Salvage treatment against human immunodeficiency virus

References

• Hammer S M, Squires K E, Hughes M D, Grimes J M, Demeter L M, Currier J S, et al. A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 320 Study Team. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 725–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger M, Hirschel B, Francioli P, Sudre P, Wirz M, Flepp M, et al. Impact of new antiretroviral combination therapies in HIV infected patients in Switzerland: prospective multicentre study. BMJ 1997; 315: 1194–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palella F J, Jr., Delaney K M, Moorman A C, Loveless M O, Fuhrer J, Satten G A, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 853–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledergerber B, Egger M, Opravil M, Telenti A, Hirschel B, Battegay M, et al. Clinical progression and virological failure on highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 patients: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 1999; 353: 863–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sendi P P, Bucher H C, Harr T, Craig B A, Schwietert M, Pfluger D, et al. Cost effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1999; 13: 1115–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter C C, Fischl M A, Hammer S M, Hirsch M S, Jacobsen D M, Katzenstein D A, et al. Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1998: updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel. JAMA 1998; 280: 78–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti S, Battegay M, Furrer H J, Rickenbach M, Flepp M, Kaiser L, et al. Why is highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) not prescribed or discontinued? Swiss HIV Cohort Study. J Acquit Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retroviral 1999; 21: 114–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocroft A, Vella S, Benfield T L, Chiesi A, Miller V, Gargalianos P, et al. Changing patterns of mortality across Europe in patients infected with HIV-1. Lancet 1998; 352: 1725–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeks S G, Hecht F M, Swanson M, Elbeik T, Loftus R, Cohen P T, et al. HIV RNA and CD4 cell count response to protease inhibitor therapy in an urban AIDS clinic: response to both initial and salvage therapy. AIDS 1999; 13: F35–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint Effort Panel of the US Department of Health and Human Services and the Henry J. May 5, 1999, http://www.aids.wustl.edu/aids/clinguide.html. Kaiser Family Foundation. The living document: Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Available from URL:
   Google Scholar
• Kuritzkes D R. Drug resistance testing: time to be used in clinical practice?. AIDS Rev 1999; 1: 45–50
   Google Scholar
• Montaner J, Mellors J. Better salvage therapy for HIV-1 infection still needed. Lancet 1999; 353: 1857
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Condra J H. Resistance to HIV protease inhibitors. Haemophilia 1998; 4: 610–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood A JJ. HIV-protease inhibitors. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1281–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellman P C. Clinical experience with adding delavirdine to combination therapy in patients in whom multiple antiretroviral treatment including protease inhibitors has failed. AIDS 1998; 12: 1333–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ait-Khaled M, Rakik A, Thomas D, Tisdale M, Falloon J, For the CNA2007 International Study Group. HIV-1 baseline genotype/phenotype and virological response following salvage therapy with abacavir, amprenavir, and efavirenz. Abstracts of the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Chicago, IL, Jan, 31-Feb 41999. Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, Alexandria, VA
   Google Scholar
• Lorenzi P, Opravil M, Hirschel B, Chave J P, Furrer H J, Sax H, et al. Impact of drug resistance mutations on virologic response to salvage therapy. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. AIDS 1999; 13: F17–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle B A. Research Forus: Can a broken HAART be mended?. AIDS Reader 1998; 8: 114–20
   Google Scholar
• Merry C, Barry M G, Mulcahy F, Ryan M, Tjia J F, Halifax K L, et al. The pharmacokinetics of combination therapy with nelfinavir plus nevirapine. AIDS 1998; 12: 1163–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy R L, Sommadossi J P, Lamson M, Hall D B, Myers M, Dusek A. Antiviral effect and pharmacokinetic interaction between nevirapine and indinavir in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 1999; 179: 1116–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeks S G, Hellmann N S, Grant R M, Parkin N T, Petropoulos C J, Becker M, et al. Novel four-drug salvage treatment regimens after failure of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor-containing regimen: antiviral activity and correlation of baseline phenotypic drug susceptibility with virologic outcome. J Infect Dis 1999; 179: 1375–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammer S M, Squires K E, Degruttola V, Fischl M A, Bassett R, Demeter L M, et al. Randomized trial of abacavir and nelfinavir in combination with efavirenz and adefovir dipivoxil as salvage therapy in patients with virological failure receiving indinavir. Abstracts of the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Chicago, IL, Jan, 31-Feb 41999. Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, Alexandria, VA
   Google Scholar
• Miller V, Gute P, Carlebach A, Nisius G, Leder T, Rottmann C, et al. Baseline resistance and virological response to mega-HAART salvage therapies. Abstracts of the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Chicago, IL, Jan, 31-Feb 41999. Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, Alexandria, VA
   Google Scholar
• Tebas P, Patick A K, Kane E M, Klebert M K, Simpson J H, Erice A, et al. Virologic responses to a ritonavir-saquinavir containing regimen in patients who had previously failed nelfinavir. AIDS 1999; 13: F23–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncombe C, Kaufmann G, Beveridge A. Durability of quadruple antiretroviral therapy including ritonavir and saquinavir in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease. Abstracts of the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Chicago, IL, Jan, 31-Feb 41999. Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, Alexandria, VA
   Google Scholar
• Rhone S A, Hogg R S, Yip B, Sherlock C, Conway B, Schechter M T, et al. The antiviral effect of ritonavir and saquinavir in combination amongst HIV-infected adults: results from a community-based study. AIDS 1998; 12: 619–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer S, Shafer R W, Merigan T C. Highly drug-resistant HIV-1 clinical isolates are cross-resistant to many antiretroviral compounds in current clinical development. AIDS 1999; 13: 661–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilby J M, Hopkins S, Venetta T M, DiMassimo B, Cloud G A, Lee J Y, et al. Potent suppression of HIV-1 replication in humans by T-20, a peptide inhibitor of gp41-mediated virus entry. Nat Med 1998; 4: 1302–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy M V, Rao M R, Rhodes D, Hansen M S, Rubins K, Bushman F D, et al. Lamellarin alpha 20-sulfate, an inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase active against HIV-1 virus in cell culture. J Med Chem 1999; 42: 1901–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazuda D, Blau C U, Felock P, Hastings J, Pramanik B, Wolfe A, et al. Isolation and characterization of novel human immunodeficiency virus integrase inhibitors from fungal metabolites. Antivir Chem Chemother 1999; 10: 63–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann D, Pantaleo G, Sudre P, Telenti A. CD4-cell count in HIV-1-infected individuals remaining viraemic with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Lancet 1998; 351: 723–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Picado J, Savara A V, Sutton L, D'Aquila R T. Replicative fitness of protease inhibitor-resistant mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1999; 73: 3744–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbrook R. Caring for people with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1926–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulick R M, Mellors J W, Havlir D, Eron J J, Gonzalez C, McMahon D, et al. Treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and prior antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 734–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatkenheuer G, Theisen A, Rockstroh J, Grabow T, Wicke C, Becker K, et al. Virological treatment failure of protease inhibitor therapy in an unselected cohort of HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1997; 11: F113–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battegay M, Wirz M, Steuerwald M H, Egger M. Early participation in an HIV cohort study slows disease progression and improves survival. The Swiss HIV Cohort Study. J Intern Med 1998; 244: 479–87
   PubMedGoogle Scholar