Metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia: A comparative study of antipsychotic-free/naïve and antipsychotic-treated patients from India

References

• Brown S. Excess mortality of schizophrenia, a meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 1997;171:502–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagg S, Lindblom Y, Mjorndal T, Adolfsson R. High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among a Swedish cohort of patients with schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;21:93–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet 2005;365:1415–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saari KM, Lindeman SM, Viilo KM, Isohanni MK, Jarvelin MR, Lauren LH, . A 4-fold risk of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:559–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeHert M, van Winkel R, Van Eyck D, Hanssens L, Wampers M, Scheen A, . Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia treated with antipsychotic medication. Schizophr Res 2006;83:87–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeHert M, Schreurs V, Sweers K, Van Eyck D, Hanssens L, Sinko S, . Typical and atypical antipsychotics differentially affect long-term incidence rates of the metabolic syndrome in first-episode patients with schizophrenia: A retrospective chart review. Schizophr Res 2008;101:295–303.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeHert M, Hanssens L, Wampers, M, van Winkel, R, Van Eyck, D, Scheen, A . Prevalence and incidence rates of metabolic abnormalities and diabetes in a prospective study of patients treated with second-generation antipsychotics. Schizophr Bull 2007; 33:497–98.
   Google Scholar
• Banerji MA, Faridi N, Atluri R, Chaiken RL, Lebovitz HE. Body composition, visceral fat, leptin, and insulin resistance in Asian Indian men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:137–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudeja V, Misra A, Pandey RM, Devina G, Kumar G, Vikram NK. BMI does not accurately predict overweight in Asian Indians in Northern India. Br J Nutr 2001;86:105–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saddichha S, Manjunatha N, Ameen S, Akhtar S. Metabolic syndrome in first episode schizophrenia—A randomized double-blind controlled short-term prospective study. Schizophr Res 2008;101:266–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saddichha S, Ameen S, Akhtar S. Incidence of new onset metabolic syndrome with atypical antipsychotics in first episode schizophrenia: A six-week prospective study in Indian female patients. Schizophr Res 2007;95:247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidel HM, Ball, JW, Dains, JE, Benedict, GW. Mosby's guide to physical examination. 6th edition. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler A. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1987;13:261–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopalan C, Ramasastri BV, Balasubramanian SC. Nutritive value of Indian foods. New Delhi: Indian Council of Medical Research; 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Troisi RJ, Cowie CC, Harris MI. Diurnal variation in fasting plasma glucose: Implications for diagnosis of diabetes in patients examined in the afternoon. JAMA 2000;284:3157–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome—A new worldwide definition. A consensus statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med 2005;23:469–80.
   Google Scholar
• Deepa M, Farooq S, Datta M, Deepa R, Mohan V. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome using WHO, ATPIII and IDF definitions in Asian Indians: The Chennai urban rural epidemiology study (CURES-34). Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2007;23:127–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta R, Deedwania PC, Gupta A, Rastogi S, Panwar RB, Kothari K. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an Indian urban population. Int J Cardiol 2004;97:257–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildrum B, Mykletun A, Hole T, Midthjell K, Dahl AA. Age-specific prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation and the National Cholesterol Education Program: The Norwegian HUNT 2 study. BMC Pub Health 2007;7:220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerit C, Ozten E, Yildiz M. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and related factors in patients with schizophrenia. Turk J Psychiatry 2008;19:124–32.
   Google Scholar
• Heiskanen T, Niskanen L, Lyytikäinen R, Saarinen PI, Hintikka J. Metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:575–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira PJR, Rocha FL. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among psychiatric inpatients in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 2007;29:330–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiden PJ, Daniel DG, Simpson G, Romano SJ. Improvement in indices of health status in outpatients with schizophrenia switched to ziprasidone. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;23:595–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey DE, Carson WH, Saha AR, Liebeskind A, Ali MW, Jody D, Ingenito GG. Switching patients to aripiprazole from other antipsychotic agents: A multicenter randomized study. Psychopharmcology (Berl) 2003;166:391–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arango C, Bobes J, Aranda P, Carmena R, Garcia M, Rejas J. A comparison of schizophrenia outpatients treated with antipsychotics with and without metabolic syndrome: Findings from the CLAMORS study. Schizophr Res 2008;104:1–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, Stern M. American Diabetes Association; European Association for the Study of Diabetes. The metabolic syndrome: Time for a critical appraisal: Joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2289–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato MM, Currier MB, Gomez CM, Hall L, Gonzalez-Blanco M. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Hispanic and non-Hispanic patients with schizophrenia. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2004;6:74–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Sarraj T, Saadi H, Volek JS, Fernandez ML. Metabolic syndrome prevalence, dietary intake, and cardiovascular risk profile among overweight and obese adults 18–50 years old from the United Arab Emirates. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2010;8:39–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Straker D, Correll CU, Kramer-Ginsberg E, Abdulhamid N, Koshy F, Rubens E, Saint-Vil R, Kane JM, Manu P. Cost-effective screening for the metabolic syndrome in patients treated with second-generation antipsychotic medications. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:1217–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:596–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savoy YE, Ashton MA, Miller MW, Nedza FM, Spracklin DK, Hawthorn MH, . Differential effects of various typical and atypical antipsychotics on plasma glucose and insulin levels in the mouse: Evidence for the involvement of sympathetic regulation. Schizophr Bull 2010;36:410–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEvoy JP, Meyer JM, Goff DC, Nasrallah HA, Davis SM, Sullivan L, . Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia: Baseline results from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) schizophrenia trial and comparison with national estimates from NHANES III. Schizophr Res 2005;80:19–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar