Intrauterine Contraceptive Device and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

References

• Kessel E. Pelvic inflammatory disease with intrauterine device use: a reassessment. Fertil Steril 1989; 51: 1–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolner-Hanssen P, Svensson L, Mårdh P-A, Weström L. Laparoscopic findings and contraceptive use in women with signs and symptoms suggestive of acute salpingitis. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 66: 233–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stacey C, Munday P, Thomas B, Gilchrist C, Taylor-Robinson D, Beard R. Chlamydia trachomatis in the fallopian tubes of women without laparoscopic evidence of salpingitis. Lancet 1990; ii: 960–3
   Google Scholar
• Lee N C, Rubin G L, Grimes D A. Measures of sexual behaviour and the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77: 425–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee N C, Rubin G L, Borucki R. The intrauterine device and pelvic inflammatory disease revisited: new results from Women's Health Study. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 72: 1–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer D W, Schiff I, Schoenbaum S C, et al. Tubal infertility and the intrauterine device. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 941–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burkman R. Women's Health Study: association between intrauterine device and pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 1981; 57: 269–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidegaard O, Helm P. Pelvic inflammatory disease: the influence of contraceptive, sexual, and social life events. Contraception 1990; 41: 475–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishell D R, Jr. The intrauterine device: a bacteriological study of the endometrial cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966; 96: 119–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weström L. Incidence, prevalence, and trends of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and its consequences in industrialized countries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 138: 880–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee N C, Rubin G L, Ory H W, Burkman R T. Type of intrauterine device and the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstef Gynecol 1983; 62: 1–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farley T M M, Rosenberg M J, Rowe P J, Chen J-H, Meirik O. Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: an international perspective. Lancet 1992; i: 785–8
   Google Scholar
• Buchan H, Villard-Macintosh L, Vessey M, Yeates D, McPherson K. Epidemiology of pelvic inflammatory disease in parous women with special reference to intrauterine device use. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 97: 780–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bitscu M, Jakobsen A B, Prien-Larsen J C, Frolund C, Sederberg-Olsen J. IUD (Nova-T) insertion following induced abortion. Contraception 1990; 42: 315–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization Task Force on Safety and Efficacy of Fertility Regulation Methods. The TCu 380A, TCu 220C, Multiload 250 and Nova T lUDs at 3, 5 and 7 years of use: results from three randomized multicentre trials. Contraception 1990; 42: 141–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sivin I, Stern J, Coutinho E, et al. Prolonged intrauterine contraception: a seven-year randomized study of the levonorgestrel 20 mcg/day (LNg-20) and the Copper T 380 Ag lUDs. Contraception 1991; 44: 473–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton J, Tacchi D. Long-term use of copper intrauterine devices. Lancet 1990; i: 1322–3
   Google Scholar
• Luukkainen T, Nielsen N C, Nygren K-G, Pyörälä T. Nulliparous women, IUD and pelvic infection. Ann Clin Res 1979; 11: 121–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weström L. Pelvic inflammatory disease; bacteriology and sequelae. Contraception 1987; 36: 111–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumford S D, Kessel E. Was the Dalkon Shield a safe and effective intrauterine device? The conflict between case-control and clinical trial study findings. Fertil Steril 1992; 57: 1151–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroumal R A, Whitney C W, Mumford S D. The intrauterine device and pelvic inflammatory disease: the Women's Health Study reanalyzed. J Clin Epidemiol 1991; 44: 109–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Daling J R, Weiss N S, Metch B J, et al. Primary tubal infertility in relation to the use of an intrauterine device. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 937–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daling J R, Weiss N S, Voigt L F, McKnight B. The intrauterine device and primary tubal infertility. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 203–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toivonen J, Luukkainen T, Allonen H. Protective effect of intrauterine release of levonorgestrel on pelvic infection: three years' comparative experience of levonorgestrel- and copper-releasing intrauterine devices. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77: 261–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar