REFERENCES
- Friedman DS, O’Colmain BJ, Munoz B, et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004; 122:564–72.
- Klein R, Klien BE, Linton KL. Prevalence of age-related maculopathy: The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:933–43.
- Beatty S, Koh H, Phil M, Henson D, Boutlon M. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol. 2000;45:115–134.
- Winkler BS, Boulton ME, Gottsch JD, Sternberg P. Oxidative damage and age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123(11):1570–74.
- Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1417–1436.
- Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Chew EY, et al. Folic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin combination treatment and age-related macular degeneration in women. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:335–41.
- Parker RS. Carotenoids in human blood and tissues. J Nutr 1989; 119:101–02.
- Bone RA, Landrum JT, Tarsis SE. Preliminary identification of the human macular pigment. Vision Res 1985; 25:1531–35.
- Diplock AT, Charleux JL, Crozier-Willi G, Kok FJ, Rice-Evans C, Roberfroid M, Stahl W, Vina-Ribes J. Functional food science and defence against reactive oxidative species. British Journal of Nutrition 1998; 80:Suppl. 1,S77–S112.
- Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD, et al. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. JAMA, 1994; 272:1413–20.
- Van Leeuwen R, Boekhoorn S, Vingerling JR, Witteman JC, Klaver CC, Hofman A, de Jong PT. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of age-realted macular degeneration. JAMA, 2005; 294(24):3101–7.
- Teikari JM, Laatikainen L, Virtamo J, et al. Six-year supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene and age-related maculopathy. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. 1998; 76:244–29.
- VandenLangenber GM, Mares-Perlman JA, Klein R, et al. Associations between antioxidant and zinc intake and the 5-year incidence of early age-related maculopathy in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148(2):204–14.
- Flood V, Smith W, Wang JJ, et al. Dietary antioxidant intake and incidence of early age-related maculopathy: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2002;109;2272–78.
- Tan JSL, Wang JJ, Flood V, et al. Dietary antioxidants and the long-term incidence of age-related macular degeneration: The Blue Mountains Eye study. Ophthalmology. 2008;115;334–41.
- Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334:1150–55.
- Age-related Eye Disease Study 2. Manual of Procedures. 2009; http://www.web.emmes.com/study/areds2/resources/areds2_mop.pdf.
- Richer S, Stiles W, Statute L, et al. Double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of lutein and antioxidant supplementation in the intervention of atrophic age-related macular degeneration: The Veterans LAST study (Lutein Antioxidant Supplementation Trial). Optometry 2004; 75:216–30.
- Massacesi KR, Flaetra R, Ferosa F. The effect of oral supplementation of macular carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin) on the prevention of age-related macular degeneration: A 18 months of follow-up study. Ass Res Vis Ophthalmol. 2004;42:S234.
- Bartlett HE, Eperjesi F. Effect of lutein and anti-oxidant dietary supplementation on contrast sensitivity in age-related macular disease: A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61:1121–7.
- Neelam K, Hogg RE, Stevenson MR, et al. Carotenoids and co-antioxidants in age-related maculopathy: Design and methods. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2008; 15:389–401.
- Rochtchina E, Wang JJ, Flood VM, Mitchell P. Elevated serum homocysteine, low serum vitamin B12, folate, and age-related macular degeneration: The Blue Mountains Eye study. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 143:344–46.
- Kamburoglu G, Gumus K, Kadayifcilar S, Eldem B. Plasma homocysteine, vitamin B12 and folate levels in age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006;244:565–69.
- Vine AK, Stader J, Branham K, et al. Biomarkers of cardiovascular disease as risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2005; 112:2076–80.
- Homocysteine Lowering Trialists’ Collaboration. Dose-dependent effects of folic acid on blood concentrations of homocysteine: A meta-analysis of the randomized trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:806–12.
- Woo KS, Chook P, Lolin YI, et al. Folic acid improves endothelial function in adults with hyperhomocystinemia. Am J Coll Cardiol 1999;34:2002–6.
- Christen WG, Glynn RJ, Chew EY, et al. Folic acid, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalmin combination treatment and age-related macular degeneration in women: The Women’s Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169(4):335–41.
- McGregor GP, Biesalski HK. Rationale and impact of vitamin C in clinical nutrition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2006;9:697–703.
- Padayatty S, Katz A, Wang Y, et al. Vitamin C as an antioxidant: Evaluation of its role in disease prevention. J Am Coll Nutr 2003; 22(1):18–35.
- Stoyanovsky DA, Goldman R, Darrow RM, et al. Endogenous ascorbate regenerated Vitamin E in the retina directly and in combination with exogenous dihydrolipoic acid. Curr Eye Res 1995;14:181–9.
- Cho E, Seddon JM, Rosner B, et al. Prospective study of intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and carotenoids and risk of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122(6):833–92.
- Handelman G, Machlin L, Fitch K. Oral alpha-tocopherol supplements decrease plasma gamma-tocopherol levels in humans. J Nutr 1985;115:807–13.
- Alvarez R, Liou F, Fong S. Levels of alpha-,and gamma-tocopherol in human eyes: Evaluation of the possible role of IRBP in intraocular alpha-tocopherol transport. Am J Clin. Nurt. 1987;46:481–7.
- Seddon JM. Nutrition and age-related eye disease (review). Vitamin Nutrition Information Service Backgrounder 1999;2:1–10.
- Taylor H, Tikellis F, Robman L, et al. Vitamin E supplementation and macular degeneraton: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2002;325(7354):11
- Chong EW, Wong TY, Kries AJ, et al. Dietary antioxidants and primary prevention of age-related macular degeneration: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2007;335(7623):755.
- Clandinin MT, Jumpsen J, Suh M. Relationship between fatty acid accretion, membrane composition, and biologic functions. J Pediatr. 1994;125:S25–S32.
- Fliesler SJ, Anderson RE. Chemistry and metabolism of lipids in the vertebrate retina. Prog Lipid Res 1983;22:79–131.
- SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY. The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2005;24(1):87–138
- Donoso LA, Kim D, Frost A, Callahan A, Hageman G. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol. 2006;51(2):137–52.
- SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY. The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in healthy and disease of the retina. Prog Retina Eye Res. 2005;24:87–138.
- SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY, Clemons TE, et al. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. The relationship of dietary lipid intake and age-related macular degeneration in a case-control study: AREDS report No. 20. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125(5):671–79.
- SanGiovanni JP, Chew EY, Agrón E, et al. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. The relationship of dietary [omega]-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake with incident age-related macular degeneration: AREDS report No. 23. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(9):1274–79.
- Chua B, Flood V, Rochtchina E, Wang JJ, Smith W, Mitchell P. Dietary fatty acids and the 5-year incidence of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124(7):981–86.
- Cho E, Hung S, Willett WC, et al. Prospective study of dietary fat and the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(2):209–18.
- Augood C, Chakravarthy U, Young I, et al. Oily fish consumption, dietary docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentanoic acid intakes, and associations with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:398–406
- Chong E, Kreis, AJ, Wong TY, et al. Dietary [omega]-3 fatty acid and fish intake in the primary prevention of age-related macular degeneration: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Ophthal. 2008;126(6):826–33.
- Sigel H. Metal ions in biological systems. Zinc and its Role in Biology and Nutrition. Dekker: New York, 1983.
- Grahn BH, Paterson PG, Gottschall-Pass KT, Zhang Z. Zinc and the eye. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20(suppl): 106–18.
- Solomons N, Russell R. The interaction of vitamin A and zinc: Implications for human nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980; 33:2031–40.
- Wagner P. Zinc nutrition in the elderly. Geriatrics. 1985;40:111–25.
- Newsome DA, Swartz M, Leone N, et al. Oral zinc in macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988;106:192–8.
- Stur M, Tittl M, Reitner A, Meisinger V. Oral zinc and the second eye in age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996;37:1225–35.
- Mares-Perlman JA, Klein R, Klein BE, et al. Association of zinc and antioxidant nutrients with age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996;114:991–7.
- Smith W, Mitchell P, Webb K, Leeder SR. Dietary antioxidants and age-related maculopathy: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:761–7.
- Johnson AR, Munoz A, Gottlieb JL, Jarrard DF. High dose zinc increases hospital admissions due to genitourinary complications. J Urol. 2007;177:639–43.