The relationship between cognitive functions, somatization and behavioural coping in patients with multiple functional somatic symptoms

References

• Fink P, Toft T, Hansen MS, Ørnbøl E, Olesen F. Symptoms and syndromes of bodily distress: An exploratory study of 978 internal medical, neurological, and primary care patients. Psychosom Med 2007;69:30–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessely S, Nimnuan C, Sharpe M. Functional somatic syndromes: One or many? Lancet 1999;354:936–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink P, Hansen MS, Søndergaard L, Frydenberg M. Mental illness in new neurological patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:817–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink P, Hansen MS, Oxhoj ML. The prevalence of somatoform disorders among internal medical inpatients. J Psychosom Res 2004;56:413–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink P, Steen HM, Søndergaard L. Somatoform disorders among first-time referrals to a neurology service. Psychosomatics 2005;46:540–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toft T, Fink P, Oernboel E, Christensen K, Frostholm L, Olesen F. Mental disorders in primary care: Prevalence and co-morbidity among disorders. results from the functional illness in primary care (FIP) study. Psychol Med 2005;35:1175–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink P. Physical complaints and symptoms of somatizing patients. J Psychosom Res 1992;36:125–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead WE, Palsson O, Jones KR. Systematic review of the comorbidity of irritable bowel syndrome with other disorders: What are the causes and implications? Gastroenterology 2002;122:1140–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessely S, White PD. There is only one functional somatic syndrome. Br J Psychiatry 2004;185:95–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olde Hartman TC, Lucassen PL, van de Lisdonk EH, Bor HH, van Weel C. Chronic functional somatic symptoms: A single syndrome? Br J Gen Pract 2004;54:922–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RC, Dwamena FC. Classification and diagnosis of patients with medically unexplained symptoms. J Gen Intern Med 2007;22:685–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellner R. Functional somatic symptoms and hypochondriasis. A survey of empirical Studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:821–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escobar JI, Golding JM, Hough RL, Karno M, Burnam MA, Wells KB. Somatization in the community: Relationship to disability and use of services. Am J Public Health 1987;77:837–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin S, Decalmer P, Haran D. Community screening for mental illness: A validity study of the General Health Questionnaire. Br J Psychiatry 1982;140:174–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellner R, Schneider-Braus K. Distress and attitudes in patients perceived as hypochondriacal by medical staff. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1988;10:157–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busichio K, Tiersky LA, DeLuca J, Natelson BH. Neuropsychological deficits in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2004;10:278–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grafman J, Schwartz V, Dale JK, Scheffers M, Houser C, Straus SE. Analysis of neuropsychological functioning in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993;56:684–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrie SM, MacHale SM, Cavanagh JTO, O'Carroll RE, Goodwin GM. The difference in patterns of motor and cognitive function in chronic fatigue syndrome and severe depressive illness. Psychol Med 2000;30:433–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall PS, Forstot M, Callies A, Peterson PK, Schenck CH. Cognitive slowing and working memory difficulties in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychosom Med 1997;59:58–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krupp LB, Sliwinski M, Masur DM, Friedberg F, Coyle PK. Cognitive functioning and depression in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 1994;51:705–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross S, Fantie B, Straus SF, Grafman J. Divided attention deficits in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Appl Neuropsychol 2001;8:4–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grace GM, Nielson WR, Hopkins M, Berg MA. Concentration and memory deficits in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1999;21:477–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park DC, Glass JM, Minear M, Crofford LJ. Cognitive function in fibromyalgia patients. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:2125–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landro NI, Stiles TC, Sletvold H. Memory functioning in patients with primary fibromyalgia and major depression and healthy controls. J Psychosom Res 1997;42:297–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sletvold H, Stiles TC, Landro NI. Information-processing in primary fibromyalgia, major depression and healthy controls. J Rheumatol 1995;22:137–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhr JA. Neuropsychological impairment in fibromyalgia—Relation to depression, fatigue, and pain. J Psychosom Res 2003;55:321–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antepohl W, Kiviloog L, Andersson J, Gerdle B. Cognitive impairment in patients with chronic whiplash-associated disorder—A matched control study. NeuroRehabilitation 2003;18;307–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosma FK, Kessels RP. Cognitive impairments, psychological dysfunction, and coping styles in patients with chronic whiplash syndrome. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 2002;15:56–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guez M, Brannstrom R, Nyberg L, Toolanen G, Hildingsson C. Neuropsychological functioning and MMPI-2 profiles in chronic neck pain: A comparison of whiplash and non-traumatic groups. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2005;27:151–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessels RP, Aleman A, Verhagen WI, van Luijtelaar EL. Cognitive functioning after whiplash injury: A meta-analysis. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2000;6:271–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor AE, Cox CA, Mailis A. Persistent neuropsychological deficits following whiplash: Evidence for chronic mild traumatic brain injury? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1996;77:529–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemi PM, Portin R, Aalto S, Hakala M, Karlsson H. Cognitive functioning in severe somatization—A pilot study. Acta Psychiat Scand 2002;106:461–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweller J. Cognitive load during problem-solving—Effects on learning. Cognitive Sci 1988;12:257–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnsten AFT. Research: Neuroscience—The biology of being frazzled. Science 1998;280:1711–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen BS. Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: Central role of the brain. Physiol Rev 2007;87:873–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keefe FJ, Williams DA. A comparison of coping strategies in chronic pain patients in different age groups. J Gerontol 1990;45:161–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Snow-Turek AL, Norris MP, Tan G. Active and passive coping strategies in chronic pain patients. Pain 1996;64:455–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderlund A, Lindberg P. Whiplash-associated disorders—predicting disability from a process-oriented perspective of coping. Clin Rehabil 2003;17:101–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll L, Mercado AC, Cassidy JD, Cjte P. A population-based study of factors associated with combinations of active and passive coping with neck and low back pain. J Rehabil Med 2002;34:67–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. SCAN. Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry, version 2.1. Geneva: World Health Organization, Division of Mental Health; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Derogatis LR. SCL-90-R administration, scoring and procedures manual-II, 2nd. Towson, MD: Clinical Psychometric Research; 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Rickels K, Uhlenhuth EH, Covi L. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL). A measure of primary symptom dimensions. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry 1974;7: 79–110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fink P, Jensen J, Borgquist L, Brevik JI, Dalgard OS, Sandager I, . Psychiatric morbidity in primary public health care. A Nordic multicenter investigation. Part I: Method and prevalence of psychiatric morbidity. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1995;92:409–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink P, Ørnbøl E, Huyse FJ, de Jonge P, Lobo A, Herzog T, . A brief diagnostic screening instrument for mental disturbances in general medical wards. J Psychosom Res 2004;57:17–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink P, Ørnbøl E, Hansen MS, Sondergaard L, de Jonge P. Detecting mental disorders in general hospitals by the SCL-8 scale. J Psychosom Res 2004;56:371–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen KS, Fink P, Toft T, Frostholm L, Ørnbøl E, Olesen F. A brief case-finding questionnaire for common mental disorders: The CMDQ. Fam Pract 2005;22:448–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink P, Ewald H, Jensen J, Sorensen L, Engberg M, Holm M, . Screening for somatization and hypochondriasis in primary care and neurological in-patients: A seven-item scale for hypochondriasis and somatization. J Psychosom Res 1999;46:261–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstiel AK, Keefe FJ. The use of coping strategies in chronic low back pain patients: Relationship to patient characteristics and current adjustment. Pain 1983;17:33–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation; 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Partington JE, Leiter RG. Partington's Pathways Test. Psychol Serv Center Bull 1949;1:9–20.
   Google Scholar
• Brickenkamp R. Test d2:/Aufmerksamkeits-Belastungs-Test, 7th; 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Wetzel L, Boll T. Short category test. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Spreen O, Benton AL. Neurosensory Center Comprehensive Examination for Aphasia (NCCEA). Victoria, B.C.: University of Victoria Neuropsychology Laboratory; 1977.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor EM. Psychological appraisal of children with cerebral deficits. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1959.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler D. Wechsler Memory Scale—Revised. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporations; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Eccleston C, Crombez G, Aldrich S, Stannard C. Attention and somatic awareness in chronic pain. Pain 1997;72:209–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen MP, Karoly P. Control beliefs, coping efforts, and adjustment to chronic pain. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991;59:431–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes JA, Stevenson CA. Differential effects of avoidant and attentional coping strategies on adaptation to chronic and recent-onset pain. Health Psychol 1990;9:577–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suls J, Fletcher B. The relative efficacy of avoidant and nonavoidant coping strategies: A meta-analysis. Health Psychol 1985;4: 249–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holm LW, Carroll LJ, David CJ, Ahlbom A. Factors influencing neck pain intensity in whiplash-associated disorders in Sweden. Clin J Pain 2007;23:591–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar