Natural killer cells as indispensable players and therapeutic targets in autoimmunity

References

• Shi F, Ransohoff R. editors. Nature killer cells in the central nervous system. Natural killer cells: Basic science and clinical application In: Lotze Michael T., Thomson Angus W., editors. London: Academic Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Biron CA, Nguyen KB, Pien GC, Cousens LP, Salazar-Mather TP. Natural killer cells in antiviral defense: Function and regulation by innate cytokines. Annu Rev Immunol. 1999; 17:189–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes T, Becknell B, McClory S, Briercheck E, Freud AG, Zhang X, Mao H, Nuovo G, Yu J, Caligiuri MA. Stage 3 immature human natural killer cells found in secondary lymphoid tissue constitutively and selectively express the TH 17 cytokine interleukin-22. Blood. 2009; 113:4008–4010.
   Google Scholar
• Cupedo T, Crellin NK, Papazian N, Rombouts EJ, Weijer K, Grogan JL, Fibbe WE, Cornelissen JJ, Spits H. Human fetal lymphoid tissue-inducer cells are interleukin 17-producing precursors to RORC+ CD127+ natural killer-like cells. Nat Immunol. 2009; 10:66–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flodstrom M, Maday A, Balakrishna D, Cleary MM, Yoshimura A, Sarvetnick N. Target cell defense prevents the development of diabetes after viral infection. Nat Immunol. 2002; 3:373–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi FD, Van Kaer L. Reciprocal regulation between natural killer cells and autoreactive T cells. Nat Rev. 2006; 6:751–760.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmer J, Bausinger H, de la Salle H. Autoimmunity mediated by innate immune effector cells. Trends Immunol. 2001; 22:300–301.
   Google Scholar
• Moins-Teisserenc HT, Gadola SD, Cella M, Dunbar PR, Exley A, Blake N, Baykal C, Lambert J, Bigliardi P, Willemsen M, Jones M, Buechner S, Colonna M, Gross WL, Cerundolo V. Association of a syndrome resembling Wegener's granulomatosis with low surface expression of HLA class-I molecules. Lancet. 1999; 354:1598–1603.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• La Cava A, Van Kaer L, Fu Dong S. CD4+CD25+ Tregs and NKT cells: Regulators regulating regulators. Trends Immunol. 2006; 27:322–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu R, Van Kaer L, La Cava A, Price M, Campagnolo DI, Collins M, Young DA, Vollmer TL, Shi FD. Autoreactive T cells mediate NK cell degeneration in autoimmune disease. J Immunol. 2006; 176:5247–5254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi FD, Wang HB, Li H, Hong S, Taniguchi M, Link H, Van Kaer L, Ljunggren HG. Natural killer cells determine the outcome of B cell-mediated autoimmunity. Nat Immunol. 2000; 1:245–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dotta F, Fondelli C, Falorni A. Can NK cells be a therapeutic target in human type 1 diabetes?. Eur J Immunol. 2008; 38:2961–2963.
   Google Scholar
• Feuerer M, Shen Y, Littman DR, Benoist C, Mathis D. How punctual ablation of regulatory T cells unleashes an autoimmune lesion within the pancreatic islets. Immunity. 2009; 31:654–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirot L, Benoist C, Mathis D. Natural killer cells distinguish innocuous and destructive forms of pancreatic islet autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004; 101:8102–8107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogasawara K, Hamerman JA, Ehrlich LR, Bour-Jordan H, Santamaria P, Bluestone JA, Lanier LL. NKG2D blockade prevents autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Immunity. 2004; 20:757–767.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willcox A, Richardson SJ, Bone AJ, Foulis AK, Morgan NG. Analysis of islet inflammation in human type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009; 155:173–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodacki M, Svoren B, Butty V, Besse W, Laffel L, Benoist C, Mathis D. Altered natural killer cells in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes. 2007; 56:177–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kukreja A, Cost G, Marker J, Zhang C, Sun Z, Lin-Su K, Ten S, Sanz M, Exley M, Wilson B, Porcelli S, Maclaren N. Multiple immuno-regulatory defects in type-1 diabetes. J Clin Invest. 2002; 109:131–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson N, Bremell T, Tarkowski A, Carlsten H. Protective role of NK1.1+ cells in experimental Staphylococcus aureus arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1999; 117:63–69.
   Google Scholar
• Villanueva J, Lee S, Giannini EH, Graham TB, Passo MH, Filipovich A, Grom AA. Natural killer cell dysfunction is a distinguishing feature of systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and macrophage activation syndrome. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005; 7:R30–R37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green MR, Kennell AS, Larche MJ, Seifert MH, Isenberg DA, Salaman MR. Natural killer cell activity in families of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Demonstration of a killing defect in patients. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005; 141:165–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nedvetzki S, Sowinski S, Eagle RA, Harris J, Vely F, Pende D, Trowsdale J, Vivier E, Gordon S, Davis DM. Reciprocal regulation of human natural killer cells and macrophages associated with distinct immune synapses. Blood. 2007; 109:3776–3785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalbeth N, Gundle R, Davies RJ, Lee YC, McMichael AJ, Callan MF. CD56bright NK cells are enriched at inflammatory sites and can engage with monocytes in a reciprocal program of activation. J Immunol. 2004; 173:6418–6426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang AL, Colmenero P, Purath U, Teixeira de Matos C, Hueber W, Klareskog L, Tarner IH, Engleman EG, Soderstrom K. Natural killer cells trigger differentiation of monocytes into dendritic cells. Blood. 2007; 110:2484–2493.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang B, Yamamura T, Kondo T, Fujiwara M, Tabira T. Regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by natural killer (NK) cells. J Exp Med. 1997; 186:1677–1687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang DF, Shi D, Jung S, Pien GC, Wang J, Salazar-Mather TP, He TT, Weaver JT, Ljunggren HG, Biron CA, Littman DR, Ransohoff RM. The neuronal chemokine CX3CL1/fractalkine selectively recruits NK cells that modify experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis within the central nervous system. FASEB J. 2006; 20:896–905.
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi K, Miyake S, Kondo T, Terao K, Hatakenaka M, Hashimoto S, Yamamura T. Natural killer type 2 bias in remission of multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest. 2001; 107:R23–R29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastrukoff LF, Morgan NG, Zecchini D, White R, Petkau AJ, Satoh J, Paty DW. A role for natural killer cells in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 1998; 86:123–133.
   Google Scholar
• Sand KL, Knudsen E, Rolin J, Al-Falahi Y, Maghazachi AA. Modulation of natural killer cell cytotoxicity and cytokine release by the drug glatiramer acetate. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2009; 66:1446–1456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastrukoff LF, Morgan NG, Zecchini D, White R, Petkau AJ, Satoh J, Paty DW. Natural killer cells in relapsing-remitting MS: Effect of treatment with interferon beta-1B. Neurology. 1999; 52:351–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenbark AA, Huan J, Agotsch M, La Tocha D, Goelz S, Offner H, Lanker S, Bourdette D. Interferon-beta-1a treatment increases CD56(bright) natural killer cells and CD4+CD25+ Foxp3 expression in subjects with multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2009; 215:125–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bielekova B, Catalfamo M, Reichert-Scrivner S, Packer A, Cerna M, Waldmann TA, McFarland H, Henkart PA, Martin R. Regulatory CD56(bright) natural killer cells mediate immunomodulatory effects of IL-2Ralpha-targeted therapy (daclizumab) in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006; 103:5941–5946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Lim WK, Mahesh SP, Liu B, Nussenblatt RB. Cutting edge: In vivo blockade of human IL-2 receptor induces expansion of CD56(bright) regulatory NK cells in patients with active uveitis. J Immunol. 2005; 174:5187–5191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bielekova B, Howard T, Packer AN, Richert N, Blevins G, Ohayon J, Waldmann TA, McFarland HF, Martin R. Effect of anti-CD25 antibody daclizumab in the inhibition of inflammation and stabilization of disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2009; 66:483–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver CT, Harrington LE, Mangan PR, Gavrieli M, Murphy KM. Th17: An effector CD4 T cell lineage with regulatory T cell ties. Immunity. 2006; 24:677–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGeachy MJ, Cua DJ. Th17 cell differentiation: The long and winding road. Immunity. 2008; 28:445–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong C. TH17 cells in development: An updated view of their molecular identity and genetic programming. Nat Rev. 2008; 8:337–348.
   Google Scholar
• Bettelli E, Oukka M, Kuchroo VK. T(H)-17 cells in the circle of immunity and autoimmunity. Nat Immunol. 2007; 8:345–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung Y, Chang SH, Martinez GJ, Yang XO, Nurieva R, Kang HS, Ma L, Watowich SS, Jetten AM, Tian Q, Dong C. Critical regulation of early Th17 cell differentiation by interleukin-1 signaling. Immunity. 2009; 30:576–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGeachy MJ, Chen Y, Tato CM, Laurence A, Joyce-Shaikh B, Blumenschein WK, McClanahan TK, O'Shea JJ, Cua DJ. The interleukin 23 receptor is essential for the terminal differentiation of interleukin 17-producing effector T helper cells in vivo. Nat Immunol. 2009; 10:314–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komiyama Y, Nakae S, Matsuki T, Nambu A, Ishigame H, Kakuta S, Sudo K, Iwakura Y. IL-17 plays an important role in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol. 2006; 177:566–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey SL, Schreiner B, McMahon EJ, Miller SD. CNS myeloid DCs presenting endogenous myelin peptides ‘preferentially’ polarize CD4+ T(H)-17 cells in relapsing EAE. Nat Immunol. 2007; 8:172–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstetter HH, Ibrahim SM, Koczan D, Kruse N, Weishaupt A, Toyka KV, Gold R. Therapeutic efficacy of IL-17 neutralization in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Immunol. 2005; 237:123–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haak S, Croxford AL, Kreymborg K, Heppner FL, Pouly S, Becher B, Waisman A. IL-17A and IL-17F do not contribute vitally to autoimmune neuro-inflammation in mice. J Clin Invest. 2009; 119:61–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Garra A. Cytokines induce the development of functionally heterogeneous T helper cell subsets. Immunity. 1998; 8:275–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romagnani S. Induction of TH1 and TH2 responses: A key role for the ‘natural’ immune response?. Immunol Today. 1992; 13:379–381.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin-Fontecha A, Thomsen LL, Brett S, Gerard C, Lipp M, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F. Induced recruitment of NK cells to lymph nodes provides IFN-gamma for T(H)1 priming. Nat Immunol. 2004; 5:1260–1265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laouar Y, Sutterwala FS, Gorelik L, Flavell RA. Transforming growth factor-beta controls T helper type 1 cell development through regulation of natural killer cell interferon-gamma. Nat Immunol. 2005; 6:600–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers BJ, Salcedo M, Ljunggren HG. Triggering of natural killer cells by the costimulatory molecule CD80 (B7-1). Immunity. 1996; 5:311–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu W, Fazekas G, Hara H, Tabira T. Mechanism of natural killer (NK) cell regulatory role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol. 2005; 163:24–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar