1,049
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Childhood obesity in specialist care – searching for a healthy obese child

, , , &
Pages 639-654 | Received 04 Jun 2015, Accepted 10 Aug 2015, Published online: 16 Nov 2015

References

  • Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384:766–81.
  • Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA. 2014;311:806–14.
  • Lakshman R, Elks CE, Ong KK. Childhood obesity. Circulation. 2012;126:1770–9.
  • Friedemann C, Heneghan C, Mahtani K, Thompson M, Perera R, Ward AM. Cardiovascular disease risk in healthy children and its association with body mass index: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012;345:e4759.
  • Finkelstein EA, Graham WC, Malhotra R. Lifetime direct medical costs of childhood obesity. Pediatrics. 2014;133:854–62.
  • Pulgaron ER. Childhood obesity: a review of increased risk for physical and psychological comorbidities. Clin Ther. 2013;35:A18–32.
  • Singh AS, Mulder C, Twisk JW, van Mechelen W, Chinapaw MJ. Tracking of childhood overweight into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev. 2008;9:474–88.
  • Reilly JJ, Kelly J. Long-term impact of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood: systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond). 2011;35:891–8.
  • Franks PW, Hanson RL, Knowler WC, Sievers ML, Bennett PH, Looker HC. Childhood obesity, other cardiovascular risk factors, and premature death. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:485–93.
  • Juonala M, Magnussen CG, Berenson GS, Venn A, Burns TL, Sabin MA, et al. Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1876–85.
  • Chen X, Wang Y. Tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Circulation. 2008;117:3171–80.
  • Baker JL, Olsen LW, Sorensen TI. Childhood body-mass index and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2329–37.
  • Enos WF, Holmes RH, Beyer J. Coronary disease among United States soldiers killed in action in Korea; preliminary report. J Am Med Assoc. 1953;152:1090–3.
  • Strong JP, McGill HC Jr. The natural history of coronary atherosclerosis. Am J Pathol. 1962;40:37–49.
  • Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP III, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1650–6.
  • Freedman DS, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics. 1999;103:1175–82.
  • Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Wattigney WA, Berenson GS. Adolescent overweight is associated with adult overweight and related multiple cardiovascular risk factors: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Metabolism. 1996;45:235–40.
  • Viitasalo A, Laaksonen DE, Lindi V, Eloranta AM, Jääskeläinen J, Tompuri T, et al. Clustering of metabolic risk factors is associated with high-normal levels of liver enzymes among 6- to 8-year-old children: the PANIC study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2012;10:337–43.
  • Koskinen J, Magnussen CG, Kahonen M, Loo BM, Marniemi J, Jula A, et al. Association of liver enzymes with metabolic syndrome and carotid atherosclerosis in young adults. The cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study. Ann Med. 2012;44:187–95.
  • Obesity (children) [online]. Current care guidelines. Working group set up by the Finnish Medical Society Duodecim and the Finnish Paediatric Society. Helsinki: The Finnish Medical Society Duodecim; 2013. Available at: www.kaypahoito.fi. (accessed 3 March 2015).
  • Saari A, Sankilampi U, Hannila ML, Kiviniemi V, Kesseli K, Dunkel L. New Finnish growth references for children and adolescents aged 0 to 20 years: length/height-for-age, weight-for-length/height, and body mass index-for-age. Ann Med. 2011;43:235–48.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Health for the world’s adolescents – a second chance in the second decade. Health report. 2014. Available at: http://apps.who.int/adolescent/second-decade/section2/page1/recognizing-adolescence.html.
  • Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Arch Dis Child. 1970;45:13–23.
  • Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Arch Dis Child. 1969;44:291–303.
  • Tinggaard J, Mieritz MG, Sorensen K, Mouritsen A, Hagen CP, Aksglaede L, et al. The physiology and timing of male puberty. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2012;19:197–203.
  • Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics. 2011;128(Suppl 5):S213–56.
  • Zeitler P, Fu J, Tandon N, Nadeau K, Urakami T, Barrett T, et al. Type 2 diabetes in the child and adolescent. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15(Suppl 20):26–46.
  • Kurtoglu S, Hatipoglu N, Mazicioglu M, Kendirici M, Keskin M, Kondolot M. Insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents: HOMA-IR cut-off levels in the prepubertal and pubertal periods. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2010;2:100–6.
  • Alisi A, Manco M, Vania A, Nobili V. Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in 2009. J Pediatr. 2009;155:469–74.
  • Bluher S, Schwarz P. Metabolically healthy obesity from childhood to adulthood – does weight status alone matter? Metabolism. 2014;63:1084–92.
  • Boonchaya-anant P, Apovian CM. Metabolically healthy obesity – does it exist? Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2014;16:441.
  • Juonala M, Viikari JS, Raitakari OT. Main findings from the prospective cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2013;24:57–64.
  • Hagman E, Reinehr T, Kowalski J, Ekbom A, Marcus C, Holl RW. Impaired fasting glucose prevalence in two nationwide cohorts of obese children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014;38:40–5.
  • Reinehr T, Wiegand S, Siegfried W, Keller KM, Widhalm K, l’Allemand D, et al. Comorbidities in overweight children and adolescents: do we treat them effectively? Int J Obes (Lond). 2013;37:493–9.
  • Brufani C, Ciampalini P, Grossi A, Fiori R, Fintini D, Tozzi A, et al. Glucose tolerance status in 510 children and adolescents attending an obesity clinic in Central Italy. Pediatr Diabetes. 2010;11:47–54.
  • Levy-Marchal C, Arslanian S, Cutfield W, Sinaiko A, Druet C, Marcovecchio ML, et al. Insulin resistance in children: consensus, perspective, and future directions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:5189–98.
  • Viner RM, Segal TY, Lichtarowicz-Krynska E, Hindmarsh P. Prevalence of the insulin resistance syndrome in obesity. Arch Dis Child. 2005;90:10–14.
  • Maggio AB, Martin XE, Saunders Gasser C, Gal-Duding C, Beghetti M, Farpour-Lambert NJ, et al. Medical and non-medical complications among children and adolescents with excessive body weight. BMC Pediatr. 2014;14:232.
  • Kolsgaard ML, Andersen LF, Tonstad SF, Brunborg CF, Wangensteen TF, Joner G. Ethnic differences in metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese children and adolescents: the Oslo Adiposity Intervention Study. Acta Paediatr. 2008;97:1557–63.
  • D’Adamo E, Guardamagna O, Chiarelli F, Bartuli A, Liccardo D, Ferrari F, et al. Atherogenic dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015:912047.
  • l’Allemand-Jander D. Clinical diagnosis of metabolic and cardiovascular risks in overweight children: early development of chronic diseases in the obese child. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010;34(Suppl 2):S32–6.
  • Nobili V, Alkhouri N, Alisi A, Della Corte C, Fitzpatrick E, Raponi M, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a challenge for pediatricians. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169:170–6.
  • Schwimmer JB, McGreal N, Deutsch R, Finegold MJ, Lavine JE. Influence of gender, race, and ethnicity on suspected fatty liver in obese adolescents. Pediatrics. 2005;115:e561–5.
  • Wiegand S, Keller KM, Robl M, l’Allemand D, Reinehr T, Widhalm K, et al. Obese boys at increased risk for nonalcoholic liver disease: evaluation of 16390 overweight or obese children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010;34:1468–74.
  • Welsh JA, Karpen S, Vos MB. Increasing prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among United States adolescents, 1988-1994 to 2007-2010. J Pediatr. 2013;162:496–500.e1.
  • Schwimmer JB, Dunn W, Norman GJ, Pardee PE, Middleton MS, Kerkar N, et al. SAFETY Study: alanine aminotransferase cutoff values are set too high for reliable detection of pediatric chronic liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2010;1384:1357–64.e2.
  • Muntner P, He J, Cutler JA, Wildman RP, Whelton PK. Trends in blood pressure among children and adolescents. JAMA. 2004;291:2107–13.
  • Whincup PH, Bruce NG, Cook DG, Shaper AG. The Dinamap 1846SX automated blood pressure recorder: comparison with the Hawksley random zero sphygmomanometer under field conditions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1992;46:164–9.
  • Juhola J, Magnussen CG, Viikari JS, Kahonen M, Hutri-Kahonen N, Jula A, et al. Tracking of serum lipid levels, blood pressure, and body mass index from childhood to adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study. J Pediatr. 2011;159:584–90.
  • Hartiala O, Magnussen CG, Kajander S, Knuuti J, Ukkonen H, Saraste A, et al. Adolescence risk factors are predictive of coronary artery calcification at middle age: the cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:1364–70.
  • Lai CC, Sun D, Cen R, Wang J, Li S, Fernandez-Alonso C, et al. Impact of long-term burden of excessive adiposity and elevated blood pressure from childhood on adulthood left ventricular remodeling patterns: the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:1580–87.
  • Papoutsakis C, Priftis KN, Drakouli M, Prifti S, Konstantaki E, Chondronikola M, et al. Childhood overweight/obesity and asthma: is there a link? A systematic review of recent epidemiologic evidence. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113:77–105.
  • Black MH. Higher prevalence of obesity among children with asthma. Obesity. 2012;20:1041.
  • Schachter LM, Peat JK, Salome CM. Asthma and atopy in overweight children. Thorax. 2003;58:1031–35.
  • Vignolo M, Silvestri M, Parodi A, Pistorio A, Battistini E, Rossi GA, et al. Relationship between body mass index and asthma characteristics in a group of Italian children and adolescents. J Asthma. 2005;42:185–9.
  • Kalarchian MA. Psychiatric comorbidity of childhood obesity. Int Rev of Psychiatr. 2012;24:241.
  • Erhart M, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Wille N, Sawitzky-Rose B, Holling H, Ravens-Sieberer U. Examining the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and overweight in children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 2012;21:39–49.
  • Correll CU, Manu P, Olshanskiy V, Napolitano B, Kane JM, Malhotra AK. Cardiometabolic risk of second-generation antipsychotic medications during first-time use in children and adolescents. JAMA. 2009;302:1765–73.
  • Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ. 2000;320:1240–3.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.