Special Section Future Trendsin Vaccination: Is cardiovascular disease preventable by vaccination?

References

• Saikku P, Leinonen M, Mattila K J, Ekman M R, Nieminen M S, Makela P H, et al. Serological evidence of an association of a novel Chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1988; ii: 983–6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendall M A, Carrington D, Strachan D, Patel P, Molineaux N, Levi J, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae: risk factors for seropositivity and association with coronary heart disease. J Infect 1995; 30: 121–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thom D H, Grayston J T, Siscovic D S, Wang S-P, Weiss N S, Daling J R. Association of prior infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae and angiographically demonstrated coronary artery disease. JAMA 1992; 268: 68–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melnick S, Shahar E, Folsom A R, Grayston J T, Sorlie P D, Wang S-P, et al. Past infection by Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR and asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators. Am J Med 1993; 95: 499–504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saikku P, Leinonen M, Tenkanen L, Linnanmäki E, Ekman M-R, Manninen V, et al. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 273–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linnanmäki E, Leinonen M, Mattila K, Nieminen M S, Valtonen V, Saikku P. Chlamydia pneumoniae-specific circulating immune complexes in patients with chronic coronary heart disease. Circulation 1993; 87: 1130–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shor A, Kuo C C, Patton D L. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in coronary arterial fatty streaks and atheromatous plaques. S Afy Med J 1992; 82: 158–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs R GJ, Carey N, Davies A H. Chlamydia pneumoniae and vascular disease. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 1191–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moazed T C, Kuo C, Grayston J T, Campbell L A. Experimental rabbit models of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Am J Pathol 1996; 148: 667–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moazed T C, Kuo C-C, Grayston J T, Campbell L A. Evidence of systemic dissemination of Chlamydia pneumoniae via macrophages in the mouse. J Int Dis 1997; 177: 1322–5
   Google Scholar
• Moazed T C, Kuo C, Grayston J T, Campbell L A. Murine models of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis. J Infect Dis 1997; 175: 883–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Leatham E W, Carrington D, Mendall M A, Kaski J C, Camm A J. Elevated Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies, cardiovascular events, and azithromycin in male survivors of myocardial infarction. Circulation 1997; 96: 404–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurfinkel E, Bozovich G, Daroca A, Beck E, Mautner B. Randomised trial of roxithromycin in non-Q-wave coronary syndromes: ROXIS Pilot Study. ROXIS Study Group. Lancet 1997; 350: 404–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauppinen M, Saikku P. Pneumonia due to Chlamydia pneumoniae: prevalence, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21(Suppl 3)S244–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grayston J T, Campbell L A, Kuo C C, Mordhurst C H, Saikku P, Thom D H, et al. A new respiratory tract pathogen: Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR. J Infect Dis 1990; 161: 618–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauppinen M T, Herva E, Kujala P, Leinonen M, Saikku P, Syrjälä H. The etiology of community-acquired pneumonia among hospitalized patients during a Chlamydia pneumoniae epidemic in Finland. J Infect Dis 1995; 172: 1330–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libby P, Egan D, Skarlatos S. Roles of infectious agents in atherosclerosis and restenosis: an assessment of the evidence and need for future research. Circulation 1997; 96: 4095–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kol A, Sukhova G K, Lichtman A H, Libby P. Chlamydial heat shock protein 60 localizes in human atheroma and regulates macrophage tumor necrosis factor-α and matrix metalloproteinase expression. Circulation 1998; 98: 300–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fryer R H, Schwobe E P, Woods M L, Rodgers G MJ. Chlamydia species infect human vascular endothelial cells and induce procoagulant activity. J Invest Med 1997; 45: 168–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaukoranta-Tolvanen S S, Teppo A M, Laitinen K, Saikku P, Linnavuori K, Leinonen M. Growth of Chlamydia pneumoniae in cultured human blood mononuclear cells and induction of a cytokine response. Microb Pathog 1996; 21(215)21
   Google Scholar
• Fong I W, Chiu B, Fong M W, Jang D, Mahony J. Rabbit model for Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 48–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laitinen K, Laurila A, Pyhäla L, Leinonen M, Saikku P. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection induces inflammatory changes in the aortas of rabbits. Infect Immum 1997; 11: 4832–5
   Google Scholar
• Kaukoranta-Tolvanen S-SE, Laurila A L, Saikku P, Leinonen M, Liesirova L, Laitinen K. Experimental infection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in mice. Microb Pathog 1993; 15: 293
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laitinen K, Laurila A L, Leinonen M, Saikku P. Reactivation of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in mice by cortisone treatment. Infect Immun 1996; 64: 1488–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowa S, Sowa J, Collier L H, Blyth W A. Trachoma vaccine field trials in The Gambia. J Hyg (Lond) 1969; 67: 699–717
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magee D M, Igietseme J U, Smith J G, Bleicker C A, Grubbs B G, Schachter J, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia in the severe combined immunodefiency (SCID) mouse. Reg Immunol 1993; 5: 305
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang X, Hay Glass K T, Brunham R C. Genetically determined differences in IL-10 and IFN-γ responses correlate with clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis in mouse pneumonitis infection. J Immunol 1996; 156: 4338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson M, Schön K, Ward M, Lycke N. Studies in knockout mice reveal that anti-chlamydia1 protection requires TH1 cells producing IFN-γ: is this true for humans?. Scand J Immunol 1997; 46: 546–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry L L, Feilzer K, Caldwell H D. Immunity to Chlamydia trachomatis is mediated by T helper 1 cells through IFN-dependent and -independent pathways. J Immunol 1997; 158: 3344–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rottenberg M E, Rotfuchs A CG, Gigliotti D, Svanholm C, Bandholtz L, Wigzell H J. Role of innate and adaptive immunity in the outcome of primary infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae, as analyzed in genetically modified mice. Immunology, in press
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly J J, Ulmer J B, Shiver J W, Liu M A. DNA vaccines. Annu Rev Immunol 1997; 15: 617–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu T-M, Friedman A, Ulmer J B, Liu M A, Donnelly J J. Protective cellular immunity: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses against dominant and recessive epitopes of influenza virus nucleoproteins induced by DNA immunization. J Virol 1997; 71: 2715–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar