensitivity to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: patterns of response. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011;41:86–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Working Group of Resucitation Council (UK). Resuscitation Council (UK) Emergency treatment of anaphylactic reactions. Guidelines for healthcare providers. 2013;(286360).
   Google Scholar
• Cardona DahlV.[Guideline for the management of anaphylaxis]. Med Clin (Barc). 2011;136:349–55.
   Google Scholar
• UnsworthDJ. Following up patients after treatment for anaphylaxis. Practitioner. 2012;256:21–4, 3.
   Google Scholar
• CampbellRL, LukeA, WeaverAL, St SauverJL, BergstralhEJ, LiJT, et al. Prescriptions for self-injectable epinephrine and follow-up referral in emergency department patients presenting with anaphylaxis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2008;101:631–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SheikhA, SimonsF, BarbourV, WorthA. Adrenaline auto-injectors for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without cardiovascular collapse in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(8): CD008935.
   Google Scholar