507
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Vasomotor hot flushes and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in normotensive women: A placebo-controlled trial on post-menopausal hormone therapy

, , , &
Pages 334-343 | Received 28 Jan 2010, Accepted 16 Mar 2010, Published online: 30 Apr 2010

References

  • Barton M, Meyer MR. Postmenopausal hypertension: mechanisms and therapy. Hypertension. 2009;54:11–8.
  • Svetkey LP. Management of prehypertension. Hypertension. 2005;45:1056–61.
  • Conen D, Ridker PM, Buring JE, Glynn RJ. Risk of cardiovascular events among women with high normal blood pressure or blood pressure progression: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2007;335:432–40.
  • Zanchetti A, Facchetti R, Cesana GC, Modena MG, Pirrelli A, Sega R, . Menopause-related blood pressure increase and its relationship to age and body mass index: the SIMONA epidemiological study. J Hypertens. 2005;23:2269–76.
  • Collins P, Rosano G, Casey C, Daly C, Gambacciani M, Hadji P, . Management of cardiovascular risk in the peri-menopausal woman: a consensus statement of European cardiologists and gynaecologists. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:2028–40.
  • Casiglia E, Tikhonoff V, Caffi S, Bascelli A, Schiavon L, Guidotti F, . Menopause does not affect blood pressure and risk profile, and menopausal women do not become similar to men. J Hypertens. 2008;26:1983–92.
  • Cifkova R, Pitha J, Lejskova M, Lanska V, Zecova S. Blood pressure around the menopause: a population study. J Hypertens. 2008;26:1976–82.
  • Coylewright M, Reckelhoff JF, Ouyang P. Menopause and hypertension: an age-old debate. Hypertension. 2008;51: 952–9.
  • Thurston RC, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Everson-Rose SA, Hess R, Matthews KA. Hot flashes and subclinical cardiovascular disease: findings from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation Heart Study. Circulation. 2008;118:1234–40.
  • Tuomikoski P, Haapalahti P, Ylikorkala O, Mikkola TS. Vasomotor hot flushes and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in recently postmenopausal women. Ann Med. 2010;42:216–22.
  • Stearns V, Ullmer L, Lopéz J, Smith Y, Isaacs C, Hayes D. Hot flushes. Lancet. 2002;360:1851–61.
  • Freedman RR. Pathophysiology and treatment of menopausal hot flashes. Semin Reprod Med. 2005;23:117–25.
  • Deecher DC, Dorries K. Understanding the pathophysiology of vasomotor symptoms (hot flushes and night sweats) that occur in perimenopause, menopause, and postmenopause life stages. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2007;10: 247–57.
  • Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, Fox CS, Black D, Ettinger B, . Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med. 1992;117:1016–37.
  • Grodstein F, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Stampfer MJ. A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133: 933–41.
  • Taskinen MR. Oestrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease. Ann Med. 1998;30:43–51.
  • Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, . Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA. 1998;280:605–13.
  • Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, . Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:321–33.
  • Nair GV, Klein KP, Herrington DM. Assessing the role of oestrogen in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Med. 2001;33:305–12.
  • Mikkola TS, Clarkson TB. Estrogen replacement therapy, atherosclerosis, and vascular function. Cardiovasc Res. 2002;53:605–19.
  • Mikkola TS, Clarkson TB, Notelovitz M. Postmenopausal hormone therapy before and after the women's health initiative study: what consequences? Ann Med. 2004;36:402–13.
  • Mikkola TS, Ylikorkala O. Hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease—still much to be learnt. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2005;20:116–20.
  • van der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE. Menopausal complaints, oestrogens, and heart disease risk: an explanation for discrepant findings on the benefits of post-menopausal hormone therapy. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:1358–61.
  • Notelovitz M, Lenihan JP, McDermott M, Kerber IJ, Nanavati N, Arce J. Initial 17beta-estradiol dose for treating vasomotor symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;95:726–31.
  • Sloan JA, Loprinzi CL, Novotny PJ, Barton DL, Lavasseur BI, Windschitl H. Methodologic lessons learned from hot flash studies. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:4280–90.
  • Panay N, Ylikorkala O, Archer DF, Gut R, Lang E. Ultra-low-dose estradiol and norethisterone acetate: effective menopausal symptom relief. Climacteric. 2007;10:120–31.
  • Tuomikoski P, Ebert P, Groop PH, Haapalahti P, Hautamäki H, Rönnback M, . Effect of hot flushes on vascular function; a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114:777–85.
  • Pickering TG, Shimbo D, Haas D. Ambulatory blood-pressure monitoring. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2368–74.
  • Enström I, Lidfeldt J, Lindholm LH, Nerbrand C, Pennert K, Samsioe G. Does blood pressure differ between users and non-users of hormone replacement therapy? The Women's Health In the Lund Area (WHILA) Study. Blood Press. 2002;11:240–3.
  • Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, Rossouw JE, Assaf AR, Lasser NL, . Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:523–34.
  • Mueck AO, Seeger H. Effect of hormone therapy on BP in normotensive and hypertensive postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2004;49:189–203.
  • Samsioe G, Lidfeldt J, Nerbrand C, Nilsson P. The Women's Health In the Lund Area (WHILA) study—an overview. Maturitas. 2010;65:37–45.
  • L'Hermite M, Simoncini T, Fuller S, Genazzani AR. Could transdermal estradiol + progesterone be a safer postmenopausal HRT? A review. Maturitas. 2008;60:185–201.
  • Khalil RA. Sex hormones as potential modulators of vascular function in hypertension. Hypertension. 2005;46:249–54.
  • Visvanathan K, Gallicchio L, Schilling C, Babus JK, Lewis LM, Miller SR, . Cytochrome gene polymorphisms, serum estrogens, and hot flushes in midlife women. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106:1372–81.
  • Woods NF, Mitchell ES, Tao Y, Viernes HM, Stapleton PL, Farin FM. Polymorphisms in the estrogen synthesis and metabolism pathways and symptoms during the menopausal transition: observations from the Seattle Midlife Women's Health Study. Menopause. 2006;13:902–10.
  • Crandall CJ, Crawford SL, Gold EB. Vasomotor symptom prevalence is associated with polymorphisms in sex steroid-metabolizing enzymes and receptors. Am J Med. 2006;119: S52–60.
  • Schilling C, Gallicchio L, Miller SR, Langenberg P, Zacur H, Flaws JA. Genetic polymorphisms, hormone levels, and hot flashes in midlife women. Maturitas. 2007;57: 120–31.
  • Malacara JM, Perez-Luque EL, Martinez-Garza S, Sanchez-Marin FJ. The relationship of estrogen receptor-alpha polymorphism with symptoms and other characteristics in post-menopausal women. Maturitas. 2004;49:163–9.
  • Takeo C, Negishi E, Nakajima A, Ueno K, Tatsuno I, Saito Y, . Association of cytosine-adenine repeat polymorphism of the estrogen receptor-beta gene with menopausal symptoms. Gend Med. 2005;2:96–105.
  • Kuhl H. Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration. Climacteric. 2005; 8:3–63.
  • Miller VM, Duckles SP. Vascular actions of estrogens: functional implications. Pharmacol Rev. 2008;60:210–41.
  • Hemelaar M, van der Mooren MJ, Rad M, Kluft C, Kenemans P. Effects of non-oral postmenopausal hormone therapy on markers of cardiovascular risk: a systematic review. Fertil Steril. 2008;90:642–72.
  • Clarkson TB, Appt SE. MPA and postmenopausal coronary artery atherosclerosis revisited. Steroids. 2003;68:941–51.
  • Koh KK, Sakuma I. Should progestins be blamed for the failure of hormone replacement therapy to reduce cardiovascular events in randomized controlled trials? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24:1171–9.
  • Kuhl H, Stevenson J. The effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate on estrogen-dependent risks and benefits—an attempt to interpret the Women's Health Initiative results. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2006;22:303–17.
  • Shakir YA, Samsioe G, Nyberg P, Lidfeldt J, Nerbrand C. Cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged women and the association with use of hormone therapy: results from a population-based study of Swedish women. The Women's Health in the Lund Area (WHILA) study. Climacteric. 2004;7:274–83.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.