Special Section:Future Trendsin Vaccination: Advances in cancer vaccine development

References

• Staveley-O'Carroll K, Sotomayor E, Montgomery J, Borrello I, Hwang L, Fein S, et al. Induction of antigen-specific T cell anergy: an early event in the course of tumor progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 1178–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonia S J, Extermann M, Flavell R A. Immunologic nonresponsiveness to tumors. Crit Rev Oncog 1998; 9: 35–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somasundaram R, Zaloudik J, Jacob L, Benden A, Sperlagh M, Hart E, et al. Induction of antigen-specific T- and B-cell immunity in colon carcinoma patients by anti-idiotypic antibody. J Immunol 1995; 155: 3253–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiota G, Ishida M, Noguchi N, Takano Y, Oyama K, Okubo M, et al. Clinical significance of serum p53 antibody in patients with gastric cancer. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1998; 99: 41–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weller M, Bornemann A, Stander M, Schabet M, Dichgans J, Meyermann R. Humoral immune response to p53 in malignant glioma. J Neurol 1998; 245: 169–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal B, Reddish M A, Longenecker B M. In vitro induction of MUC-1 peptide-specific type 1 T lymphocyte and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses from healthy multiparous donors. J Immunol 1996; 157: 2089–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura H, Hinoda Y, Nakagawa N, Makiguchi Y, Itoh F, Endo T, et al. Detection of circulating anti-MUC1 mucin core protein antibodies in patients with colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol 1998; 33: 354–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards E R, Devine P L, Quin R J, Fontenot J D, Ward B G, McGuckin M A. Antibodies reactive with the protein core of MUCl mucin are present in ovarian cancer patients and healthy women. Cancer lmmunol Immunother 1998; 46: 245–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawashima I, Tsai V, Southwood S, Takesako K, Celis E, Sette A. Identification of GP100–derived, melanoma-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes restricted by HLA-A3 supertype molecules by primary in vitro immunization with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells. Int J Cancer 1998; 78: 518–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajac P, Oertli D, Spagnoli G C, Noppen C, Schaefer C, Heberer M, et al. Generation of tumoricidal cytotoxic T lymphocytes from healthy donors after in vitro stimulation with a replication-incompetent vaccinia virus encoding Mart-1IMelan-A 27–35 epitope. Int J Cancer 1997; 71: 491–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisk B, Hudson J M, Kavanagh J, Wharton J T, Murray J L, Ioannides C G, et al. Existent proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and ovarian cancer patients to HER-2 peptides. Anticancer Res 1997; 17: 45–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herlyn D, Wettendorff M, Schmoll E, Illiopoulos D, Schedel I, Dreikhausen U, et al. Antiidiotype immunization of cancer patients: modulation of the immune response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 8055–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loibner H, Plot R, Rot A, Werner G, Wrann M, Samonigg H, et al. Immunoreactivity of patient with colorectal cancer metastasis after immunization with anti-idiotypes. Lancet 1990; 335: 171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herlyn D, Harris D, Zaloudik J, Sperlagh M, Maruyama H, Jacob L, et al. Immunomodulatory activity of monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody to anti-colorectal carcinoma antibody C017–1A in animals and patients. J Immunother 1994; 15: 303–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddish M A, Mac Lean G D, Koganty R R, Kan-Mitchell J, Jones V, Mitchell M S, et al. Anti-MUC1 class I restricted CTLs in metastatic breast cancer patients immunized with a thetic MUC1 peptide. Int J Cancer 1998; 76: 817–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saller M L, Marincola F M, Cormier J N, Rosenberg S A. Immunization against epitopes in the human melanoma antigen gp100 following patient immunization with synthetic peptides. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 4749–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger E, Bernhard H, Romero P, Ringhoffer M, Arand M, Karbach J, et al. Generation of cytotoxic T-cell responses with synthetic melanoma-associated peptides in vivo: implications for tumor vaccines with melanoma-associated antigens. Int J Cancer 1996; 66: 162–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane D P. Cancerguardian of the genome. Nature 1992; 358: 15–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrester K, Almoguera C, Han K, Grizzle W E, Perucho M. Detection of high incidence of K-ras oncogenes during human colon tumorigenesis. Nature 1987; 327: 298–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins P F, El-Gamil M, Li Y F, Kawakami Y, Loftus D, Appella E, et al. A mutated b-catenin gene encodes a melanoma-specific antigen recognized by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. / Exp Med 1996; 183: 1185–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphrey P A, Wong A J, Vogelstein B, Zalutsky M R, Fuller G N, Archer G E, et al. Anti-synthetic peptide antibody reacting at the fusion junction of deletion-mutant epidermal growth factor receptors in human glioblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 4207–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Driel W J, Ressing M E, Brandt R MP, Toes R EM, Fleuren G J, Trimbos J B, et al. The current status of therapeutic HPV vaccine. Ann Med 1996; 28: 471–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peace D J, Smith J W, Chen W, You S-G, Cosand W L, Blake J, et al. Lysis of ras oncogene-transformed cells by specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes elicited by primary in vitro immunization with mutated ras peptide. J Exp Med 1994; 179: 473–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscatello D K, Ramirez G, Wong A J. A naturally occurring mutant human epidermal growth factor receptor as a target for peptide vaccine immunotherapy of tumors. Cancer Res, 3997(57)1419–24
   Google Scholar
• Hermans I F, Daish A, Yang J, Ritchie D S, Ronchese F. Antigen expressed on rumor cells fails to elicit an immune response, even in the presence of increased numbers of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 3909–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranges C E, Figari I S, Espevik T, Palladino M A. Inhibition of cytotoxic T cell development by transforming growth factor (3 and reversal by recombinant tumor necrosis factor a. J Exp Med 1987; 166: 991–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torre-Amione G, Beauchamp R D, Koeppen H, Park B H, Schreiber H, Moses H L, et al. A highly immunogenic tumor transfected with a murine TGF-B cDNA escapes immune surveillance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 1486–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strand S, Hofmann W J, Hug H, Muller M, Otto G, Strand D, et al. Lymphocyte apoptosis induced by CD95 (APO-1/Fas) ligand-expressing tumor cells - a mechanism of immune evasion?. Natl Med 1996; 2: 1361–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fakhrai H, Dorigo O, Shawler D L, Lin H, Mercola D, Black K L, et al. Eradication of established intracranial rat gliomas by transforming growth factor b antisense gene therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 2909–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardoll D M. Cancer vaccines. Nut Med Vaccine Suppl 1998; 4: 523–31
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindauer M, Stanislawski T, Häubler A, Antunes E, Cellary A, Huber C, et al. The molecular basis of cancer immunotherapy by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Mol Med 1998; 76: 32–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Ashe S, Brady W A, Hellström I, Hellström K E, Ledbetter J A, et al. Costimulation of antitumor immunity by the B7 counterreceptor for the T lymphocyte molecules CD28 and CTLA-4. Cell 1992; 71: 1093–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend S E, Allison J P. Tumor rejection after direct costimulation of CD8+ T cells by B7-transfected melanoma cells. Science 1993; 259: 368–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallo F, Martin-Fontecha A, Bellone M, Heltai S, Gatti E, Tornaghi P, et al. Co-expression of B7–1 and ICAM-1 on tumors is required for rejection and the establishment of a memory response. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25: 1154–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang A YC, Golumbek P, Ahmadzadeh M, Jaffee E, Pardoll D, Levitsky H. Role of bone marrow-derived cells in presenting MHC class I-restricted tumor antigens. Science 1994; 264: 961–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang A YC, Bruce A T, Pardoll D M, Levitsky H I. Does B7–1 expression confer antigen-presenting cell capacity to tumors in vivo?. J Exp Med 1996; 183: 769–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kageshita T, Wang Z, Calorini L, Yoshii A, Kimura T, Ono T, et al. Selective loss of human leukocyte class I allo-specificities and staining of melanoma cells by monoclonal antibodies recognizing monomorphic determinants of class I human leukocyte antigens. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 3349–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordon-Cardo C, Fuks Z, Drobnjak M, Moreno C, Eisenbach L, Feldman M. Expression of HLA-A,B,C antigens on primary and metastatic tumor cell populations of human carcinomas. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 6372–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ransom J H, Pelle B A, Hubers H, Keynton L M, Hanna M G, Pomato N. Identification of colon-tumor-associated antigens by T-cell lines derived from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients immunized with an autologous tumor-cell/bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine. Int J Cancer 1993; 54: 734–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riethmüller G, Holz E, Schlimok G, Schmiegel W, Raab R, Höffken K, et al. Monoclonal antibody therapy for resected Dukes' C colorectal cancer: seven-year outcome of a multi-center randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 1788–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsueh E C, Gupta R K, Qi K, Morton D L. Correlation of specific immune responses with survival in melanoma patients with distant metastases receiving polyvalent melanoma cell vaccine. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 2913–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittelman A, Chen Z J, Yang H, Wong G Y, Ferrone S. Human high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen (HMW-MAA) mimicry by mouse anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody MK2–23: induction of humoral anti-HMW-MAA immunity and prolongation of survival in patients with stage IV melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 466–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston P O, Natoli E J, Calves M J, Stockert E, Oettgen H, Old L J. Vaccines containing purified GM2 ganglioside elicit GM2 antibodies in melanoma patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 2911–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helling F, Zhang S, Shang A, Adluri S, Calves M, Koganty R, et al. GM2-KLH conjugate vaccine: increased immuno-genicity in melanoma patients after administration with immunological adjuvant QS-21. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 2783–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Applebaum J, Reynolds S, Knispel J, Oratz R, Shapiro R, Bystryn J C. Identification of melanoma antigens that are immunogenic in humans and expressed in vivo. J Nut1 Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 146–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahasrabudhe D M, de Kernion J B, Pontes J E, Ryan D M, O'Donnell R W, Marquis D M, et al. Specific immunotherapy with suppressor function inhibition for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Biol Response Mod 1986; 5: 581–94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berd D, Maguire H C, Jr., McCue P, Mastrangelo M J. Treatment of metastatic melanoma with an autologous tumor-cell vaccine: clinical and immunologic results in 64 patients. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 1858–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebrich W, Schlag P, Manasterski M, Lehner B, Stohr M, Moller P, et al. In vitro and clinical characterisation of a Newcastle disease virus-modified autologous tumor cell vaccine for treatment of colorectal cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27: 703–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bystryn J-C, Oratz R, Roses D, Harris M, Henn M, Lew R. Relationship between immune response to melanoma vaccine immunization and clinical outcome in stage II malignant melanoma. Cancer 1992; 69: 1157–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell M S, Kan-Mitchell J, Kempf R A, Harel W, Shau H Y, Lind S. Active specific immunotherapy for melanoma: phase I trial of allogeneic lysates and a novel adjuvant. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 5883–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawakami Y, Eliyahu S, Jennings C, Sakaguchi K, Kang X, Southwood S. Recognition of multiple epitopes in the human melanoma antigen gp100 by tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes associated with in vivo tumor regression. J Immunol 1995; 154: 3961–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton D L, Ravindranath M H, Irie R F. Tumor gangliosides as targets for active specific immunotherapy of melanoma in man. Progr Brain Res 1994; 101: 251–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougall C J, Ngoi S S, Goldman I S, Godwin T, Felix J, De Cross J J, et al. Reduced expression of HLA class I and II antigens in colon cancer. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 8023–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantel K, Schlimok G, Kutter D, Schaller G, Genz T, Wiebecke B, et al. Frequent down-regulation of major histocompatibility class I antigen expression on individual micrometastatic carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 4712–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herlyn D, Herlyn M, Steplewski Z, Koprowski H. Monoclonal antihuman tumor antibodies of six isotypes in cytotoxic reactions with human and murine effector cells. Cell Immunol 1985; 92: 105–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iliopoulos D, Ernst C, Steplewski Z, Jambrosic J, Rodeck U, Herlyn M, et al. Inhibition of metastases of a human melanoma xenograft by monoclonal antibody to the GD, GD, gangliosides. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989; 81: 4404
   Google Scholar
• Herlyn D, Iliopoulos D, Jensen P, Parmiter A, Baird J, Hotta H, et al. In vitro properties of human melanoma cells metastatic in nude mice. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 2296–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dranoff G, Jaffee E, Lazenby A, Golumbek P, Levitsky H, Brose K, et al. Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates potent, specific, and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 3539–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitsky H I, Lazenby A, Hayashi R J, Pardoll D M. In vivo priming of two distinct antitumor effector populations: the role of MHC class I expression. J Exp Med 1994; 179: 1215–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baskar S, Azarenko V, Garcia Marshall E, Hughes E, Ostrand-Rosenberg S. MHC class II-transfected tumor cells induce long-term tumor-specific immunity in autologous mice. Cell Immunol 1994; 155: 123–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zitvogel L, Mayordomo J I, Tjandrawan T, De Leo A B, Clarke M R, Lotze M T, et al. Therapy of murine tumors with tumor peptide-pulsed dendritic cells: dependence on T cells, B7 costimulation, and T helper cell I-associated cytokines. J Exp Med 1996; 183: 87–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrand-Rosenberg S. Tumor immunotherapy: the tumor cell as an antigen-presenting cell. Curr Opin Immunol 1994; 6: 722–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topalian S L. MHC class II restricted tumor antigens and the role of CD4+ cells in cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol 1994; 6: 741–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schirrmacher V, Schlag P, Liebrich W, Patel B T, Stoeck M. Specific immunotherapy of colorectal carcinoma with Newcastle-disease virus-modified autologous tumor cells prepared from resected liver metastasis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 690: 364–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallack M K, Sivanandham M, Balch C M, Urist M M, Bland K I, Murray D, et al. Surgical adjuvant active specific immunotherapy for patients with stage III melanoma: the final analysis of data from a phase III, randomized, double-blind, multicenter vaccinia, melanoma oncolysate trial. J Am Coll Surg 1998; 187: 69–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons J W, Jaffee E M, Weber C E, Levitsky H I, Nelson W G, Carducci M A, et al. Bioactivity of autologous irradiated renal cell carcinoma vaccines generated by ex vivo granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene transfer. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 153746
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belli F, Arienti F, Sulé-Suso J, Clemente C, Mascheroni L, Cattelan A, et al. Active immunization of metastatic melanoma patients with interleukin-2-transduced allogeneic melanoma cells: evaluation of efficacy and tolerability. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1997; 44: 197–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoover H C, Jr., Brandhorst J S, Peters L C, Surdyke M G, Takeshita Y, Madariaga J, et al. Adjuvant active specific immunotherapy for human colorectal cancer: 6.5–year median follow-up of a phase III prospectively randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 390–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell M S, Harel W, Kan-Mitchell J, Lin G, LeMay L G, Goedegebuure P, et al. Active specific immunotherapy of melanoma with allogeneic cell lysates. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 690: 153–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berd D, Maguire H C, Jr., Schuchter L M, Hamilton R, Hauck W W, Sato T, et al. Autologous hapten-modified melanoma vaccine as postsurgical adjuvant treatment after resection of nodal metastases. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 2359–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston P, Zhang S, Adluri S, Yao T-J, Graeber L, Ragupathi G, et al. Tumor cell reactivity mediated by IgM antibodies in sera from melanoma patients vaccinated with GM2 ganglioside covalently linked to KLH is increased by IgG antibodies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1997; 43: 324–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adluri S, Helling F, Ogata S, Zhang S, Itzkowitz S H, Lloyd K O, et al. Immunogenicity of synthetic TF-KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) and sTn-KLH conjugates in colorectal carcinoma patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1995; 41: 185–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLean G D, Reddish M A, Koganty R R, Longenecker B M. Antibodies against mucin-associated sialyl-Tn epitopes correlate with survival of metastatic adenocarcinoma patients undergoing active specific immunotherapy with synthetic STn vaccine. J Immunother 1996; 19: 59–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magarian-Blander J, Ciborowski P, Hsia S, Watkins S C, Finn O J. Intercellular and intracellular events following the MHC-unrestricted TCR recognition of a tumor-specific peptide epitope on the epithelial antigen MUC1. J Immunol 1998; 160: 3111–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Disk M L, Cheever M A. HER-2/neu oncogenic protein: issues in vaccine development. Crit Rev Immunol 1998; 18: 37–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole D J, Wilson M C, Baron P L, O'Brien P, Reed C, Tsang K Y, et al. Phase I study of recombinant CEA vaccinia virus vaccine with post vaccination CEA peptide challenge. Hum Gene Ther 1996; 7: 1381–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conry R M, LoBuglio A F, Curiel D T. Phase la trial of a polynucleotide anti-tumor immunization to human carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Hum Gene Ther 1996; 7: 755–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu F J, Caspar C B, Czerwinski D, Kwak L W, Liles T M, Syrengelas A, et al. Tumor-specific idiotype vaccines in the treatment of patients with B-cell lymphoma - long-term results of a clinical trial. Blood 1997; 89: 3129–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correale P, Walmsley K, Nieroda C, Zaremba S, Zhu M, Schlom J, et al. In vitro generation of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for peptides derived from prostate-specific antigen. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 293–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingston P O, Zhang S, Lloyd K O. Carbohydrate vaccines that induce antibodies against cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1997; 45: 1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CastroPalomino J C, Ritter G, Fortunato S R, Reinhardt S, Old L J, Schmidt R R. Efficient synthesis of ganglioside GM2 for use in cancer vaccines. Angew Chem Int Ed 1997; 36: 1998–2001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strassburg C P, Kasai Y, Seng B A, Zaloudik J, Herlyn D, Koprowski H, et al. Baculovirus recombinant expressing a secreted form of a trans-membrane carcinoma-associated antigen. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 815–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C H, Wu T C. Experimental vaccine strategies for cancer immunotherapy. J Biomed Sci 1998; 5: 231–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang K Y, Zaremba S, Nieroda C A, Zhu M Z, Hamilton J M, Schlom J. Generation of human cytotoxic T cells specific for human carcinoembryonic antigen epitopes from patients immunized with recombinant vaccinia-CEA vaccine. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 982–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bei R, Kantor J, Kashmiri S VS, Abrams S, Schlom J. Enhanced immune responses and anti-tumor activity by baculovirus recombinant carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in mice with the recombinant vaccinia CEA. J Immunother 1994; 16: 275–82
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvine K R, Chamberlain R S, Shulman E P, Surman D R, Rosenberg S A, Restifo N P. Enhancing efficacy of recombinant anticancer vaccines with prime/boost regimens that use two different vectors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 1595–601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gönczöl E, Berensci K, Pincus S, Endresz V, Meric C, Paoletti E, et al. Preclinical evaluation of an ALVAC (canarypox). human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B vaccine candidate. Vaccine 1995; 13: 1080–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg S A, Yang J C, Schwartzentruber D J, Hwu P, Marincola F M, Topalian S L, et al. Immunologic and therapeutic evaluation of a synthetic peptide vaccine for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. Nut Med 1998; 4: 321–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchand M, Weynants P, Rankin E, Arienti F, Belli F, Parmiani G, et al. Tumor regression responses in melanoma patients treated with a peptide encoded by gene MAGE-3. Int J Cancer 1995; 63: 883–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jäeger E, Bernhard H, Romero P, Ringhoffer M, Arand M, Karbach J, et al. Generation of cytotoxic T-cell responses with synthetic melanoma-associated peptides in vivo: implications for tumor vaccines with melanoma-associated antigens. Int J Cancer 1996; 66: 162–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayordomo J I, Zorina T, Storkus W J, Zitvogel L, Celluzzi C, Falo L D, et al. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pulsed with synthetic tumour peptides elicit protective and therapeutic antitumour immunity. Nat Med 1995; 1: 1297–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu X, Chakraborty N G, Sporn J R, Kurtzman S H, Ergin M T, Mukherji B. Enhancement of cytolytic T lymphocyte precursor frequency in melanoma patients following immunization with the MAGE-1 peptide loaded antigen presenting cell-based vaccine. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 2479–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kittlesen D J, Thompson L W, Gulden P H, Skipper J CA, Colella T A, Shabanowitz J A, et al. Human melanoma patients recognize an HLA-Al-restricted CTL epitope from tyrosinase containing two cysteine residues: implications for tumor vaccine development. J Immunol 1998; 160: 2099–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrams S I, Stanziale S F, Lunin S D, Zaremba S, Schlom J. Identification of overlapping epitopes in mutant ras oncogene peptides that activate CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26: 435–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin H, Chen W, Takahashi M, Disk M L, Byrd D R, McCahill L, et al. CD4+ T-cell immunity to mutated ras protein in pancreatic and colon cancer patients. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 2984–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjertsen M K, Bjørheim J, Saeterdal I, Myklebust J, Gaudernack G. Cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, generated by mutant p21-ras (12Val) peptide vaccination of a patient, recognize 12ValLdependent nested epitopes present within the vaccine peptide and kill autologous tumour cells carrying this mutation. Int J Cancer 1997; 72: 784–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bruijn M LH, Schuurhuis D H, Vierboom M PM, Vermeulen H, de Cock K AJ, Ooms M E, et al. Immunization with human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) oncoprotein-loaded dendritic cells as well as protein in adjuvant induces MHC class I-restricted protection to HPéV16-induced tumor cells. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 724–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blachere N E, Li Z H, Chandawarkar R Y, Suto R, Jaikaria N S, Basu S, et al. Heat shock protein-peptide complexes, reconstituted in vitro, elicit peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response and tumor immunity. J Exp Med 1997; 186: 1315–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagerberg J, Steinitz M, Wigzell H, Askelöf P, Mellstedt H. Human anti-idiotypic antibodies induced a humoral and cellular immune response against a colorectal carcinoma-associated antigen in patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci LJSA 1995; 92: 4773–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durrant L G, Buckley D J, Spendlove I, Robins R A. Low doses of 105AD7 cancer vaccine preferentially stimulate anti-tumor T-cell immunity. Hybridoma 1997; 16: 23–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foon K A, John W J, Chakraborty M, Sherratt A, Garrison J, Flett M, et al. Clinical and immune responses in advanced colorectal cancer patients treated with anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody vaccine that mimics the carcinoemhryonic antigen. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3: 1267–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittelman A, Chen Z J, Liu C C, Hirai S, Ferrone S. Kinetics of the immune response and regression of metastatic lesions following development of humoral anti-high molecular weight-melanoma associated antigen immunity in three patients with advanced malignant melanoma immunized with mouse antidiiotypic monoclonal antibody MK2–23. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 415–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaffery M, Yao T J, Williams L, Livingston P O, Houghton A N, Chapman P B. Immunization of melanoma patients with BEC2 anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody that mimics GD3 ganglioside: enhanced immunogenicity when combined with adjuvant. Clin Cancer Res 1996; 2: 679–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foon K A, Oseroff A R, Vaickus L, Greenberg S J, Russell D, Bernstein Z, et al. Immune responses in patients with T-cell lymphoma treated with an anti-idiotype antibody mimicking a highly restricted T-cell antigen. Clin Cancer Res 1995; 1: 1285–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg S A. The immunotherapy of solid cancers based on cloning the genes encoding tumor-rejection antigens. Annu Rev Med 1996; 481–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Bruggen P, Traversari C, Chomez P, Lurquin C, De Plaen E, Van den Eynde B, et al. A gene encoding an antigen recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human melanoma. Science 1991; 254: 1643–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herlyn D, Somasundaram R, Jacob L, Li W, Zaloudik J, Maruyama H, . Anti-idiotypic antibodies that mimic the colorectal cancer antigen C017–1MGA733: twelve years of pre-clinical and clinical studies. Idiotypes in Medicine Autoimmunity, Infection and Cancer, Y Shoenfeld, R C Kennedy, S Ferrone, et al. Elsevier Science, New York 1997; 477–88
   Google Scholar
• Stein K, Soderstrom T. Neonatal administration of idiotype or anti-idiotype primes for protection against Escherichia coli K13 infection in mice. J Exp Med 1984; 160: 1001–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh M N, Stapleton J D, Khazaeli M B, LoBuglio A F. Generation of a human anti-idiotypic antibody that mimics the GD2 antigen. J Immunol 1993; 151: 3390–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs E J, Matzinger P. Is cancer dangerous to the immune system?. Sem Immunol 1996; 8: 271–80
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herlyn D, Powe J, Ross A H, Herlyn M, Koprowski H. Inhibition of human tumor growth by IgG2a monoclonal antibodies correlates with antibody density on tumor cells. J Immunol 1985; 134: 1300–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim C J, Parkinson D R, Marincola F. Immunodominance across HLA polymorphism: implications for cancer immuno-therapy. J Immunother 1998; 21: 1–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasai Y, Herlyn D, Sperlagh M, Maruyama H, Matsushita S, Linnenbach A J. Molecular cloning of murine monoclonal anti-idiotypic Fab. J Immunol Methods 1992; 155: 77–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Berencsi K, Basak S, Somasundaram R, Ricciardi R P, Gönczöl E, et al. Human colorectal cancer (CRC) antigen CO17–1A/GA733 encoded by adenovirus inhibits growth of established CRC cells in mice. J Immunol 1997; 159: 763–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celluzzi C M, Mayordomo J I, Storkus W J, Lotze M T, Falo L D J. Peptide-pulsed dendritic cells induce antigen-specific CTL-mediated protective tumor immunity. J Exp Med 1996; 183: 283–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falo L D, Jr., Kovacsovics-Bankowski M, Thompson K, Rock K L. Targeting antigen into the phagocytic pathway in vivo induces protective tumour immunity. Nat Med 1995; 1: 649–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenton R T, Sznol M, Luster D G, Taub D D, Longo D L. A phase I trial of B7-transfected or parental lethally irradiated allogeneic melanoma cell lines to induce cell-mediated immunity against tumor-associated antigen presented by HLA-A2 or HLA-A1 in patients with stage IV melanoma. Hum Gene Ther 1995; 6: 87–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang W, Swiggard W J, Heufler C, Peng M, Mirza A, Steinman R M, et al. The receptor DEC-205 expressed by dendritic cells and thymic epithelial cells is involved in antigen processing. Nature 1995; 375: 151–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong J, Chen D, Kashiwaba M, Kufe D. Induction of antitumor activity by immunization with fusions of dendritic and carcinoma cells. Nut Med 1997; 3: 558–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boczkowski D, Nair S K, Snyder D, Gilboa E. Dendritic cells pulsed with RNA are potent antigen-presenting cells in vitro and in vivo. J Exp Med 1996; 184: 465–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuting T, De Leo A B, Lotze M T, Storkus W J. Genetically modified bone marrow-derived dendritic cells expressing tumor-associated viral or “self” antigens induce antitumor immunity in vivo. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27: 2702–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribas A, Butterfield L H, McBride W H, Jilani S M, Bui L A, Vollmer C M, et al. Genetic immunization for the melanoma antigen MART-1/Melan-A using recombinant adenovirus-transduced murine dendritic cells. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 2865–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair S K, Snyder D, Rouse B T, Gilboa E. Regression of tumors in mice vaccinated with professional antigen-presenting cells pulsed with tumor extracts. Int J Cancer 1997; 70: 706–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conry R M, LoBuglio A F, Curiel D T. Polynucleotide-mediated immunization therapy of cancer. Sem Oncol 1996; 23: 135–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conry R M, LoBuglio A F, Kantor J, Schlom J, Loechel F, Moore S E, et al. Immune response to a carcinoembryonic antigen polynucleotide vaccine. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 1164–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwasaki A, Stiernholm B JN, Chan A K, Berinstein N L, Barber B H. Enhanced CTL responses mediated by plasmid DNA immunogens encoding costimulatory molecules and cytokines. J Immunol 1997; 158: 4591–601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen P W, Wang M, Bronte V, Zhai Y, Rosenberg S A, Restifo N P. Therapeutic antitumor response after immunization with a recombinant adenovirus encoding a model tumor-associated antigen. J Immunol 1996; 156: 224–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warnier G, Duffour M T, Uyttenhove C, Gajewski T F, Lurquin C, Haddada H, et al. Induction of a cytolytic T-cell response in mice with a recombinant adenovirus coding for tumor antigen P815A. Int J Cancer 1996; 67: 303–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai Y, Yang J C, Kawakami Y, Spiess P, Wadsworth S C, Cardoza L M, et al. Antigen-specific tumor vaccines. Development and characterization of recombinant adenoviruses encoding MART1 or gp100 for cancer therapy. J Immunol 1996; 156: 700–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Z K, Ikonomidis G, Lazenby A, Pardoll D, Paterson Y. A recombinant Listeria monocytogenes vaccine expressing a model tumour antigen protects mice against lethal tumour cell challenge and causes regression of established tumours. Nut Med 1995; 1: 471–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Z K, Ikonomidis G, Pardoll D, Paterson Y. Regression of established tumors in mice mediated by the oral administration of a recombinant Listeria monocytogenes vaccine. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 4776–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heath A W, Playfair J H. Conjugation of interferon-gamma to antigen enhances its adjuvanticity. Immunology 1990; 71: 454–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steidler L, Robinson K, Chamberlain L, Schofield K M, Remaut E, LePage R W, et al. Mucosal delivery of murine interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-6 by recombinant strains of Lactococcus lactis coexpressing antigen and cytokine. Infect Immun 1998; 66: 3183–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Disk M L, Bernhard H, Shiota F M, Hand S L, Gralow J R, Huseby E S, et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor: an effective adjuvant for protein and peptide-based vaccines. Blood 1996; 88: 202–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afonso L C, Scharton T M, Vieira L Q, Wysocka M, Trinchieri G, Scott P. The adjuvant effect of interleukin-12 in a vaccine against Leishmania major. Science 1994; 263: 235–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliss J, Van Cleave V, Murray K, Wiencis A, Ketchum M, Maylor R, et al. IL-12, as an adjuvant, promotes a T helper 1 cell, but does not suppress a T helper 2 cell recall response. J Immunol 1996; 156: 887–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlers J D, Dunlop N, Alling D W, Nara P L, Berzofsky J A. Cytokine-in-adjuvant steering of the immune response phenotype to HIV-1 vaccine constructs: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and TNF-alpha synergize with IL-12 to enhance induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Immunol 1997; 158: 3947–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulter A, Wong T-Y, Dram D, Bates J, Macfarlan R, Cox J. Studies on experimental adjuvanted influenza vaccines: comparison of immune stimulating complexes (Iscoms™) and oil-in-water vaccines. Vaccine 1997; 16: 1243–53
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karagouni E E, Hadjipetrou-Kourounakis L. Regulation of isotype immunoglobulin production by adjuvants in vivo. Scand J Immunol 1990; 31: 745–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjolander A, Bengtsson K L, Morein B. Kinetics, localization and cytokine profile of T cell responses to immune stimulating complexes (iscoms) containing human influenza virus envelope glycoproteins. Vaccine 1997; 15: 1030–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison A C, Byars N E. An adjuvant formulation that selectively elicits the formation of the antibodies of protective isotypes and of cell-mediated immunity. J Immunol Methods 1986; 95: 157–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Souza J B, Ling I T, Ogun S A, Holder A A, Playfair J H. Cytokines and antibody subclass associated with protective immunity against blood-stage malaria in mice vaccinated with the C terminus of merozoite surface protein 1 plus a novel adjuvant. Infect Immun 1996; 64: 3532–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baca-Estrada M E, Foldvari M, Snider M, van Drunen Littel-van den, Hurk S, Babiuk L A. Effect of IL-4 and IL-12 liposomal formulations on the induction of immune response to bovine herpesvirus type-1 glycoprotein D. Vaccine 1997; 15: 1753–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsay A J, Husband A J, Ramshaw I A, Bao S, Matthaei K I, Koehler G, et al. The role of interleukin-6 in mucosal IgA antibody responses in vivo. Science 1994; 264: 561–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta R K, Siber G R. Comparison of adjuvant activities of aluminium phosphate, calcium phosphate and stearyl tyrosine for tetanus toxoid. Biologicals 1994; 22: 53–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultzer B M, Craig J P, Castagna R. The adjuvant effect of pertussis endotoxin protein in modulating the immune response to cholera toxoid in mice. Dev Biol Stand 1985; 61: 225–32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leclerc C, Audibert F, Chedid L. Influence of a synthetic adjuvant (MDP) on qualitative and quantitative changes of serum globulins. Immunology 1978; 35: 963–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock G E, Speelman D J, Frenchick P J, Mineokuhn M M, Baggs R B, Hahn D J. Formulation of the purified fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus with the saponin QS-21 induces protective immune-responses in Balb/c mice that are similar to those generated by experimental-infection. Vaccine 1995; 13: 391–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bei R, Guptill V, Masuelli L, Kashmiri S V, Muraro R, Frati L, et al. The use of a cationic liposome formulation (DOTAP) mixed with a recombinant tumor-associated antigen to induce immune responses and protective immunity in mice. J Immunother 1998; 21: 159–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maloy K J, Donachie A M, Mowat A M. Induction of Thl and Th2 04′ T cell responses by oral or parenteral immunization with ISCOMS. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25: 2835–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi H, Takeshita T, Morein B, Putney S, Germain R N, Berzofsky J A. Induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells by immunization with purified HIV-1 envelope protein in iscoms. Nature 1990; 344: 873–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cataldo D M, Van Nest G. The adjuvant MF59 increases the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of subunit influenza vaccine in mice. Vaccine 1997; 15: 1710–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu X, Tommasino M, Vousden K, Sadovnikava E, Rappuoli R, Crawford L, et al. Both immunization with protein and recombinant vaccinia virus can stimulate CTL specific for the E7 protein of human-papilloma-virus-16 in H-2(D) mice. Scand J Immunol 1995; 42: 557–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou F, Huang L. Monophosphoryl lipid A enhances specific CTL induction by a soluble protein antigen entrapped in liposomes. Vaccines 1993; 11: 1139–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snapper C M, Paul W E. Interferon-gamma and B cell stimulatory factor-1 reciprocally regulate Ig isotype production. Science 1987; 236: 944–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelman F D, Holmes J, Katona I M, Urban J F, Jr., Beckmann M P, Park L S, et al. Lymphokine control of in vivo immunoglobulin isotype selection. Annu Rev Immunol 1990; 8: 303–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grewal I S, Borrow P, Palmer E G, Oldstone M B, Flavell R A. The CD40–CD154 system in anti-infective host defense. Curr Opin Immunol 1997; 9: 491–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilloo D, Brown M, Roskrow M, Zhong W, Holladay M, Holden W, et al. CD40 ligand induces an antileukemia immune response in vivo. Blood 1997; 90: 1927–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossmann M E, Brown M P, Brenner M K. Antitumor responses induced by transgenic expression of CD40 ligand. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8: 1935–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurunathan S, Irvine K R, Wu C-Y, Cohen J I, Thomas E, Prussin C, et al. CD40 ligand/trimer DNA enhances both humoral and cellular immune responses and induce, protective immunity to infectious and tumor challenge. J Immunol 1998; 161: 4563–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herlyn D, Jacob L, Somasundaram R. Cancer vaccines: preclinical studies. Biologic Therapy of Cancer, V Devita, S Hallman, S A Rosenberg. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA 1995; 625–33
   Google Scholar
• Spicer A P, Parry G, Patton S, Gendler S J. Molecular-cloning and analysis of the mouse homolog of the tumor-associated mucin, MUC1, reveals conservation of potential 0–glycosylation sites, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains and a loss of minisatellite-like polymorphism. J Biol Chem 1991; 266: 15099–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchemin N, Turbide C, Afar D, Bell J, Raymond M, Stanners C P, et al. A mouse analogue of the human carcinoembryonic antigen. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 2017–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyamoto H, Homma M, Hotta H. Molecular cloning of the murine homologue of CD63/ME491 and detection of its strong expression in the kidney and activated macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994; 1217: 312–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Backer O, Verheyden A M, Martin B, Godelaine D, De Plaen E, Brasseur R, et al. Structure, chromosomal location, and expression pattern of three mouse genes homologous to the human MAGE genes. Genomics 1995; 28: 74–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai Y, Yang J C, Spiess P, Nishimura M I, Overwijk W W, Roberts B, et al. Cloning and characterization of the genes encoding the murine homologues of the human melanoma antigens MART1 and gp100. J Immunother 1997; 20: 15–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergsagel P L, Victorkobrin C, Timblin C R, Trepel J, Kuchl W M. A murine cDNA encodes a pan-epithelial glycoprotein that is also expressed on plasma cells. J Immunol 1992; 148: 590–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlingemann R O, Rietveld F JR, de Waal R MW, Ferrone S, Ruiter D J. Expression of the high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen by pericytes during angiogenesis in tumors and in healing wounds. Am J Pathol 1990; 136: 1393–405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basak S, Zaloudik J, Nesbit M, Wunner W, Eck S, Bergsagel P L, et al. Mouse model of active immunotherapy against the human colon carcinoma. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1996; 37: 445
   Google Scholar
• Hayashi Y, Hoon D SB, Foshag L J, Park M S, Terasaki P I, Morton D L. A preclinical model to assess the antigenicity of an HLA-A2 melanoma cell vaccine. Cancer 1993; 72: 750–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berd D, Maguire H C, Jr., Mastrangelo M J, Murphy G. Activation markers on T cells infiltrating melanoma metastases after therapy with dinitrophenyl-conjugated vaccine. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1994; 39: 141–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar