Immune Mechanisms in Atherogenesis

References

• Pooling Project Research Group. Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habits, relative weight and ECG abnormalities to incidence of major coronary events. Final report of the Pooling Project. J Chron Dis 1978; 31: 201–306
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilhelmson L, Wedel H, Tibblin G. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for coronary heart disease. Circulation 1973; 48: 950–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerrity R G. The role of the monocyte in atherogenesis. I. Transition of blood-borne monocytes into foam cells in fatty lesions. Am J Pathol 1981; 103: 181–90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joris I, Zand T, Nunnari J J., Krolikowski F J., Majno G. Studies on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis I. Adhesion and emigration of mononuclear cells in the aorta of hyper-cholesterolemic rats. Am J Pathol 1983; 113: 341–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faggiotto A, Ross R, Harker L. Studies of hypercholesterolemia in the nonhuman primate. I. Changes that lead to fatty streak formation. Arteriosclerosis 1984; 4: 323–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hansson G K., Selfert P S., Olsson G, Bondjers G. Immuno-histochemical detection of macrophages and T lymphocytes in atherosclerotic lesions of cholesterol-fed rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb 1991; 11: 745–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Munro J M., Van den Walt J D., Munro C S., Cox E L. An immunohistochemical analysis of human aortic fatty streaks. Hum Pathol 1987; 18: 375–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stary H C. Evolution and progression of atherosclerotic lesions in coronary arteries of children and young adults. Arteriosclerosis 1989; 9: 1-19–1-32
   Google Scholar
• Katsuda S, Boyd H C., Fllgner C, Ross R, Gown A M. Human atherosclerosis. III. Immunocytochemical analysis of the cell composition of lesions of young adults. Am J Pathol 1992; 140: 907–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Springer T A. Adhesion receptors of the immune system. Nature 1990; 346: 425–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardl R, Inverardi L, Bender J R. Regulatory mechanisms in leukocyte adhesion: flexible receptors for sophisticated travelers. Immunol Today 1992; 13: 224–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der Wal A C., Das P K., Tigges A J., Becker A E. Adhesion molecules on the endothelium and mononuclear cells in human atherosclerotic lesions. Am J Pathol 1992; 141: 1427–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picker L J., Kishimoto T K., Smith C W., Warnock R A., Butcher E C. ELAM-1 is an adhesion molecule for skin-homing T cells. Nature 1991; 349: 796–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cybulsky Ml, Gimbrone M A., Jr. Endothelial expression of a mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule during atherosclerosis. Science 1991; 251: 788–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Van den Gimbrone M J., Libby P. An atherogenic diet rapidly induces VCAM-1, a cytokine-regulatable mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule, in rabbit aortic endothelium. Arterioscler Thromb 1993; 13: 197–204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien K, Allen M D., McDonald T O., et al. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 is expressed in human atherosclerotic plaques. Implications for the mode of progression of advanced coronary atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 945–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborn L, Hession C, Tizard R, et al. Direct expression cloning of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, a cytokine-induced endothelial protein that binds to lymphocytes. Cell 1989; 59: 1203–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlos T, Kovach N, Schwartz B, et al. Human monocytes bind to two cytokine-induced adhesive ligands on cultured human endothelial cells: endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Blood 1991; 77: 2266–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kume N, Cybulsky Ml, Gimbrone M A., Jr. Lysophosphati-dylcholine, a component of atherogenic lipoproteins, induces mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecules in human and rabbit arterial endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 1138–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke F, Naylor M S., Davies B, Balkwill F. The cytokine wall chart. Immunol Today 1993; 14: 165–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nelken N A., Coughlin S R., Gordon D, Wilcox J N. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human atheromatous plaques. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1121–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ylä-Herttuala S, Lipton B A., Rosenfeld M E., et al. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in macro-phage-rich areas of human and rabbit atherosclerotic lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 5252–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollins B J., Yoshimura T, Leonard E J., Pober J S. Cytokine-activated endothelial cells synthesize and secrete a monocyte chemoattractant, MCP-1/JE. Am J Pathol 1990; 136: 1229–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray H F., Parthasarathy S, Steinberg D. Oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein is a chemoattractant for human T lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 1004–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld M E., Ylä-Herttuala S, Lipton B A., Ord V A., Witztum J L., Steinberg D. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor mRNA and protein in atherosclerotic lesions of rabbits and humans. Am J Pathol 1992; 140: 291–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salomon R N., Underwood R, Doyle M V., Wang A, Libby P. Increased apolipoprotein E and c-fms gene expression without elevated interleukin-1 or-6 mRNA levels indicates selective activation of macrophage functions in advanced human atheroma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 2814–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinton S K., Underwood R, Hayes L, Sherman M L., Kufe D W., Libby P. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene expression in vascular cells and in experimental and human atherosclerosis. Am J Pathol 1992; 140: 301–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libby P, Warner S JC, Salomon R N., Birinyl L K. Production of platelet-derived growth factor-like mitogen by smooth muscle cells from human atheromata. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1493–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox J N., Smith K M., Williams L T., Schwartz S M., Gordon D. Platelet-derived growth factor mRNA detection in human atherosclerotic plaques by in situ, hybridization. J Clin Invest 1988; 82: 1134–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang A M., Doyle M V., Mark D F. Quantitation of mRNA by the polymerase chain reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 9717–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross R, Masuda J, Raines E W., et al. Localization of PDGF-B protein in macrophages in all phases of atherogenesis. Science 1990; 248: 1009–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer C F., Sajuhti D, Tulli H, Williams J K. Synthesis of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta by arterial cells in atherosclerosis. Am J pafhon 1991; 138: 951–60
   Google Scholar
• Libby P, Warner S JC, Friedman G B. Interleukin-1: a mitogen for human vascular smooth muscle cells that induces the release of growth-inhibitory prostanoids. J Clin Invest 1988; 81: 487–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raines E W., Dower S K., Ross R. Interleukin-1 mitogenic activity for fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells is due to PDGF-AA. Science 1989; 243: 393–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barath P, Fishbein M C., Cao J, Berenson J, Helfant R H., Forrester J S. Tumor necrosis factor expression by human vascular intimal smooth muscle cells detected by in situ, hybridization. Am J Pathol 1990; 137: 503–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheurich P, Thoma B, Ücer U, Pfizenmaier K. Immuno-regulatory activity of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α: Induction of the TNF receptors on human T cells and TNF-α-mediated enhancement of T cell responses. J Immunol 1987; 138: 1786–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner S JC, Libby P. Human vascular smooth muscle cells. Target for and source of tumor necrosis factor. J Immunol 1989; 142: 100–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemme S, Patarroyo M, Hansson G K. Adhesion of activated T lymphocytes to vascular smooth muscle cells and dermal fibroblasts is mediated by β-and β2-integrins. Scand J Immunol 1992; 36: 233–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlos T M., Schwartz R, Kovach N L., et al. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 mediates lymphocyte adherence to cytokine-activated cultured human endothelial cells. Blood 1990; 76: 965–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson G K., Holm J, Jonasson L. Detection of activated T lymphocytes in the human atherosclerotic plaque. Am J Pathol 1989; 135: 169–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palinski W, Rosenfeld M E., Ylä-Herttuala S, et al. Low density lipoprotein undergoes oxidative modification in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 1372–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew T E., Khoo J C., Witztum J L. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 915–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salonen J T., Ylä-Herttuala S, Yamamoto R, et al. Autoantibody against oxidised LDL and progression of carotid atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992; 339: 883–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carew T E., Schwenke D C., Steinberg D. Antiatherogenic effect of probucol unrelated to its hypercholesterolemia effect: Evidence that antioxidants in vivo, can selectively inhibit low density lipoprotein degradation in macrophage-rich fatty streaks and slow the progression of atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 7725–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Ü, Willelt J, Marosl M, et al. Association of serum antibodies to heat-shock protein 65 with carotid atherosclerosis. Lancet 1993; 341: 255–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berberian P A., Myers W, Tytell M, Challa V, Bond M G. Immunohistochemical localization of heat shock protein-70 in normal-appearing and atherosclerotic specimens of human arteries. Am J Pathol 1990; 136: 71–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Q, Dietrich H, Steiner H J., et al. Induction of arteriosclerosis in normocholesterolemic rabbits by immunization with heat shock protein 65. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12: 789–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klessling R, Grönberg A, Ivanyi J, et al. Role of hsp 60 during autoimmune and bacterial inflammation. Immunol Rev 1991; 121: 91–111
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Georgopolous C, McFarland H. Heat shock proteins in multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases. Immunol Today 1993; 14: 373–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jonasson L, Holm J, Skalll O, Bondjers G, Hansson G K. Regional accumulations of T cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells in the human atherosclerotic plaque. Arteriosclerosis 1986; 6: 131–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der Wal A C., Das P K., Van den Loos C M., Becker A E. Atherosclerotic lesions in humans In situ, phenotypic analysis suggesting an immune mediated response. Lao Invest 1989; 61: 166–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stemme S, Holm J, Hansson G K. T lymphocytes in human atherosclerotic plaques are memory cells expressing CD45RO and the integrin VLA-1. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12: 206–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emeson E E., Robertson A L., Jr. T lymphocytes in aortic and coronary intimas. Their potential role in atherogenesis. Am J Pathol 1988; 130: 369–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon D, Reldy M A., Benditt E P., Schwartz S M. Cell proliferation in human coronary arteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 4600–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon D, Schwartz S M., Benditt E P., Wicox J N. Growth factors and cell proliferation in human atherosclerosis. Transplant Proc 1989; 21: 3692–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katzin W E., Fishleder A J., Tubbs R R. Investigation of the clonality of lymphocytes in Hashimoto's thyroiditis using immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene probes. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1989; 51: 264–74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hafler D A., Weiner H L. T cells in multiple sclerosis and inflammatory central nervous system diseases. Immunol Rev 1987; 307–32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Botazzo G F., Dean B M., McNally J M., MacKay E H., Swift P GF, Gamble D R. In situ, characterization of autoimmune phenomena and expression of HLA molecules in diabetic insulitis. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 353–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCluskey R T., Benacerraf B, McCluskey J W. Studies on the specificity of the cellular infiltrate in delayed hypersensitivity reactions. J Immunol 1963; 90: 466–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceredig R, Allan J E., Tabi Z, Lynch F, Doherty P C. Phenotypic analysis of the inflammatory exudate in murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis. J Exp Med 1987; 165: 1539–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stemme S, Rymo L, Hansson G K. Polyclonal origin of T lymphocytes in human atherosclerotic plaques. Lab Invest 1991; 65: 654–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemme S, Fager G, Hansson G K. MHC class II antigen expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells is induced by interferon-gamma and modulated by tumour necrosis factor and lymphotoxin. Immunology 1990; 69: 243–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jonasson L, Holm J, Skalll O, Gabblani G, Hansson G K. Expression of class II transplantation antigen on vascular smooth muscle cells in human atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 125–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson G K., Hellstrand M, Rymo L, Rubbia L, Gabblani G. interferon-gamma inhibits both proliferation and expression of differentiation-specific alpha-smooth muscle actin in arterial smooth muscle cells. J Exp Med 1989; 170: 1595–1608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson G K., Holm J. Interferon-γ inhibits arterial stenosis after injury. Circulation 1991; 84: 1266–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson G K., Holm J, Holm S, Fotev Z, Hedrlch H J., Flngerle J. T lymphocytes inhibit the vascular response to injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 10530–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geng Y J., Hansson G K. Interferon-γ inhibits scavenger receptor expression and foam cell formation in human monocyte-derived macrophages. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 1322–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pober J S., Cotran R S. Cytokines and endothelial cell biology. Physiol Rev 1990; 70: 427–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar