Gut Microbiota and Probiotics in Modulation of Epithelium and Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Function

REFERENCES

• M. Freitas, L.G. Axelsson, C. Cayuela, . Indigenous microbes and their soluble factors differentially modulate intestinal glycosylation steps in vivo. Use of a “lectin assay” to survey in vivo glycosylation changes. Histochem Cell Biol 124: 423–433, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Caballero-Franco, K. Keller, C. De Simona, and K. Chadee. The VSL#3 probiotic formula induces mucin gene expression and secretion in colonic epithelial cells. Am J. Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 292: G315–G322, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L.V. Hooper, T.S. Stappenbeck, C.V. Hong, and J.L. Gordon. Angiogenins: A new class of microbicidal proteins involved in innate immunity. Nat Immunol 4:269–373, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Vaishnava, C.L. Behrendt, A.S. Ismail, . Paneth cells directly sense gut commensals and maintain homeostasis at the intestinal host-microbial interface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105: 20858–20863, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Lutgendorff, L.M. Akkermans, and J.D. Söderholm. The role of microbiota and probiotics in stress-induced gastro-intestinal damage. Curr Mol Med 8: 282–298, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Tlaskalová-Hogenová, R. Stepánková, T. Hudcovic, . Commensal bacteria (normal microflora), mucosal immunity, and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Immunol Lett 93: 97–108, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Rakoff-Nahoum, J. Paulino, F. Eslami-Varzaneh, . Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell 118: 229–241, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.C. Lee, L.H. Lin, K.L. Hung, and H.Y. Wu. Oral bacterial therapy promotes recovery from acute diarrhea in children. Acta Paediatr Taiwán 42: 301–405, 2001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• P. Gionchetti, F. Rizzello, U. Helwig, . Prophylaxis of pouchitis onset with probiotic therapy: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 124: 1202–1209, 2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S.J. Allen, B. Okoko, E. Martinez, . Probiotics for treating infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD003048, 2004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• W. Kruis, P. Fric, J. Pokrotnieks, . Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine. Gut 53: 1617–1623, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Heyman and S. Menard. Pathways of gliadin transport in celiac disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 1165: 274–278, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Izcue, J.L. Coombes, and F. Powrie. Regulatory lymphocytes and intestinal inflammation. Annu Rev Immunol 27: 313–338, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.P. Perón, A.P. Ligeiro de Oliveira, and L.V. Rizzo. It takes guts for tolerance: The phenomenon of oral tolerance and the regulation of autoimmune response. Autoimmun Rev Feb 27. [Epub ahead of print], 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Chang, Y. Shi, G. Le, . Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on genes expression pattern in mice jejunal Peyer's patches. Cell Immunol 258: 1–8, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K.S. Michelsen and M. Arditi. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity in gut homeostasis and pathology. Curr Opin Hematol 14: 48–54, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L.H. Travassos, S.E. Girardin, D.J. Philpott, . Toll-like receptor 2-dependent bacterial sensing does not occur via peptidoglycan recognition. EMB 5: 1000–1006, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L.C. Parker, L.R. Prince, and I. Sabroe. Translational mini-review series on Toll-like receptors: Networks regulated by Toll-like receptors mediate innate and adaptive immunity. Clin Exp Immunol 147: 199–207, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.S. Lee and Y.J. Kim. Signaling pathways downstream of pattern-recognition receptors and their cross talk. Annu Rev Biochem 76: 447–480, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Fukazawa, C. Alonso, K. Kurachi, . GEF-H1 mediated control of NOD1 dependent NF-kappaB activation by Shigella effectors. PLoS Pathog 4: e1000228, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.G. Netea, B.J. Kullberg, D.J. de Jong, . NOD2 mediates anti-inflammatory signals induced by TLR2 ligands: Implications for Crohn's disease. Eur J Immunol 34: 2052–2059, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Didierlaurent, I. Ferrero, L.A. Otten, . Flagellin promotes myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent development of Th2-type response. J Immunol 172: 6922–6930, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K.H. Mills. Regulatory T cells: Friend or foe in immunity to infection? Nat Rev Immunol 4:841–855, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A.J. Macpherson and T. Uhr. Compartmentalization of the mucosal immune responses to commensal intestinal bacteria. Ann NY Acad Sci 1029: 36–43, 2004a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A.J. Macpherson and T. Uhr. Induction of protective IgA by intestinal dendritic cells carrying commensal bacteria. Science 303: 1662–1665, 2004b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Schultz, S. Watzl, T.A. Oelschlaeger, . Green fluorescent protein for detection of the probiotic microorganism Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) in vivo. J Microbiol Methods 61: 389–398, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Matsuzaki, A. Takagi, H. Ikemura, . Intestinal microflora: Probiotics and autoimmunity. J Nutr 137: 798S–802S, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Trevisi, S. De Filippi, L. Minieri, . Effect of fructo-oligosaccharides and different doses of Bifidobacterium animalis in a weaning diet on bacterial translocation and Toll-like receptor gene expression in pigs. Nutrition 24: 1023–1029, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C.A. Dogi, C.M. Galdeano, and G. Perdigón. Gut immune stimulation by non pathogenic Gram(+) and Gram(-) bacteria. Comparison with a probiotic strain. Cytokine 41: 223–231, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.G. Vizoso Pinto, M. Rodriguez Gómez, S. Seifert, . Lactobacilli stimulate the innate immune response and modulate the TLR expression of HT29 intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Int J Food Microbiol 133: 86–93, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Grabig, D. Paclik, C. Guzy, . Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 ameliorates experimental colitis via toll-like receptor 2- and toll-like receptor 4-dependent pathways. Infect Immun 74: 4075–4082, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Grangette, S. Nutten, E. Palumbo, . Enhanced antiinflammatory capacity of a Lactobacillus plantarum mutant synthesizing modified teichoic acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: 10321–10326, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Voltan, I. Castagliuolo, M. Elli, . Aggregating phenotype in Lactobacillus crispatus determines intestinal colonization and TLR2 and TLR4 modulation in murine colonic mucosa. Clin Vaccine Immunol 14: 1138–1148, 2007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• M. Miettinen, V. Veckman, S. Latvala, . Live Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Streptococcus pyogenes differentially regulate Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene expression in human primary macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 84: 1092–1100, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Jijon, J. Backer, H. Diaz, . DNA from probiotic bacteria modulates murine and human epithelial and immune function. Gastroenterology 126: 1358–1373, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.B. Ewaschuk, J.L. Backer, T.A. Churchill, . Surface expression of Toll-like receptor 9 is upregulated on intestinal epithelial cells in response to pathogenic bacterial DNA. Infect Immun 75: 2572–2579, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.M. Otte, E. Cario, and D.K. Podolsky. Mechanisms of cross hyporesponsiveness to Toll-like receptor bacterial ligands in intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 126: 1054–1070, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Kelly, J.I. Campbell, T.P. King, . Commensal anaerobic gut bacteria attenuate inflammation by regulating nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of PPAR-gamma and RelA. Nat Immunol 5: 104–112, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Voltan, D. Martines, M. Elli, . Lactobacillus crispatus M247-derived H2O2 acts as a signal transducing molecule activating peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma in the intestinal mucosa. Gastroenterology 135: 1216–1227, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P.A. Ruiz, M. Hoffmann, S. Szcesny, . Innate mechanisms for Bifidobacterium lactis to activate transient pro-inflammatory host responses in intestinal epithelial cells after the colonization of germ-free rats. Immunology 115: 441–450, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A.S. Neish, A.T. Gewirtz, H. Zeng, . Prokaryotic regulation of epithelial responses by inhibition of IkappaB-alpha ubiquitination. Science 289: 1560–1563, 2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y.P. Lin, C.H. Thibodeaux, J.A. Peña, . Probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri suppress proinflammatory cytokines via c-Jun. Inflamm Bowel Dis 14: 1068–1083, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Lotz, D. Gütle, S. Walther, . Postnatal acquisition of endotoxin tolerance in intestinal epithelial cells. J Exp Med 203: 973–984, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Heuvelin, C. Lebreton, C. Grangette, . Mechanisms involved in alleviation of intestinal inflammation by Bifidobacterium breve soluble factors. PLoS One 4: e5184, 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Strober, A. Kitani, I. Fuss, . The molecular basis of NOD2 susceptibility mutations in Crohn's disease. Mucosal Immunol 1(Suppl 1): S5--S9, 2008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• M. Cross. Microbes versus microbes: Immune signals generated by probiotic lactobacilli and their role in protection against microbial pathogens. FEMS Inmunol Medical Microbiol 34: 245–253, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I. Kato, K. Tanaka, and T. Yokokura. Lactic acid bacterium potently induces the production of interleukin-12 and interferon-γ by mouse splenocytes. Int J Immunopharmacol 21: 121–131, 1999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Hoffmann, E. Rath, G. Hölzlwimmer, . Lactobacillus reuteri 100-23 transiently activates intestinal epithelial cells of mice that have a complex microbiota during early stages of colonization. J Nutr 138: 1684–1691, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Bosisio, N. Polentarutti, M. Sironi, . Stimulation of toll-like receptor 4 expression in human mononuclear phagocytes by interferon-gamma: A molecular basis for priming and synergism with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Blood 99: 3427–3431, 2002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Medina, E. Izquierdo, S. Ennahar, and Y. Sanz. Differential immunomodulatory properties of Bifidobacterium longum strains: Relevance to probiotic selection and clinical applications. Clin Exp Immunol 150: 531–538, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O. Ménard, M.J. Batel, V. Gaboriau-Routhiau, and A.J. Waligora-Dupriet. Gnotobiotic mouse immune response induced by Bifidobacterium sp. strains isolated from infants. Appl Environ Microbiol 74: 660–666, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Werner and D. Haller. Intestinal epithelial cell signalling and chronic inflammation: From the proteome to specific molecular mechanisms. Mutat Res 622: 42–57, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A.C. Ouwehand, N. Bergsma, R. Parhiala, . Bifidobacterium microbiota and parameters of immune function in elderly subjects. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 53: 18–25, 2008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• K. Munakata, M. Yamamoto, N. Anjiki, . Importance of the interferon-alpha system in murine large intestine indicated by microarray analysis of commensal bacteria-induced immunological changes. BMC Genomics 9: 192, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.L. Forchielli and W.A. Walker. The role of gut-associated lymphoid tissues and mucosal defense. Br J Nutr 93: S41–S48, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D.C. Baumgart and S.R. Carding. Inflammatory bowel disease: Cause and immunobiology. Lancet 369: 1627–1640, 2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. O'Mahony, L. O'Callaghan, J. McCarthy, . Differential cytokine response from dendritic cells to commensal and pathogenic bacteria in different lymphoid compartments in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 290: G839–G845, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S.L. Young, M.A. Simon, M.A. Baird, . Bifidobacterial species differentially affect expression of cell surface markers and cytokines of dendritic cells harvested from cord blood. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 11: 686–690, 2004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• C. Hoarau, C. Lagaraine, L. Martin, . Supernatant of Bifidobacterium breve induces dendritic cell maturation, activation, and survival through a Toll-like receptor 2 pathway. J Allergy Clin Immunol 117: 696–702, 2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A.L. Hart, K. Lammers, P. Brigidi, . Modulation of human dendritic cell phenotype and function by probiotic bacteria. Gut 53: 1602–1609, 2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Hrncir, R. Stepankova, H. Kozakova, . Gut microbiota and lipopolysaccharide content of the diet influence development of regulatory T cells: Studies in germ-free mice. BMC Immunol 9: 65, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H.H. Smits, A. Engering, D. van der Kleij, . Selective probiotic bacteria induce IL-10-producing regulatory T cells in vitro by modulating dendritic cell function through dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 115: 1260–1267, 2005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. O'Mahony, P. Scully, D. O'Mahony, . Commensal-induced regulatory Tcells mediate protection against pathogen-stimulated NF-kappaB activation. PLoS Pathog 4: e1000112, 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Foligne, G. Zoumpopoulou, J. Dewulf, . A key role of dendritic cells in probiotic functionality. PLoS One 21; 2: e313, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• S.K. Mazmanian, C.H. Liu, A.O. Tzianabos, and D.L Kasper. An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system. Cell 2: 107–118, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• H. Majamaa, E. Isolauri, M. Saxelin, and T. Vesikari. Lactic acid bacteria in the treatment of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 20: 333–338, 1995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar