Metformin reduces vascular endothelial dysfunction caused by an acute glucose load in patients with hypertension

References

• Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, Spiegelhalter DJ, Miller OI, Sullivan ID, . Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet. 1992;340:1111–1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funada J, Sekiya M, Hamada M, Hiwada K. Postprandial elevation of remnant lipoprotein leads to endothelial dysfunction. Circ J. 2002;66:127–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Oostrom AJ, Cabezas MC, Rabelink TJ. Insulin resistance and vessel endothelial function. J R Soc Med. 2002;95 Suppl 42:54–61.
   Google Scholar
• Parks EJ. Recent findings in the study of postprandial lipemia. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2001;3:462–470.
   Google Scholar
• Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Daskalopoulou SS, Mikhailidis DP, Cokkinos DV. Clinical relevance of postprandial lipaemia. Curr Med Chem. 2005;12:1931–1945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Manson JE, Buring JE, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Ridker PM. Relation between a diet with a high glycemic load and plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75: 492–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Franz M, Sampson L, . A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:1455–1461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mursu J, Virtanen JK, Rissanen TH, Tuomainen TP, Nykanen I, Laukkanen JA, . Glycemic index, glycemic load, and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in Finnish men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;21:144–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitan EB, Mittleman MA, Hakansson N, Wolk A. Dietary glycemic index, dietary glycemic load, and cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older Swedish men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:1521–1526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilmink HW, Twickler MB, Banga JD, Dallinga-Thie GM, Eeltink H, Erkelens DW, . Effect of statin versus fibrate on postprandial endothelial dysfunction: Role of remnant-like particles. Cardiovasc Res. 2001;50:577–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel RA, Corretti MC, Plotnick GD. Effect of a single high-fat meal on endothelial function in healthy subjects. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79:350–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee IK, Kim HS, Bae JH. Endothelial dysfunction: Its relationship with acute hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidemia. Int J Clin Pract Suppl. 2002;(129):59–64.
   Google Scholar
• Tesfamariam B, DeFelice AF. Endothelial injury in the initiation and progression of vascular disorders. Vascul Pharmacol. 2007;46:229–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo A, Ceolotto G, Pinton P, Iori E, Murphy E, Rutter GA, . Metformin prevents glucose-induced protein kinase C-beta2 activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells through an antioxidant mechanism. Diabetes. 2005;54: 1123–1131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirpichnikov D, McFarlane SI, Sowers JR. Metformin: An update. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:25–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detaille D, Guigas B, Chauvin C, Batandier C, Fontaine E, Wiernsperger N, . Metformin prevents high-glucose-induced endothelial cell death through a mitochondrial permeability transition-dependent process. Diabetes. 2005;54:2179–2187.
   Google Scholar
• Hou X, Song J, Li XN, Zhang L, Wang X, Chen L, . Metformin reduces intracellular reactive oxygen species levels by upregulating expression of the antioxidant thioredoxin via the AMPK-FOXO3 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;396:199–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guigas B, Detaille D, Chauvin C, Batandier C, De Oliveira F, Fontaine E, . Metformin inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition and cell death: A pharmacological in vitrostudy. Biochem J. 2004;382(Pt 3):877–884.
   Google Scholar
• Hypertension CfRoCGfPaToPw. Chinese guidelines for prevention and treatment of patients with hypertension. Chinese J Hypertension. 2005;134:39.
   Google Scholar
• Corretti MC, Plotnick GD, Vogel RA. Technical aspects of evaluating brachial artery vasodilatation using high-frequency ultrasound. Am J Physiol. 1995;268(4 Pt 2):H1397–H1404.
   Google Scholar
• Verma S, Bhanot S, Yao L, McNeill JH. Defective endothelium-dependent relaxation in fructose-hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens. 1996;9(4 Pt 1):370–376.
   Google Scholar
• Verma S, Bhanot S, McNeill JH. Decreased vascular reactivity in metformin-treated fructose-hypertensive rats. Metabolism. 1996;45:1053–1055.
   Google Scholar
• Verma S, Bhanot S, McNeill JH. Antihypertensive effects of metformin in fructose-fed hyperinsulinemic, hypertensive rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994;271:1334–1337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma S, Bhanot S, McNeill JH. Metformin decreases plasma insulin levels and systolic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol. 1994;267(4 Pt 2): H1250–H1253.
   Google Scholar
• Gokce N, Holbrook M, Duffy SJ, Demissie S, Cupples LA, Biegelsen E, . Effects of race and hypertension on flow-mediated and nitroglycerin-mediated dilation of the brachial artery. Hypertension. 2001;38:1349–1354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubira MC, Consolim-Colombo FM, Rabelo ER, Yugar-Toledo JC, Casarini D, Coimbra SR, . Venous or arterial endothelium evaluation for early cardiovascular dysfunction in hypertensive patients?J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2007;9:859–865.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dengel DR, Kelly AS, Steinberger J, Sinaiko AR. Effect of oral glucose loading on endothelial function in normal-weight and overweight children. Clin Sci (Lond). 2007;112:493–498.
   Google Scholar
• Lorbeer R, Empen K, Dorr M, Arndt M, Schipf S, Nauck M, . Association between glycosylated haemoglobin A(1c) and endothelial function in an adult non-diabetic population. Atherosclerosis. 2011;217:358–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horio T, Suzuki M, Takamisawa I, Suzuki K, Hiuge A, Yoshimasa Y, . Pioglitazone-induced insulin sensitization improves vascular endothelial function in nondiabetic patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(12 Pt 1):1626–1630.
   Google Scholar
• Kukidome D, Nishikawa T, Sonoda K, Imoto K, Fujisawa K, Yano M, . Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase reduces hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Diabetes. 2006;55:120–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orio F, Jr., Palomba S, Cascella T, De Simone B, Manguso F, Savastano S, . Improvement in endothelial structure and function after metformin treatment in young normal-weight women with polycystic ovary syndrome: Results of a 6-month study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:6072–6076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naka KK, Kalantaridou SN, Kravariti M, Bechlioulis A, Kazakos N, Calis KA, . Effect of the insulin sensitizers metformin and pioglitazone on endothelial function in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A prospective randomized study. Fertil Steril. 2011;95:203–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attia SM, Helal GK, Alhaider AA. Assessment of genomic instability in normal and diabetic rats treated with metformin. Chem Biol Interact. 2009;180:296–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhaider AA, Korashy HM, Sayed-Ahmed MM, Mobark M, Kfoury H, Mansour MA. Metformin attenuates streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats through modulation of oxidative stress genes expression. Chem Biol Interact. 2011;192:233–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg HO, Paradisi G, Hook G, Crowder K, Cronin J, Baron AD. Free fatty acid elevation impairs insulin-mediated vasodilation and nitric oxide production. Diabetes. 2000; 49:1231–1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mather KJ, Verma S, Anderson TJ. Improved endothelial function with metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:1344–1350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogachus LD, Turcotte LP. Genetic downregulation of AMPK-alpha isoforms uncovers the mechanism by which metformin decreases FA uptake and oxidation in skeletal muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2010;299:C1549–C1561.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou G, Myers R, Li Y, Chen Y, Shen X, Fenyk-Melody J, . Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action. J Clin Invest. 2001;108:1167–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar