Assessing the role of oestrogen in the prevention of cardiovascular disease

References

• Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1998; 280: 605–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady D, Rubin S M, Petitti D B, Fox C S, Black D, Ettinger B, et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 1016–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodstein F, Stampfer M J, Goldhaber S Z, Manson J E, Colditz G A, Speizer F E, et al. Prospective study of exogenous hormones and risk of pulmonary embolism in women. Lancet 1996; 348: 983–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerhard M, Ganz P. How do we explain the clinical benefits of estrogen? From bedside to bench. Circulation 1995; 92: 5–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grohé C, Kahlert S, Löbbert K, Stimpel M, Karas R H, Vetter H, et al. Cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts contain functional estrogen receptors. FEBS Lett 1997; 416: 107–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelsohn M E, Karas R H. The protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 1801–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelzer T, Schumann M, Neumann M, deJager T, Stimpel M, Serfling E, et al. 17 beta-estradiol prevents programmed cell death in cardiac myocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 268: 192–200
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA 1995; 273: 199–208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrington D M, Werbel B L, Riley W A, Pusser B E, Morgan T M. Individual and combined effects of estrogen/progestin therapy and lovastatin on lipids and flow-mediated vaso-dilation in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33: 2030–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez Avila M, Walker A M, Jick H. Use of replacement estrogens and the risk of myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 1990; 1: 128–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sidney S, Petitti D B, Quesenberry C P, Jr. Myocardial infarction and the use of estrogen and estrogen-progestogen in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127: 501–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenberg L, Slone D, Shapiro S, Kaufman D, Stolley P D, Miettinen O s. Noncontraceptive estrogens and myocardial infarction in young women. JAMA 1980; 244: 339–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heckbert S R, Weiss N S, Psaty B M. Hormone replacement therapy for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease (letter). JAMA 1999; 281: 795–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grodstein F, Manson J E, Stampfer M J. Postmenopausal hormones and recurrence of coronary events in the Nurses' Health Study (abstract). Circulation 1999; 100: 1–871
   Google Scholar
• Grodstein F, Manson J E, Colditz G A, Willett W C, Speizer F E, Stampfer M J. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133: 933–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenger N K, Knatterud G L, Canner P L. Early risks of hormone therapy in patients with coronary heart disease (letter). JAMA 2000; 284: 41–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coronary Drug Project Research Group. The Coronary Drug Project: findings leading to discontinuation of the 2.5 mg/day estrogen group. JAMA 1973; 226: 652–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daly E, Vessey M P, Hawkins M M, Carson J L, Gough P, Marsh S. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy. Lancet 1996; 348: 977–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jick H, Derby L E, Myers M W, Vasilakis C, Newton K M. Risk of hospital admission for idiopathic venous thromboembolism among users of postmenopausal oestrogens. Lancet 1996; 348: 981–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez Gutthann S, Garcia Rodriguez L A, Castellsague J, Duque Oliart A. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of venous thromboembolism: population based case-control study. BMJ 1997; 314: 796–800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varas-Lorenzo C, Garcia-Rodriguez L. A, Cattaruzzi C, Troncon M G, Agostinis L, Perez-Gutthann S. Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of hospitalization for venous thromboembolism: a population-based study in southern Europe. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147: 387–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady D, Wenger N K, Herrington D, Khan S, Furberg C, Hunninghake D, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy increases risk for venous thromboembolic disease. The Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 689–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psaty B M, Smith N L, Lemaitre R N, Vos H L, Heckbert S R, LaCroix A Z, et al. Hormone replacement therapy, pro-thrombotic mutations, and the risk of incident nonfatal myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women. JAMA 2001; 285: 906–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker P M, Hennekens C H, Buring J E, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 836–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushman M, Legault C, Barrett-Connor E, Stefanick M L, Kessler C, Judd H L, et al. Effect of postmenopausal hormones on inflammation-sensitive proteins. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) study. Circulation 1999; 100: 717–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushman M, Meilahn E N, Psaty B M, Kuller L H, Dobs A S, Tracy R P. Hormone replacement therapy, inflammation, and hemostasis in elderly women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 893–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Baal W M, Kenernans P, Emeis J J, Schalkwijk C G, Miljatovic V, van der Mooren M J, et al. Long-term effects of combined hormone replacement therapy on markers of endothelial function and inflammatory activity in healthy postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 1999; 71: 663–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrington D M, Robertson J, Crouse J R, Espeland M A, McBurnie M A, Burke G L. Hormone replacement therapy and brachial artery endothelial function in older postmenopausal women (abstract). Circulation 2000; 101: 714
   Google Scholar
• Cermak J, Key N S, Bach R R, Balla J, Jacobs H S. C-reactive protein induces human peripheral blood monocytes to synthesize tissue factor. Blood 1993; 82: 513–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrington D M, Vittinghoff E, Hunninghake D, Bittner V, Schrott H G, Blumenthal R, et al. Effects of statin therapy on cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in women in the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (abstract). Circulation 2000; 102(Suppl II)II–837
   Google Scholar
• Austin M A, Hokanson J E, Edwards K L. Hypertriglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Cardiol 1998; 81: 7B–12B
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stampfer M J, Krauss R M, Ma J, Blanche P J, Hall L G, Sacks F M, et al. A prospective study of triglyceride level, low-density lipoprotein particle diameter, and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA 1996; 276: 882–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamarche B, Tchernof A, Moorjani S, Cantin B, Dagenais G R, Lupien P J, et al. Small, dense low-density lipoprotein particles as a predictor of the risk of ischemic heart disease in men. Prospective results from the Quebec Cardiovascular Study. Circulation 1997; 95: 69–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner C D, Fortmann S P, Krauss R M. Association of small low-density lipoprotein particles with the incidence of coronary artery disease in men and women. JAMA 1996; 276: 875–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss R M, Lindgren F T, Ray R M. Interrelationships among subgroups of serum lipoproteins in normal human subjects. Clin Chim Acta 1980; 104: 275–90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campos H, McNamara J R, Wilson P W, Ordovas J M, Schaefer E J. Differences in low density lipoprotein sub-fractions and apolipoproteins in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 67: 30–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin M A, King M C, Vranizan K M, Newman B, Krauss R M. Inheritance of low-density lipoprotein subclass patterns: results of complex segregation analysis. Am J Hum Genet 1988; 43: 838–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakatsuki A, Ikenoue N, Okatani Y, Fukaya T. Estrogen-induced small low density lipoprotein particles may be atherogenic in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 425–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wakatsuki A, Ikenoue N, Sagara Y. Estrogen-induced small low-density lipoprotein particles in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 91: 234–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudel L L, Parks J S, Hedrick C C, Thomas M, Williford K. Lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism in diet-induced coronary artery atherosclerosis in primates. Role of cholesterol and fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 1998; 37: 353–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raal F J, Pilcher G J, Waisberg R, Buthelezi E P, Veller M G, Joffe B I. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol bulk is the pivotal determinant of atherosclerosis in familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83: 1330–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush T L. Lessons from HERS: The null and beyond. J Women's Health 1998; 7: 781–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Speroff L. The Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS). Maturitas 1998; 31: 9–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams M R, Register T C, Golden D L, Wagner J D, Williams J K. Medroxyprogesterone acetate antagonizes inhibitory effects of conjugated equine estrogens on coronary artery atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 217–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrington D M, Reboussin D R, Brosnihan K B, Sharp P C, Shumaker S A, Snyder T E, et al. Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 522–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angerer P, Stork S, Kothny W, Schmitt P, von Schacky C. Effect of oral postmenopausal hormone replacement on progression of atherosclerosis. A randomized, controlled trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 262–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varas-Lorenzo C, Garcia-Rodriguez L A, Perez-Gutthann S, Duque-Oliart A. Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of acute myocardial infarction. A population-based nested case-control study. Circulation 2000; 101: 2572–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke S, Kelleher J, Lloyd-Jones H, Sharples L, Slack M, Schofield P M. Transdermal hormone replacement therapy for secondary prevention of coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women (abstract). Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 212
   Google Scholar
• Clarkson T B, Anthony M S. Estrogen and heart disease. Lessons to be learned from nonhuman primates. Hormonal, metabolic, and cellular influences on cardiovascular disease in women, T M Forte. Futura Publishing Company, Inc, Armonk, NY 1997; 21–38
   Google Scholar
• Hodis H N, Mack W J, Lobo R A, Shoupe D, Sevanian A, Mahrer P R, et al. Estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis trial (abstract). Circulation 2000; 102: 11–837
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katzenellenbogen B S, Choi I, Delage-Mourroux R, Ediger T R, Martini P GV, Montano M, et al. Molecular mechanisms of estrogen action: selective ligands and receptor pharmacology. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 74: 279–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrington D M, Pusser B E, Riley W A, Thuren T Y, Brosnihan K B, Brinton E A, et al. Cardiovascular effects of droloxifene, a new selective estrogen receptor modulator, in healthy postmenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20: 1606–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushman M, Costantino J P, Tracy R P, Song K, Bickley L, Roberts J D, et al. Tamoxifen and cardiac risk factors in healthy women. Suggestion of an anti-inflammatory effect. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 255–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke S C, Schofield P M, Grace A A, Metcalfe J C, Kirschenlohr H L. Tamoxifen effects on endothelial function and cardiovascular risk factors in men with advanced atherosclerosis. Circulation 2001; 103: 1497–502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLeo V, LaMarca A, Morgante G, Lanzetta D, Setacci C, Petraglia F. Randomized control study of the effects of raloxifene on serum lipids and homocysteine in older women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184: 350–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar