Hidden chronic renal insufficiency and cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension in a primary care center

REFERENCES

• Zanchetti A, Hansson L, Dalhöf B, Effects of individual risk factors on the incidence of cardiovascular events in the treated hypertensive patients of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment Study. J Hypertens. 2001;19:1149–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santopinto JJ, Fox KAA, Goldberg RJ, Creatinine clearance and adverse hospital outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes: Findings from the global registry of acute coronary events (GRACE). Heart. 2003;89:1003–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann JF, Gerstein HC, Pogue J, Bosch J, Ysusuf S. Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and the impact of ramipril: The HOPE randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:629–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry RM, Kostense PJ, Bos G, Mild renal insufficiency is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality: The Hoorn study. Kidney Int. 2002;62:1402–1407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guidelines Committee. 2003 European Society of Hypertension – European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens. 2003;21:1011–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chobanian AV, Bakris JL, Black HR, The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. The JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–2572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segura J, Campo C, Gil P, Development of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular prognosis in essential hypertensive patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:1616–1622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruilope LM. Renal function and cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens. 2005;23:1787–1788.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: Evaluation, classification and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(Suppl 1):S1–S266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey AS, Coresh J, Balk E, National Kidney Foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: Evaluation, classification, and stratification. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:137–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith DS, Nichols GA, Gullion CM, Brown JB, Smith DH. Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:659–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman M, Brown CD, Coresh J, The prevalence of reduced glomerular filtration rate in older hypertensive patients and its association with cardiovascular disease: A report from the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:969–976.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruilope LM, Salvetti A, Jamerson K, Renal function and intensive lowering of blood pressure in hypertensive participants of the hypertension optimal treatment (HOT) study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12:218–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Leeuw PW, Thijs L, Birkenhager WH, Prognostic significance of renal function in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension: Results from the Sys-Eur trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2213–2222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman M, Pressel S, Davis BR, Cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients stratified by baseline glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:172–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hailpern SM, Cohen HW, Alderman MH. Renal dysfunction and ischemic heart disease mortality in a hypertensive population. J Hypertens. 2005;23:1809–1816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrero P, Marín R, Fernández Vega F, Renal function and cardiovascular risk in patients with essential hypertension. The “FRESHA” study. Nefrología. 2006;26:330–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redón J, Cea-Calvo L, Lozano JV, Kidney function and cardiovascular disease in the hypertensive population: The ERIC-HTA study. J Hypertens. 2006;24:663–669.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson PWF, D´Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation. 1998;97:1837–1847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrugat J, Solanas P, D´Agostino R, Coronary risk estimation in Spain using a calibrated Framingham function. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2003;56:253–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosín-Aguilar J, Hernándiz-Martínez A, Arístegui-Urrestarazu R, Coronary disease risk and prevalence of heart disease in primary care patients with hypertension and renal disease. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2006;59:1026–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cañón L, Díaz N, Cruces E, Nieto T, Garrote T, Buitrago F. Predictive capacity, comparison and clinical consequences of Framingham-WILSON and REGICOR equations in patients taken care in a Badajoz primary health centre. Rev Esp Salud Pública. 2007;81:353–364.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron. 1976;16:31–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois D, Dubois EF. A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Arch Intern Med. 1916;17:863–871.
   Google Scholar
• Vervoort G, Willems HL, Wetzels JFM. Assessment of glomerular filtration rate in healthy subjects and normoalbuminuric diabetic patients: Validity of a new (MDRD) prediction equation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:1909–1913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marín R, Fernández-Vega F, Gorostidi M, Blood pressure control in patients with chronic renal insufficiency in Spain: A cross-sectional study. J Hypertens. 2006;24:395–402.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garg AX, Clark WF, Haynes RB, House AA. Moderate renal insufficiency and the risk of cardiovascular mortality: Results from the NHANES I. Kidney Int. 2002;61:1486–1494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muntner P, He J, Hamm L, Loria C, Welthon PK. Renal insufficiency and subsequent death resulting from cardiovascular disease in the United States. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:745–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manjunath G, Tighiouart H, Ibrahim H, Level of kidney function as a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular outcomes in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:47–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried LF, Shlipak MG, Crump C, Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in elderly individuals. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1364–1372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Go AS, Chertow GM, Fan D, McCulloch CE, Hsu C. Chronic kidney disease and the risks of death, cardiovascular events and hospitalization. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1296–1305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anavekar NS, McMurray JJV, Velázquez EJ, Relation between renal dysfunction and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1285–1295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schillaci G, Reboldi G, Verdecchia P. High-normal serum creatinine concentration is a predictor of cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:886–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abramson JL, Jurkovitz CT, Vaccarino V, Weintraub WS, McClellan W. Chronic kidney disease, anemia, and incident stroke in a middle-aged, community-based population: The ARIC Study. Kidney Int. 2003;64:610–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Vinogradova Y, Robson J, May M, Brindle P. Derivation and validation of QRISK, a new cardiovascular disease risk score for the United Kingdom: Prospective open cohort study. BMJ. 2007;335:136–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo JI, Cañón L, Gómez-Jiménez C, Martín MV, Espigares M, Buitrago F. Cardiovascular risk in patients with renal failure. Med Clin (Barc). 2008;131:41–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bostom AG, Kronenberg F, Ritz E. Predictive performance of renal function equations for patients with chronic kidney disease and normal serum creatinine levels. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2140–2144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruilope LM, Zanchetti A, Julius S, Prediction of cardiovascular outcome by estimated glomerular filtration and estimated creatinine clearance in the high-risk hypertension population of the VALUE trial. J Hypertens. 2007;25:1473–1479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontseré N. Kidney and cardiovascular disease: Are the predictive equations of glomerular filtration useful? Med Clin (Barc). 2007;129:697–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannelli SV, Patel KV, Windham BG, Pizzarelli F, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM. Magnitude of underascertainment of impaired kidney function in older adults with normal serum creatinine. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:816–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Francisco ALM, De la Cruz JJ, Cases A, Prevalence of kidney insufficiency in primary care population in Spain: EROCAP study. Nefrología. 2007;27:300–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cea-Calvo L, Redón J, Martí-Canales JC, Prevalence of low glomerular filtration rate in the elderly population of Spain. The PREV-ICTUS study. Med Clin (Barc). 2007;129:681–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar