Calciphylaxis: A Report of Six Cases and Review of Literature

REFERENCES

• Janigan DT, Hirsch DJ, Klassen GA, MacDonald AS. Calcified subcutaneous arterioles with infarcts of the subcutis and skin (“calciphylaxis”) in chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35(4):588–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selye H, Gabbiani G, Strebel R. Sensitization to calciphylaxis by endogeneous parathyroid hormone. Endocrinology. 1962; 71:554–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araya CE, Fennell RS, Neiberger RE, Dharnidharka VR. Sodium thiosulfate treatment for calcific uremic arteriolopathy in children and young adults. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006; 1(6):1161–1166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selye H. Calciphylaxis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1962.
   Google Scholar
• Llach F. The evolving pattern of calciphylaxis: therapeutic considerations. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16(3):448–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essary LR, Wick MR. Cutaneous calciphylaxis. An under recognized clinicopathologic entity. Am J Clin Pathol. 2000;113:280–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh DH, Eulau D, Tokugawa DA, McGuire JS, Kohler S. Five cases of calciphylaxis and a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:979–987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelis M, Wong LL, Myers SA, Wong LM. Calciphylaxis in patients on hemodialysis: a prevalence study. Surgery. 1997; 122(6):1083–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melikoglu M, Apaydin S, Hamuryudan V, . Calciphylaxis: a condition mimicking necrotizing vasculitis. Clin Rheumatol. 1996;15(5):498–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine A, Zacharias J. Calciphylaxis is usually non-ulcerating: risk factors, outcome and therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150: 956–959.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levin A, Mehta RL, Goldstein MB. Mathematical formulation to help identify the patient at risk of ischemic tissue necrosis—a potentially lethal complication of chronic renal failure. Am J Nephrol. 1993;13(6):448–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers NM, Coates PT. Calcific uremic arteriolopathy: an update. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2008;17(6):629–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacharias JM, Fontaine B, Fine A. Calcium use increases risk of calciphylaxis: a case control study. Perit Dial Int. 1999;19: 248–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent RB, Lylerly RT. Systemic calciphylaxis. South Med J. 1994;87:278–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weenig RH, Sewell LD, Davis MD, McCarthy JT, Pittelkow MR. Calciphylaxis: natural history, risk factor analysis, and outcome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56(4):569–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanbelleghem H, Terryn W, Van Leuven L, Van Caesbroeck D, Demetter P, Lameire N. A dramatic case of calciphylaxis 20 years after kidney transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19(12):3183–3185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittmann I, Degrell P, Molnár GA, . Diagnosis and successful management of calciphylaxis in a pancreas-kidney transplant patient. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20(7):1520–1521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozbalkan Z, Calguneri M, Onat AM, Ozturk MA. Development of calciphylaxis after long-term steroid and methotrexate use in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Intern Med. 2005; 44(11):1178–1181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korkmaz C, Dündar E, Zubaroğlu I. Calciphylaxis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis without renal failure and hyperparathyroidism: the possible role of long-term steroid use and protein S deficiency. Clin Rheumatol. 2002;21(1):66–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gipstein RM, Coburn JW, Adams DA, . Calciphylaxis in man. A syndrome of tissue necrosis and vascular calcification in 11 patients with chronic renal failure. Arch Intern Med. 1976;136(11):1273–1280.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coates T, Kirkland GS, Dymock RB, . Cutaneous necrosis from calcific uremic arteriolopathy. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32(3):384–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall DP, Fisher MA, Thomas C. Rhabdomyolysis as the presenting manifestation of calciphylaxis. Muscle Nerve. 2000;23(2):289–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flanigan KM, Bromberg MB, Gregory M, . Calciphylaxis mimicking dermatomyositis: ischemic myopathy complicating renal failure. Neurology 1998;51(6):1634–1640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLean C, Brahn E. Systemic lupus erythematosus: calciphylaxis induced cardiomyopathy. J Rheumatol. 1995;22(1): 177–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloeppel R, Luebke P, Mittag M, . Acute hypercalcemia of the heart (“bony heart”). J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2001; 25(3):407–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oikawa S, Osajima A, Tamura M, . Development of proximal calciphylaxis with penile involvement after parathyroidectomy in a patient on hemodialysis. Intern Med. 2004;43(1):63–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohta A, Ohomori S, Mizukami T, Obi R, Tanaka Y. Penile necrosis by calciphylaxis in a diabetic patient with chronic renal failure. Intern Med. 2007;46(13):985–990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown DF, Denney CF, Burns DK. Systemic calciphylaxis associated with massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1998;122(7):656–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonilla LA, Dickson-Witmer D, Witmer DR, Kirby W. Calciphylaxis mimicking inflammatory breast cancer. Breast J. 2007;13(5):514–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt H, Creutzfeldt W. Calciphylactic pancreatitis and pancreatitis in hyperparathyroidism. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1970;69:135–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YJ, Tian YC, Chen YC, . Fulminant pulmonary calciphylaxis and metastatic calcification causing acute respiratory failure in a uremic patient. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47(4):e47–e53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaassen-Broekema N, van Bijsterveld OP. A local challenger of ocular calciphylaxis in patients with chronic renal failure: a hypothesis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1995;233(11): 717–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khafif RA, DeLima C, Silverberg A, Frankel R. Calciphylaxis and systemic calcinosis: collective review. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:956–959.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fischer AH, Morris DJ. Pathogenesis of calciphylaxis: study of three cases with literature review. Hum Pathol. 1995;26: 1055–1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilmer WA, Magro CM. Calciphylaxis: emerging concepts in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Semin Dial. 2002;15: 172–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs-Kosmin D, Dehoratius RJ. Calciphylaxis: an important imitator of cutaneous vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57(3): 533–537.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Souza B, Dey C, Ghattaura A, Moir G. Calciphylaxis—a rare cause of pretibial hematoma. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2004;86(6):W12–W14.
   Google Scholar
• Hafner J, Keusch G, Wahl C, . Uremic small-artery disease with medial calcification and intimal hyperplasia (so-called calciphylaxis): a complication of chronic renal failure and benefit from parathyroidectomy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995; 33(6):954–962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleyer AJ, Choi M, Igwemezie B, de la Torre E, White WL. A case control study of proximal calciphylaxis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32(3):376–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan YL, Mahony JF, Turner JJ, Posen S. The vascular lesions associated with skin necrosis in renal disease. Br J Dermatol. 1983;109(1):85–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moe SM, Chen NX. Calciphylaxis and vascular calcification: a continuum of extra-skeletal osteogenesis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003;18:969–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salusky IB, Goodman WG. Adynamic renal osteodystrophy: is there a problem?. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1985;2001(12):1978–1985.
   Google Scholar
• Tamura M, Hiroshige K, Osajima A, Soejima M, Takasugi M, Kuroiwa A. A dialysis patient with systemic calciphylaxis exhibiting rapidly progressive visceral ischemia and acral gangrene. Intern Med. 1995;34(9):908–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llach F. Calcific uremic arteriolopathy (calciphylaxis): an evolving entity? Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32(3):514–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mawad HW, Sawaya BP, Sarin R, Malluche HH. Calcific uremic arteriolopathy in association with low turnover uremic bone disease. Clin Nephrol. 1999;52(3):160–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer C, Heiss A, Schwarz A, . The serum protein alpha 2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein/fetuin-A is a systemically acting inhibitor of ectopic calcification. J Clin Invest. 2003;112: 357–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketteler M, Bongartz P, Westenfeld R, . Association of low fetuin-A (AHSG) concentrations in serum with cardiovascular mortality in patients on dialysis: a cross-sectional study. Lancet. 2003;361(9360):827–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhore CR, Cleutjens JP, Lutgens E, . Differential expression of bone matrix regulatory proteins in human atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21(12):1998–2003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weenig RH. Pathogenesis of calciphylaxis: Hans Selye to nuclear factor kappa-B. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(3): 458–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed S, O’Neill KD, Hood AF, Evan AP, Moe SM. Calciphylaxis is associated with hyperphosphatemia and increased osteopontin expression by vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37(6):1267–1276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Haren F, Ruiter D, Hilbrands L. Nadroparin-induced calcinosis cutis in renal transplant recipients. Nephron. 2001; 87:279–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggian J, Maesaka J, Fishbane S. Proximal calciphylaxis in four insulin requiring diabetic hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 1996;28:409–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenvinkel P, Barany P, Heimburger O, Pecoits-Filho R, Lindholm B. Mortality, malnutrition, and atherosclerosis in ESRD: what is the role of interleukin-6? Kidney Int Suppl. 2002;80:103–108.
   Google Scholar
• Pecoits-Filho R, Heimburger O, Barany P, . Associations between circulating inflammatory markers and residual renal function in CRF patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41:1212–1218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nitta K, Akiba T, Uchida K, . Serum osteoprotegerin levels and the extent of vascular calcification in hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:1886–1889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Johnson P. Differential effects of aluminium ion on smooth muscle calpain I and calpain II activities. Int J Biochem. 1992;24:1773–1778.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross EA. Evolution of treatment strategies for calciphylaxis. Am J Nephrol. 2011;34(5):460–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda H, Tokumoto M, Yotsueda H, . Two cases of calciphylaxis treated by parathyroidectomy: importance of increased bone formation. Clin Nephrol. 2007;67(6):397–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younis N, Sells RA, Desmond A, . Painful cutaneous lesions, renal failure and urgent parathyroidectomy. J Nephrol. 2002;15(3):324–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicone JS, Petronis JB, Embert CD, Spector DA. Successful treatment of calciphylaxis with intravenous sodium thiosulfate. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43:1104–1108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brucculeri M, Cheigh J, Bauer G, Serur D. Long-term intravenous sodium thiosulfate in the treatment of a patient with calciphylaxis. Semin Dial. 2005;18:431–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mataic D, Bastain B. Intraperitoneal sodium thiosulfate for the treatment of calciphylaxis. Ren Fail. 2006;28:361–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arenas MD, Gil MT, Gutiérrez MD, . Management of calcific uremic arteriolopathy (calciphylaxis) with a combination of treatments, including hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Clin Nephrol. 2008;70(3):261–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basile C, Montanaro A, Masi M, Pati G, De Maio P, Gismondi A. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for calcific uremic arteriolopathy: a case series. J Nephrol. 2002;15:676–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podymow T, Wherrett C, Burns KD. Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of calciphylaxis: a case series. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16:2176–2180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monney P, Nguyen QV, Perroud H, Descombes E. Rapid improvement of calciphylaxis after intravenous pamidronate therapy in a patient with chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:2130–2132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed IA, Sekar V, Bubtana AJ, Mitra S, Hutchison AJ. Proximal calciphylaxis treated with calcimimetic ‘Cinacalcet’. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(1):387–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velasco N, MacGregor MS, Innes A, MacKay IG. Successful treatment of calciphylaxis with cinacalcet—an alternative to parathyroidectomy? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21(7): 1999–2004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar