Admission hypomagnesemia linked to septic shock in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome

References

• Gaieski DF, Edwards JM, Kallan MJ, Carr BG. Benchmarking the incidence and mortality of severe sepsis in the United States. Crit Care Med. 2013;41:1167–1174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brun-Buisson C, Meshaka P, Pinton P, Vallet B. Episepsis: A reappraisal of the epidemiology and outcome of severe sepsis in french intensive care units. Intensive Care Med. 2004;30:580–588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Suzuki S, Pilcher D, Bellomo R. Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000–2012. JAMA. 2014;311:1308–1316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein c for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:699–709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1368–1377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C, et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA. 2002;288:862–871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altura BM. Basic biochemistry and physiology of magnesium: A brief review. Magnes Trace Elem. 1991;10:167–171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tam M, Gomez S, Gonzalez-Gross M, Marcos A. Possible roles of magnesium on the immune system. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57:1193–1197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weglicki WB, Phillips TM, Freedman AM, Cassidy MM, Dickens BF. Magnesium-deficiency elevates circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines and endothelin. Mol Cell Biochem. 1992;110:169–173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weglicki WB, Phillips TM. Pathobiology of magnesium deficiency: A cytokine/neurogenic inflammation hypothesis. Am J Physiol. 1992;263:R734–R737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mak IT, Dickens BF, Komarov AM, Wagner TL, Phillips TM, Weglicki WB. Activation of the neutrophil and loss of plasma glutathione during Mg-deficiency – Modulation by nitric oxide synthase inhibition. Mol Cell Biochem. 1997;176:35–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malpuech-Brugere C, Nowacki W, Daveau M, et al. Inflammatory response following acute magnesium deficiency in the rat. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000;1501:91–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unal M, Tamer L, Pata YS, et al. Serum levels of antioxidant vitamins, copper, zinc and magnesium in children with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2004;18:189–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhart RA. Clinical correlates of the molecular and cellular actions of magnesium on the cardiovascular system. Am Heart J. 1991;121:1513–1521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson PJ, Evora PR, Seccombe JF, Schaff HV. Hypomagnesemia inhibits nitric oxide release from coronary endothelium: Protective role of magnesium infusion after cardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:967–972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson S. The multifaceted and widespread pathology of magnesium deficiency. Med Hypotheses. 2001;56:163–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Kittanamongkolchai W, et al. Proton pump inhibitors linked to hypomagnesemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Ren Fail. 2015. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Erickson SB. Admission hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia increase the risk of acute kidney injury. Ren Fail. 2015. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Mao MA, et al. Hypomagnesaemia linked to depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern Med J. 2015;45:436–440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cojocaru IM, Cojocaru M, Tanasescu R, Iacob SA, Iliescu I. Changes of magnesium serum levels in patients with acute ischemic stroke and acute infections. Rom J Intern Med. 2009;47:169–171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the advance trial): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370:829–840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:604–612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charlson M, Szatrowski TP, Peterson J, Gold J. Validation of a combined comorbidity index. J Clin Epidemiol. 1994;47:1245–1251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malpuech-Brugere C, Nowacki W, Gueux E, et al. Accelerated thymus involution in magnesium-deficient rats is related to enhanced apoptosis and sensitivity to oxidative stress. Br J Nutr. 1999;81:405–411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyckner T, Ek B, Nyhlin H, Wester PO. Aggravation of thiamine deficiency by magnesium depletion. A case report. Acta Med Scand. 1985;218:129–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wada T, Hirayama T, Hibino Y, Fukuhara Y, Kanno Y. Malnutrition as cause of hypomagnesemia. Kidney Int. 2014;86:856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karakelleoglu C, Orbak Z, Ozturk F, Kosan C. Hypomagnesaemia as a mortality risk factor in protein-energy malnutrition. J Health Popul Nutr. 2011;29:181–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar