45
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

NORPLANT®: Levonorgestrel-Releasing Contraceptive Implant

Pages 155-160 | Published online: 08 Jul 2009

References

  • International Development Research Center of Canada. Choice and Challenge. Global team work in developing a contraceptive implant. 1990
  • Nash A, Robertson D N, Moo Young A J, Atkinson L E. Steroid release from Silastic capsules and rods. Contraception 1978; 18: 367–94
  • Rudel H, Martinez-Manatou J, Maqueo-Topete M. The role of progestogens in the hormonal control of fertility. Fertil Steril 1965; 16: 158–69
  • Díaz S, Pavez M, Miranda P, Robertson D N, Sivin I, Croxatto H B. A five-year clinical trial of levonorgestrel silastic implants (NORPLANT®). Contraception 1982; 25: 447–56
  • Díaz S, Pavez M, Miranda P, Johansson E D B, Croxatta H B. Long-term follow-up of women treated with NORPLANT® implants. Contraception 1987; 35: 551–67
  • Noé G, Pavez M, Croxatto H B. Changes in serum levels of SHBG, endogenous ligands and levonorgestrel induced by ethinylestradiol in NORPLANT® users. Contraception 1992; 45: 187–201
  • Díaz Pavez M, Herreros C, Johansson E D B, Croxatto H B. Bleeding pattern, outcome of accidental pregnancies and levonorgestrel plasma levels associated with method failure in NORPLANT® implants users. Contraception 1986; 33: 347–56
  • Croxatto H B, Díaz S, Miranda P, Elamsson K, Johansson E D B. Plasma levels of levonorgestrel in women during longterm use of NORPLANT®. Contraception 1981; 23: 197–209
  • World Health Organization. Pacts about an implantable contraceptive. Bull World Health Org 1985; 63: 485–94
  • International Planned Parenthood Federation. Statement on Norplant subdermal contraceptive implant system. November, 1986
  • Sivin I. International experience with NORPLANT® and NORPLANT®-2 contraceptives. Stud Fam Plann 1988; 19: 81–94
  • Shoupe D, Misheli D R, Bopp B L, Fielding M. The significance of bleeding patterns in NORPLANT® implant users. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77: 256–60
  • Nilsson C G, Holma P. Menstrual blood loss with contraceptive subdermal levonorgestrel implants. Fertil Steril 1981; 35: 304–6
  • International Committee for Contraception Research. Contraception with long-acting subdermal implants. II. Measured and perceived effects in international trials. Contraception 1978; 18: 335–53
  • Fakeye O, Balogh S. Effect of NORPLANT® contraceptive use on hemoglobin, packed cell volume and menstrual bleeding patterns. Contraception 1989; 39: 265–74
  • Faúndes A, Tejada A S, Brache V, Alvarez F. Subjective perception of bleeding and serum ferritin concentration in long-term users of NORPLANT. Contraception 1978; 35: 189–96
  • Faundes A, Alvarez-Sanchez F, Brache V, Jimenez E, Tejada A S. Hormonal changes associated with bleeding during low dose progestogen contraception delivered by NORPLANT subdermal implants. Adv Contracep 1991; 7: 85–94
  • Díaz S, Herreros C, Juez G, Casado M E, Salvatierra A M, Miranda E, Peralta O, Croxatto H B. Fertility regulation in nursing women: VII Influence of NORPLANT levonorgestrel implants upon lactation and infant growth. Contraception 1985; 32: 53–74
  • Díaz S, Croxatto H B, Pavez M, Belhadj H, Stern J, Slvln I. Clinical assessment of treatments for prolonged bleeding in users of NORPLANT implants. Contraception 1990; 42: 97–109
  • Croxatto H B, Díaz S, Robertson D N, Pavez M. Clinical chemistry in women treated with levonorgestrel implants (Norplant) or a TCu 200 IUD. Contraception 1983; 27: 281–8
  • Holma P, Robertson D N. Cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol values in women during use of subdermal implants releasing levonorgestrel. Contraception 1985; 32: 163–71
  • Olsson S E, Wide L, Odlin V. Aspects of thyroid function during use of Norplant implants. Contraception 1986; 34: 583–7
  • Affandi B, Suherman S K, Djajaielana, Prlhartono F D J, Lubis F, Samil R S. Serum lipids in Norplant implant users: a cross sectional study. Contraception 1987; 36: 429–34
  • Díaz S, Pavez M, Brandels A, Cardenas H, Croxatto H B. A longitudinal study of Cortisol, prolactin and thyroid hormones in users of Norplant subdermal implants or a copper T device. Contraception 1989; 40: 505–17
  • Sing K, Viegas O A, Ratnam S S. A three-year evaluation of hemostatic function in Singaporean Norplant acceptors. Adv Contracept 1990; 6: 23–32
  • Konje J C, Otolorin E O, Ladipo O A. The effect of continuous levonorgestrel (Norplant) on carbohydrate metabolism. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 15–9
  • Weiner E, Johansson E D B. Plasma levels of d-Norgestrel, estradiol and progesterone during treatment with Silastic implants containing d-Norgestrel. Contraception 1976; 14: 81–91
  • Moore D E, Roy S, Stanczik F Z, Mishell D R. Bleeding and d-Norgestrel, estradiol and progesterone patterns of women using d-Norgestrel subdermal polysiloxane capsules for contraception. Contraception 1978; 17: 315–28
  • Croxatto H B, Díaz S, Pavez M, Miranda P, Brandels A. Plasma progesterone levels during long-term treatment with levonorgestrel silastic implants. Acta Endocrinol 1982; 101: 307–11
  • Shaaban M M, Ei-Nashar I M, Chaneimah S A, Gomaa A A, Salah M, Abdel-Aieem A M. Hormonal changes during the first year of use of subdermal levonorgestrel implants, NORPLANT®. Contraception 1984; 30: 391–405
  • Brache V, Faändes A, Johansson E, Alvarez F. Anovulation, inadequate luteal phase and poor sperm penetration in cervical mucus during prolonged use of NORPLANT® implants. Contraception 1985; 31: 261–73
  • Croxatto H B, Díaz S, Pavez M, Brandels A. Estradiol plasma levels during long-term treatment with NORPLANT® subdermal implants. Contraception 1988; 38: 465–75
  • Brache V, Alvarez-Sánchez F, Faändes A, Tejada A S, Cochon L. Ovarian endocrine function through five years of continuous treatment with NORPLANT® subdermal contraceptive implants. Contraception 1990; 41: 169–77
  • Alvarez F, Brache V, Tejada A S, Faändes A. Abnormal endocrine profile among women with confirmed or presumed ovulation during long-term Norplant® use. Contraception 1986; 33: 111–9
  • Faändes A, Brache V, Tejada A S, Cochon L, Alvarez-Sánchez F. Ovulatory dysfunction during continuous administration of low-dose levonorgestrel by subdermal implants. Fertil Steril 1991; 56: 27–31
  • Shoupe D, Horenstein J, Mishell D R, Lacarra M, Medearis A. Characteristics of ovarian follicular development in Norplant users. Fertil Steril 1991; 55: 766–70
  • Croxatto H D, Diaz S, Pavez M, Croxatto H B. Histopathology of the endometrium during continuous use of levonorgestrel. Long-acting contraceptive delivery systems, Gi Zatuchni, A Goldsmith, J D Shelton, J J Sciarra. Harper & Row Publishers, Philadelphia 1984; 290–5
  • Croxatto H B, Diaz S, Salvatierra A M, Morales P, Ebensperger C, Brandels A. Treatment with NORPLANT® subdermal implants inhibits sperm penetration through cervical mucus in vitro. Contraception 1987; 36: 193–201
  • Segal S J, Alvarez-Sánchez F, Brache V, Faändes A, Vilja P, Tuohimaa P. Norplant implants: the mechanism of contraceptive action. Fertil Steril 1991; 56: 273–7

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.