eLearning course may shorten the duration of mechanical restraint among psychiatric inpatients: A cluster-randomized trial

References

• Whittington R, Bowers L, Nolan P, Simpson A, Neil L. Approval ratings of inpatient coercive interventions in a national sample of mental health service users and staffing in England. Psychiatr Serv 2009;60:792–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelstrop L, Chandler-Oatts J, Bingley W, Bleetman T, Corr F, Cronin-Gravis J, et al. A systematic review of the safety and effectiveness of restraint and seclusion as interventions for the short-term management of violence in adult psychiatric inpatient settings and emergency departments. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2006;3:8–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelhalden C, Needham I, Dassen T, Halfens R, Haug HJ, Fisher JE. Structured risk assessment and violence in acute psychiatric wards: Randomized controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2008;193:44–50.
   Google Scholar
• Steinert T, Lepping P, Bernhardsgru R, Conca A, Hatling T, Janssen W, Keski-Valkama A, Mayoral F, Whittington R. Incidence of seclusion and restraint in psychiatric hospitals: A literature review and survey of international trends. Soc Psychiat Epidemiol 2010;45:889–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raboch J, Kalisova L, Nawka A, Kitzlerova E, Onchev G, Karastergiou A, et al. Use of coercive measures during involuntary hospitalization: Findings from ten European countries. Psychiatr Serv 2010;61:1012–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergk J, Einsielder B, Flammer E, Steinert T.A randomized controlled comparison of seclusion and mechanical restraint in inpatient settings. Psychiatr Serv 2011;62:1310–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huf G, Coutinho ESF, Adams CE, TREC-SAVE Collaborative Group. Physical restraint versus seclusion room for management of people with acute aggression or agitation due to psychotic illness (TREC-SAVE): A randomized trial. Psychological Medic 2012. ePub 12 March 2012. Available at: http://dx.doc.org./10.1017/S0033291712000372. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Gaskin C, Elsom S, Happell, B. Interventions for reducing the use of seclusion in psychiatric facilities. Review of the literature. BrJ Psychiatry 2007;191:298–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borckardt JJ, Madan A, Grubough AL, Danielson C, Pelic C, Hardesty S, et al. Systematic investigation of initiatives to reduce seclusion and restraint in a state psychiatric hospital. Psychiatr Serv 2011;62:477–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontio R, Joffe G, Putkonen H, Hane K, Kuosmanen L, Holi M, et al. Seclusion and restraint in psychiatry: Patients’ experiences and practical suggestions on how to improve practices and use alternatives. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2012;48:16–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster C, Bowers L, Nijman H. Aggressive behaviour on acute psychiatric wards: Prevalence, severity and management. J Adv Nurs 2007;58:140–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Charter of Patients’ Rights. Basic Document. Rome, November 2002. Available at http://patienttalk.info/european_charter.pdf. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Salize H, Dressing H, Peitz M. Compulsory admission and involuntary treatment of mentally ill patients—Legislation and practice in EU-member states. Mannheim: European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General. Available at: http://www.psychrights.org/Countries/EU/ Retrieved 10 September 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Muraliharan S, Fenton M. Containment strategies for people with serious mental illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, CD002084.
   Google Scholar
• Janelli L, Dickerson S, Ventura M. Focus Groups: Nursing staff's experiences using restraints. Clin Nurs Res 1995;4:425–41.
   Google Scholar
• Kontio R, Välimäki M, Putkonen H, Kuosmanen L, Scott A, Joffe G. Patient restrictions: Are there ethical alternatives to seclusion and restraint?Nurs Ethics 2010;17:65–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needham H, Sands N. Post-seclusion debriefing: A core nursing intervention. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2010;46:221–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell G, Cubit K. Nurses under threat: A comparison of content of 28 aggression management programs. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2005;14:44–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Välimäki M, Lahti M, Scott A, Chambers M. The changing face of psychiatric nursing—Care or control. ePsychNurse.Net. Towards improved quality developing nurses’ continuing vocational training in psychiatric hospitals and inpatient units. University of Turku, Turku.
   Google Scholar
• Kontio R, Lahti M, Pitkänen A, Joffe G, Putkonen H, Hätönen H, et al. Impact of eLearning course on nurses’ professional competence in seclusion and restraint practices: A randomized controlled study (ISRCTN32869544). J Psychiatric Ment Health Nurs 2011;18:813–21.
   Google Scholar
• Kontio R, Hätönen H, Joffe G, Pitkänen A, Lahti M, Välimäki M. Impact of eLearning course on nurses’ professional competence in seclusion and restraint practices: A nine months follow-up results of a randomized controlled study (ISRCTN32869544). J Psychiatric Ment Health Nurs 2013;20:411–418.
   Google Scholar
• Docherty C, Hoy D, Topp H, Trinder K. eLearning techniques supporting problem based learning in clinical simulation. Int J Med Inform 2005;74:527–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbody S, Cahill J, Barkham M, Richards D, Bee P, Glanville J. Can we improve the morale of personnel working in psychiatric units?A systematic review. J Ment Health 2006;15:7–17.
   Google Scholar
• Möhler R, Richter T, Köpke S, Meyer G. Interventions for preventing and reducing the use of physical restraints in long-term geriatric care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011, CD007546.
   Google Scholar
• Forsetlund L, Bjørndal A, Rashidian A, Jamtvedt G, O’Brien MA, Wolf F, et al. Continuing education meetings and workshops: Effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009, DC003030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien MA, Rogers S, Jamtvedt G, Oxman AD, Odgaard-Jensen J, Kristoffersen DT, et al. Educational outreach visits: Effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes (Review). The Cochrane Library 2008, CD004398.
   Google Scholar
• Davis D, Thomson MA, O’Brien MA, Freemantle N, Wolf FM, Mazmanian P, et al. Impact of formal continuing medical education: Do conferences, workshops, rounds, and other traditional continuing education activities change physician behavior or health care outcomes?JAMA 1999;282:867–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobb S. Internet continuing education for health care professionals: An integrative review. J Continuing Educ Health Profess 2004;24:171–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruiz J, Mintzer M, Leipzig R. The impact of E-learning in medical education. IT Med Educ 2006;81:207–212.
   Google Scholar
• Cook D, Levinson A, Garside S. Time and learning efficiency in Internet-based learning: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Health Care Educ 2010;15:755–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward R., Stevens C., Brentnall P, Briddon J. The attitudes of health care staff to information technology: A comprehensive review of the literature. Health Inf Libraries J 2008;25:81–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Welfare. Psychiatric inpatient care 2011 (Psykiatrian erikoisalan laitoshoito 2011). Tilastoraportti 3/2013. Suomen virallinen tilasto, Terveys 2013. Available at: htpp://www.stakes.fi/FI/tilastot/aiheittain/Mielenterveys. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Lowe M, Rappolt S, Jaglal S, Macdoland G. The role of reflection in implementing learning from continuing education into practice. J Continuing Educ Health Profess 2007;27:143–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh A, Wain I, West M. Handle with care. Nurs Times 1995;91:62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mental Health Act 1116/1990, revised 954/1992, revised 1423/2001. Available at: http://www.finlex.fi. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Keski-Valkama A, Sailas E, Eronen M, Koivisto AM, Lönnqvist J, Kaltiala-Heino R. A 15-year national follow-up: Legislation is not enough to reduce the use of seclusion and restraint. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2007;42:747–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns N, Grove S. Understanding nursing research, 3rd edition. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Academy of Finland. Academy of Finland guidelines on research ethics; 2004. Available at: http://www.aka.fi. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Mohr WK, Petti TA, Mohr BD. Adverse effects associated with physical restraint. Can J Psychiatry 2003;48:330–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar